High-Throughput and Adaptive Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy of Organelles

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Thèse n° 10 326 High-throughput and adaptive super-resolution fluorescence microscopy of organelles Présentée le 17 septembre 2020 à la Faculté des sciences de base Laboratoire de biophysique expérimentale Programme doctoral en photonique pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur ès Sciences par Dora MAHECIC Acceptée sur proposition du jury Prof. A. Radenovic, présidente du jury Prof. S. Manley, directrice de thèse Dr U. Manor, rapporteur Prof. B. Huang, rapporteur Dr M. Weigert, rapporteur 2020 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my thesis supervisor and mentor Prof. Suliana Manley for giving me the opportunity to be a part of her lab, meet amazing scientists and work on fascinating projects. I have learned so much over the past 4 years, and the skills and experience I have gathered here will follow me throughout my future career, wherever that might be. I would also like to thank the members of my thesis defense jury Prof. Bo Huang, Dr. Uri Manor, Prof. Aleksandra Radenovic and Dr. Martin Weigert, for their time and valuable feedback. While I am saddened to not have met all of you in person, I am hopeful that our paths will cross in the near future! Next, thank you to all the past and present lab members for enriching my every workday with stimulating discussions. More specifically, a big thank you to Anna Archetti, Isabelle Coke, Gaby Correa, Kyle Douglass, Davide Gambarotto, Juliette Griffié, Khalid Ibrahim, Tatjana Kleele, Ambroise Lambert, Sofia Magkiriadou, Hélène Perreten Lambert, Timo Rey, Christian Sieben, Jenny Sülzle, Aster Vanhecke, Quentin Wannebroucq, Julius Winter, Sofia Zaganelli, Chen Zhang. Finally, special thanks to Lina Carlini for her contagious enthusiasm for science and teaching me so much when I first joined. During my time here, I got to work with many amazing scientists and I would like to acknowledge their contributions and thank them for joining me on my scientific projects: Niccoló Banterle, Charlotte Bost, Adai Colom, Denis Fortun, Prof. Pierre Gönczy, Antoine Goujon, Maeva Le Guennec, Prof. Paul Guichard, Virginie Hamel, Prof. Stefan Matile, Prof. Aurélien Roux. Along the way I also got to meet and talk to a lot of wonderful scientists and I thank them for inspiring discussions and great feedback: Alistair Curd, Raoul Kirchner, Daniel Sage, Lin Shao, Hari Shroff, Phan Than, Andrew York. Finally, an infinite thank you to my friends and family – especially my mum Darja, my dad Andrej and my brother Janko for their unconditional love and support! Whether to share good news or during more difficult times, I always knew I could count on you! 1 Abstract Abstract Fluorescence super-resolution microscopy has allowed unprecedented insight into the workings of biological systems below the diffraction limit of light. Over the past decade, it has overcome several challenges to deliver 3D, multi-color and faster imaging techniques, which have found many applications in deciphering the workings and structure of organelles – specialized cellular compartments whose shape and dynamics serve their specific functions. However, most super-resolution techniques are laborious and slow, and there are existing challenges in achieving sufficient throughput for collection of large datasets and capturing dynamic processes in living cells. The aim of this thesis is to address issues of limited throughput, temporal resolution and live-cell compatibility, with application to centriole architecture and mitochondrial dynamics. The design of a novel flat-fielding module for multi-focal excitation which – once integrated into an instant structured illumination microscope – allows the capture of larger fields of view with uniform illumination and hence results in increased throughput. This flat-fielded microscope allows multi-color, 3-dimensional imaging at double the diffraction-limited resolution of up to 100 mammalian cells within 1-2 minutes. Furthermore, combined with advanced sample preparation using expansion microscopy, the setup achieves an effective resolution of ~35 nm, comparable to some of the more powerful super- resolution techniques, but at 100-1000 times increased throughput. To showcase this improvement, we study the distribution of post-translational modifications within the centriole, revealing previously unobserved molecular organization. Second, with fast, live-cell imaging, we investigate the role of membrane bending energy and tension in mitochondrial division. While many molecular factors involved in this process have been identified, little is known about its physical requirements. By analyzing mitochondrial constrictions enriched in Drp1 that divide successfully or reverse, we establish that mitochondrial constrictions with higher bending energy are more likely to divide. Furthermore, by analyzing changes in mitochondrial shape and employing a novel membrane tension sensor, we observe that conditions under which mitochondrial membrane tension is increased, result in more successful divisions. These observations are supported by a model in which membrane bending energy increases the elastic energy at the constriction site, bringing it closer to the energy barrier to fission, while membrane tension acts as a fluctuation to overcome the remaining residual energy. Finally, to overcome existing trade-offs between temporal resolution and imaging duration, we develop a acquisition framework for smart and adaptive temporal sampling. By adapting the temporal resolution is in response to events of interest, they are captured at high imaging speed, while preserving the sample during a lack thereof. Using the accumulation of Drp1 to detect mitochondrial constriction sites allowed us to adapt the imaging speed to capture mitochondrial constrictions at high temporal resolution while preserving the sample when such events are lacking. Overall, this framework provides both high temporal resolution and long imaging times when needed, decreasing resulting phototoxicity, photobleaching and amount of redundant data. Keywords fluorescence super-resolution microscopy, instant structured illumination microscopy, flat-top beam shaping, centriole architecture, mitochondrial fission, smart microscopy 2 Résumé Résumé La microscopie à super-résolution a fourni une perspicacité au fonctionnement des systèmes biologiques en dessous de la limite de diffraction. Au cours des derniers ans, il a surmonté plusieurs défis pour fournir des techniques d'imagerie 3D, multicolores et plus rapides, qui ont trouvé de nombreuses applications dans les études des organites - des compartiments cellulaires spécialisés dont la forme et la dynamique servent leurs fonctions spécifiques. Mais, la plupart des techniques de super-résolution sont complexes et lentes, et il existe des défis pour atteindre un débit élevé pour de grands ensembles de données et capturer des processus dynamiques dans des cellules vivantes. Le but de cette thèse est d'aborder les problèmes de débit limité, de résolution temporelle et de compatibilité avec des cellules vivantes, avec une application à l'architecture centriole et à la dynamique mitochondriale. La conception d'un nouveau module de champ plat pour une excitation multifocale qui - une fois intégré dans un microscope instantané à éclairage structuré - permet la capture de grands champs de vision avec un éclairage uniforme et donc une augmentation du débit. Ce microscope à champ plat permet une imagerie 3D multicolore à une résolution doublée de jusqu'à 100 cellules en 1-2 minutes. En outre, combinée avec la microscopie à expansion, on atteint une résolution effective de ~35 nm, comparable à des techniques de super-résolution les plus puissantes, mais à un débit 100-1000 fois plus élevé. Pour mettre en évidence cette amélioration, nous étudions la distribution des modifications post- traductionnelles de centriole, révélant une organisation jusque-là cachée. Ensuite, nous étudions le rôle de l'énergie et de la tension membranaire dans la division mitochondriale. Bien que de nombreux facteurs moléculaires impliqués aient été identifiés, on en sait peu sur les exigences physiques. En analysant les constrictions mitochondriales enrichies en Drp1 qui se divisent ou s'inversent, nous établissons que les constrictions mitochondriales avec une énergie plus élevée sont plus susceptibles de se diviser. En outre, en analysant les changements de forme mitochondriale et en utilisant un nouveau capteur de tension membranaire, nous observons que les conditions dans lesquelles la tension membranaire mitochondriale est augmentée, entraînent des divisions plus réussies. Ces observations sont soutenues par un modèle dans lequel l'énergie de la membrane augmente l'énergie élastique au site, la rapprochant de la barrière énergétique à la fission, tandis que la tension membranaire agit comme une fluctuation pour surmonter l'énergie résiduelle restante. Enfin, pour surmonter les compromis existants entre la résolution temporelle et la durée d'imagerie, nous développons un cadre d'acquisition pour un recueil temporel intelligent et adaptatif. En adaptant la résolution temporelle en réponse à des événements d'intérêt, ils sont capturés à une vitesse d'imagerie élevée, tout en préservant le spécimen en cas d'absence. L'utilisation de l'accumulation de Drp1 pour détecter les sites de constriction mitochondriale nous a permis d'adapter la vitesse d'imagerie pour les capturer à haute résolution temporelle tout en préservant l'échantillon lorsqu’en cas contraire. Dans l'ensemble, ce cadre fournit à la fois une résolution
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  • Sebastian Josef Maerkl

    Sebastian Josef Maerkl

    Sebastian Josef Maerkl Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Phone: +41 2169 37835 Institute of Bioengineering sebastian.maerkl@epfl.ch School of Engineering [email protected] Station 17, BM 5130 Website: lbnc.epfl.ch CH-1015, Lausanne Twitter: @MaerklLab Education California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Option Thesis Advisor: Prof. Stephen R. Quake Thesis Topic: Microfluidic Large-Scale Integration and its Application to Systems Biology Fairleigh Dickinson University Madison, NJ Bachelor of Science, Biology, cum laude, 2001 Bachelor of Science, Chemistry, with Honors, cum laude, 2001 Professional Experience Ecole´ Polytechnique Fed´ erale´ de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland Tenured Associate Professor 2015 - present Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering Ecole´ Polytechnique Fed´ erale´ de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland Tenure Track Assistant Professor 2008 - 2015 Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering Howard Hughes Medical Institute Stanford, CA Visiting Graduate Student 2005 - 2008 Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA Graduate Student 2001 - 2008 Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Option California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA Co-Director, Microfluidic Foundry 2003 - 2005 BASF Bioresearch Corporation Worcester, MA Intern Summer, 1999 and 2000 Peer Reviewed Publications 45. Giaveri S., Schmitt A.M., Julia L. R., Murello A., Menin L., Ortiz D., Patiny L., Bolisetty S., Mezzenga R., Maerkl S.J., and Stellacci F., ”Nature-inspired Circular-economy Recycling (NaCRe) for Proteins: Proof of Concept”, BioRxiv, DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.23.309799 (2020) (accepted in Advanced Materials) paper link 44. Grasemann L.*, Lavickova B.*, Elizondo-Cantu´ M.C., and Maerkl S.J., ”OnePot PURE Cell-Free System”, JoVE, DOI: 10.3791/62625 (2021) paper link 1 43.