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White Lodge, Richmond New Park’, the Georgian Group Journal, Vol Richard Hewlings, ‘White Lodge, Richmond New Park’, The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. XVII, 2009, pp. 41–60 TEXT © THE AUTHORS 2009 WHITE LODGE, RICHMOND NEW PARK RICHARD HEWLINGS hite Lodge takes its name from its limestone and obscures the ground floor (Fig. ). The other Wfacing, supplied, like that of many other public (Fig. ) shows the east front, and is a revelation. buildings in the reign of George I, by Christopher Heckel’s drawings, which are unexpectedly located in Cass and company. But officially it is the New Lodge a collection of views of houses of the Walpole family, in Richmond New Park, and the two ‘news’ are not prompts a re-examination of the origins of the house. complementary. The New Park was created by By all agreed tests White Lodge was a villa. But Charles I on the east side of Richmond village; the its architecture also indicates that it was a specific Old Park, beside the river, spread northwards from type of villa. It stands on ground which falls steeply Richmond Palace on the west side of the village, and to the west. The entrance is on the east side (Fig. ), is today partly absorbed into Kew Gardens. The where it is only two storeys high, but on the west New Park had a lodge for the Ranger, which survived side, whence the view across the Park is obtained, it until ; thus, from the moment of its conception has three storeys (Fig. ). The lowest floor is thus in , White Lodge was the New Lodge, and the buried on the entrance side, but on the west side it other, only ¼ mile to the south of it, was the Old has a vaulted loggia (Fig. ), originally opening to Lodge. But as early as it was being called ‘Stone the park by three arches set in rusticated masonry Lodge’, ‘White House’, ‘Stone House’, ‘White Lodge’ (Fig. ). As there was no garden until , the or ‘White Building’. boundary between house and park fell along the The early architectural history of White Lodge is inner sides of the loggia , which was as much outlined in The History of the King’s Works. As built, outdoors as indoors, somewhat like de Caux’s it consisted only of the central block. The two famous grotto at Woburn. Rusticated masonry was flanking blocks on the east side were added between appropriate for a situation which pained Humphry and , connected to the main block only by Repton; he substituted ‘the neatness and security of subterranean quadrant-planned passages; these were a gravel path’ for the ‘uncleanly, pathless grass of a raised by the addition of a first floor only in – , forest, filled with troublesome animals of every kind, when the entrance front was also altered. But the and some occasionally dangerous’. authors of the King’s Works were unaware of two early A single large room stands above the loggia, views of White Lodge by Augustin Heckel in the occupying the space of two storeys; the cove of its manuscript of Horace Walpole’s Aedes Walpolianae , ceiling rises into the level of the second floor (Fig. ). now in the Metropolitan Museum, New York. One The tetrastyle Doric portico applied to the west of these (Fig. ) shows the west front, corresponding elevation is thus equivalent to two dimensions of the with all the later illustrations and with the building’s large room behind it. The large room only leaves present appearance, save for the addition of a perron space for one apartment on each side (Fig. ). The in which leads straight up to the piano nobile, south apartment has a large ante-chamber and a THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XVII WHITE LODGE , RICHMOND NEW PARK Fig. Augustin Heckel, west side of White Lodge before . Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (photograph all rights reserved). bedchamber, but the north one has only a bedchamber the interior to the exterior by means of the loggia, and a closet, the corresponding space being lost to a suggests a specific function, that of a hunting lodge. principal and a back stair. The north bedchamber Return from the field presumably took place through has a distinctive feature which was present from at the loggia, and banqueting, the principal function of least , and probably from earlier, a groin-vaulted a hunting lodge, took place in the room above, with bed alcove at its east end, separated from the rest of only the residue for nocturnal accommodation. the room by a segmental arch on Corinthian If White Lodge was the King’s, there might have columns (Fig. ). The dedication of so much space been another way in which these rooms could be to the single large room, and the loss of so much of deployed for his accommodation. Instead of a THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XVII WHITE LODGE , RICHMOND NEW PARK banqueting room with two flanking apartments it Garden Lobby, Dining Room, Small Drawing Room, could be a single royal apartment, with a guard room Drawing Room, Library and Dressing Room). below stairs, and a sequential presence chamber, Some light on these issues may be cast by privy chamber, drawing room, bedchamber and determining how White Lodge came to be designed. closet, the same exactly as George I’s new apartment Hunting was a recreation expected of kings, but at Kensington. It was certainly conceived as a single George I was one of those kings (like James I and apartment in , when it was held by George II’s Louis XV) for whom it was a particular passion; he eldest unmarried daughter, Princess Amelia. At that spent up to three or four hours in the saddle as late date the loggia was called the Arcade, the ‘presence as , when he was . Deer and boar were his chamber’ was called the Great Dining Room, the quarry in Hanover, and Richmond provided a rare ‘privy chamber’ was called the Drawing Room, the opportunity to pursue at least the former within ‘drawing room’ was called the Great Room, the reach of St James’s or Kensington. Ragnhild ‘bedchamber’ was called the Bedchamber and Alcove, Hatton’s biography has corrected the xenophobic and the ‘closet’ was called the Little Bedchamber. view of George as a philistine misanthrope. In her (In , incidentally, these rooms were named the presentation he was a ruler of the early Enlightenment, Fig. White Lodge: west side. THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XVII WHITE LODGE , RICHMOND NEW PARK Fig. Augustin Heckel, east side of White Lodge before . Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (photograph all rights reserved). in political matters a follower of Pufendorf, both knighted in , but also of William Kent, whose employer and correspondent of Leibnitz, protector painted ceilings at Kensington and Hampton Court and financial supporter of Voltaire, more committed may not have been forced on him by Burlington, as is to religious toleration than his Whig ministers, a man usually intimated. Herrenhausen was continuously who refused to touch for the King’s Evil, and who developed during his reign, and his improvements to endowed Regius chairs of History at the universities Hampton Court were planned, if not with the urgency ‘in the interests of the state’. His interest in music and of William III, at least within the first year of his particular patronage of Handel created the favourable succession. Kensington was of course rebuilt by climate which Handel needed in London. His him, first by Benson and Campbell, then by Hewitt; conversion of the great hall at Hampton Court into a and Wise and Bridgeman’s redevelopment of the theatre was due to his fondness for Shakespeare, despite gardens, usually associated with Queen Caroline, was his poor English. He drove in the country with his planned by George. Pope once saw him there alone daughter Trudchen, and visited courtiers’ houses; with his Vice-Chamberlain, Thomas Coke, creator of visits to Claremont and Cliveden in are known, the garden at Melbourne. The King walked there and another to Lord Peterborough’s, presumably the every evening when he could, sometimes for as long Villa Carey, his house in Parson’s Green, rather than as three hours. Drayton Hall in Northamptonshire. His own The construction of White Lodge is therefore patronage was not inconsiderable, particularly of consistent with George I’s interests. It has been Thornhill, whom he took to Hanover in , and suggested that the design is the development of a THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XVII WHITE LODGE , RICHMOND NEW PARK Fig. White Lodge: east side. plan produced by the Westphalian architect Lambert Board would then make its own design and seek the Friedrich Corfey for George before he succeeded to necessary approvals. In this case the Board had the English crown. It is certainly true that George’s heard something before receiving the drawings on interest in building and gardening had not diminished February, because at their previous week’s meeting in his th year any more than his interest in hunting. they had received proposals from John Mist, the His sudden death on June took place on his paviour, for digging the foundation, drains and way to Hanover, where he was looking forward to wells. But Mist may have seen the designs before inspecting the allée of , lime trees which had they did; their relative ignorance was made clear on been planted between Herrenhausen and Hanover February, when they wrote to the Treasury: since his last visit. It is also true that he had seen and approved ‘The Draughts & Plann for a Lodge ‘…wee have examined and Considered the same, and intended to be Built in Richmond Parke’ before they not being apprized of the manner of finishing it, only were sent to the Board of Works on February lay before your Lordships the estimate for building the carcass faced with stone, digging and making the .
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