JAMESTOWN SWBAT: Describe obstacles the English settlers in the Chesapeake faced Do Now •With your partner, review the Preparation Questions you completed for homework. 1. What were the specific goals behind English efforts to establish a permanent settlement in North America? 2. What attention do these documents pay to the Native American inhabitants of the area selected for colonization? 3. Based on your assessment of the English goals, what are some of the sources of conflict you can imagine arising between the colonists and Indians?
• Watercolor drawing "Indian Village of Secoton" by John White (created 1585-1586) • One of the most valuable images of Native American life we have because White actually accompanied an expedition to the area and based his drawing on his firsthand observations. Indian Village of Pomeiooc "Heaven and earth have never agreed better to frame a place for man's habitation.“ - John Smith Jamestown • 1607: Jamestown est. as first successful English Colony* • Wanted land, not power over natives • Why might an Englishman marry an Indian woman? *Roanoke Island under the leadership of Sir Walter Raleigh failed. Raleigh sent later ventures, only to find those previously left behind had abandoned their settlement.
Jamestown •Founded by the Virginia Company •Goal: Make money for investors by mining gold - So, who would you send to the colony? - jewelers, stonecutters, craftsmen - What necessary skill would be lacking among this group? - agriculturalists (farmers!)
Marshland •Swampy •Mosquitos carried malaria •Garbage dumped into rivers dysentery & typhoid fever •80% who arrived in the first decade died •Winter 1610 = “Starving Time” Settlers resorted to eating dogs, cats, rats, and even… Cannibalism • May 2013: Archaeologists announced the discovery of the first physical evidence of cannibalism. • Jane • A forensic facial • What does the video reveal reconstruction of the 14-year-old victim of about early life in cannibalism at Jamestown? Jamestown during the “Starving Time”. Apple Cider •Since water led to illness, many colonists brewed apple cider as a safe liquid to drink for men, women, and children! House of Burgesses •First elected assembly in colonial America (1619) •Not quite a democracy - Only landowners could vote - Virginia Company or appointed governor could veto legislation •Modeled after English Parliament •First order of business: setting a minimum price for the sale of tobacco
Tobacco •Native Americans introduce colonists to tobacco •Europeans consumed tobacco in high numbers •The English government profited from taxes •1624: tobacco production = 200,000 lbs. •1680s: tobacco production = 30 million lbs. •Need for field workers increased Indentured servants attracted to VA Increase in slave labor
Slaves processing tobacco in Virginia, 1670 Women in Virginia • Virginia lacked stable family life • “Tobacco Brides” – arranged marriages • Majority arrived as indentured servants • How do many women select a man to marry? - Select older and wealthier • Effect of marrying older men? - “Widowarchy”, “dower rights” - claim 1/3 of husband’s property - she dies goes to husband’s heirs • Men outnumbered women 5:1 in early 1600s 5:2 in late 1600s Uprising of 1622 •Indian led uprising against expanding, permanent settlements •¼ of population of 1,200 was killed in ONE day •Governor declares, “Our hardest work is expulsion of savages to gain the free range of the country.” •Virginia Company surrenders charter – Virginia becomes a royal colony Degovernors Bry’s engraving of appointed the uprising depicts by Indians the massacring crown defenseless colonists (although many actually owned guns). Wrap Up •What obstacles did the English settlers in the Chesapeake overcome? PLYMOUTH COLONY SWBAT: Explain governing ideas of the pilgrims as written in the Mayflower Compact Do Now •How does this cartoon represent both past and present topics in our nation’s history? Puritans: Goals of Purification •Part of longer Protestant Reformation •Tried to apply John Calvin’s principles to purify Anglican Church •More literal interpretation of Bible •Rejected hierarchy of Catholic Church – “popish” – no one should get between individual and God •Rejected rituals •Believed Anglican Church was corrupt tried to reform from within Anglicans & Charles I persecuted Puritans Christianity in England Catholic Church
Church of England (Henry VIII)
Pilgrims Puritans Anglicans (Separatists) (Non-separatists) The Pilgrims at Plymouth • Pilgrims (aka Separatists) first settled in 1620, but few in number • The Mayflower Compact • Realized they were not in Virginia • Passengers decided they “would use their own liberty; for none had power to command them...” Social Contract • Agreed to obey “just and equal laws…as shall be thought most convenient for the general good of the colony” Representatives! First written framework for U.S. government!
The Pilgrims at Plymouth • The 102 passengers who survived the journey arrived 6 weeks before winter without food or farm animals • Nearly ½ the passengers died during the first winter • Many passengers were inflicted with scurvy • Only 7 of planned 19 residences were built during the first winter • Survived due to help from local natives, Squanto • Autumn 1621, Pilgrims invited native allies to a feast to celebrate their survival The Pilgrims at Plymouth •Goal: Establish a society based on the lives of Christian saints •The Government - Principle of Consent (agreement of majority) - Voting not restricted to church members •All land held in common until 1627 •In 1691, the Massachusetts Bay Colony incorporated Plymouth Colony
Wrap Up •What ideas in the Mayflower Compact are apparent in our government today?
Signing the Mayflower Compact 1620, by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, 1899 MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY SWBAT: Decide if the Puritans were selfish or selfless Do Now •What does the seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony demonstrate regarding the English view of the Indians? Great Migration •10 years after the Mayflower, a group of Puritans (non-Separatists), led by John Winthrop landed in New England •Established the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Great Migration •1630-1640 •Goals: spread Puritan values & profit in trade with Indians •20,000+ colonists emigrated •Formed a joint stock company – Massachusetts Bay Co. •Far more went to Caribbean & Chesapeake
Demographics •Came as families, multiple generations •Older & more prosperous •More balanced gender ratio than Chesapeake •Lower mortality rates: 1st generation = 72 y/o •Healthier environment, less disease •7/8 of children reached adulthood •1700: Pop = 91,000 outnumbering Chesapeake Government & Society •Puritans feared individualism & lack of social unity •Organized into self- governing towns •Law required towns to est. a school •To train ministry Harvard was founded •Freemen elected a governor
Government & Society •Not truly democratic - Only full church members could be elected and vote - “Visible Saint”- A person who experiences public conversion, a public profession of faith, and has worldly success which confirms membership in the elect
Central Historical Question •Central Historical Question: Were the Puritans selfish or selfless? •Individually read the two speeches by Puritans leaders who formed the Massachusetts Bay Colony to determine how they believed they should act in the New World. •Complete the “Guiding Questions” as you read the excerpts. Group Discussion Questions 1. Based on these documents, how might the Puritans’ religion shape their actions in the New World? 2. How do you think Puritans would have reacted to someone who strayed from the religion? Why? 3. Based on these documents, how do you think the Puritans reacted to the Native Americans they encountered? **An example of American Exceptionalism?** Wrap Up •Corroboration: Using evidence from Document A and Document B, were the Puritans selfish or selfless?