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Ueber Die Bären Und Bärenähnlichen Formen Des Europäischen Tertiärs 95-147 © Biodiversity Heritage Library

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Ueber Die Bären Und Bärenähnlichen Formen Des Europäischen Tertiärs 95-147 © Biodiversity Heritage Library ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Palaeontographica - Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Vorzeit Jahr/Year: 1899-00 Band/Volume: 46 Autor(en)/Author(s): Schlosser Max Artikel/Article: Ueber die Bären und bärenähnlichen Formen des europäischen Tertiärs 95-147 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at NOV 14 1899 Ueber die Bären und bärenähnliehen Formen des europäischen Tertiärs von Max Schlosser. (Mit Tafel XIII und XIV.) Im vorigen Jahre erhielt ilas palännti dogische Museum aus dem Flinz (Obermiocaen) der Ziegelei Tutzin:.' am Starnberger See ausser einer grösseren Anzahl von Zähnen des Hyotherium Sömmeringi und einigen Geweihen des Dicrocerus elegans auch zwei Unterkieferfragmente eines mittelgrossen Carnivoren, die ich anfänglich auf Hyaenarctos brevirhinus Hofm. = minutus (Schloss.) Koken 1 zu beziehen geneigt war. welchem sie wenigstens in der Grösse ziemlich genau entsprachen. Dass es sich um eine bären- ähnliche Form handeln durfte, glaubte ich aus der Höhe des Kiefers, aus der Stumpfheit der Molarhöcker und der Grösse des letzten Molaren entnehmen zu müssen. Indessen wäre ich wohl kaum so bald in die . gekommen, mich mit diesen Resten näher zu befassen und deren genauere Bestimmung vorzunehmen, wenn nicht vor Kurzem Claim: Gatt.t.am) a eine vorläufige Mittheilung über bärenähnliche Zähne aus den gleichalterigen Ablagerungen von La Grive St. Alban (Isere) gebracht und hierauf eine neue Art, begründet hätte, welchem allenfalls auch die mir vorliegenden Reste von Tutzing • ii konnten. Andererseits war auch die Möglichkeit nicht ausgeschlossen, dass jener Ursus 3 >us mit dem oben erwähnten „Hyaenarctos brevirhinus" (minutus) identisch wäre. Um mir eine ganz sichere Basis zu verschaffen, wandte ich mich an Herrn Professor Jäkel in Berlin mit dem Ersuchen, mir die Originalien jenes Hyaenarctos zur Ansicht zu schicken, welchem Ersuchen auch, a hier dankbarst anerkenne, in der liebenswürdigsten Weise entsprochen wurde. Ergebnisse dieser Vergleiche werde ich im Folgenden ausführlicher behandeln. Ich erwähne obige Details hier nur desshalb, weil sie den direkten Anstoss zur vorliegenden Arbeit gaben. ! Ueber die miocaenen Säugetbierreste von Kieferstädtl in Oberschlesien und über Hyaenarctos minutus Schloss. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 1888. p. 44—50. 2 Fig. 1 Apparition des Ours de l'epoque mioefene. Comptes rendus des seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris. Tome 127. i- . Die Affen, Lemuren , Carnivoren des europäischen Tertiärs. Beiträge zur Palaeontologie von Oesterreich-Ungarn. Necmayr und Mojsisovics. 1888. p. 458. © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at — 96 — Im Verlaufe meiner Studien merkte ich sehr bald, dass es sich empfehlen würde, die Untersuchungen nicht bloss auf alle baren ähnlichen Formen des europäischen Tertiärs, sondern überhaupt auf alle Typen auszudehnen, die etwa als Stammväter dieser Gruppe in Betracht kommen könnten. Die Unter- suchung dieses Materials erwies sich auch schon insoferne als sehr notwendig, als selbst in der kurzen Zeit, die seit dem Erscheinen von v. Zittel's Handbuch verstrichen ist, eine nicht unbeträchtliche Zahl neuer hieher gehörigen Formen zum Vorschein gekommen ist und überdies auch das schon früher vorhandene Material mancherlei Bereicherung erfahren hat; ausserdem schien aber auch die Revision des schon länger Bekannten viele nicht unwichtige Details zu versprechen. Der Rahmen meiner Arbeit erweiterte sich somit immer mehr und mehr, so dass ich mich darauf beschränken musste, nur die wirklich neuen oder bisher nur ungenügend bekannten Arten zu besprechen, von den besser bekannten aber nur die wichtigsten Typen herauszugreifen. Ich möchte noch bemerken, dass ich mich bei der Benennung der einzelnen Bestandtheile der Zähne — P und M — der von Osboen und Scott gegebenen Nomenclatur bedienen werde, denn wenn sich auch vom genetischen Standpunkte aus gegen einzelne dieser Namen zweifellos Manches einwenden lässt, so kann dieser Umstand doch gegenüber den Vortheilen einer einheitlichen Termino- logie nicht weiter in Betracht kommen. © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Spezieller Theil Ursus. Ich kann mich bei dieser Gattung darauf beschränken, zwei Arten aus dem europäischen Tertiär kurz zu besprechen und einige Bemerkungen über die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen der lebenden Subgenera vorauszuschicken. Vorerst möchte ich jedoch darauf hinweisen, dass die vier Höcker, welche die "heren Molaren zusammensetzen, in folgender Weise mit denen der anderen Carnivoren homologisirt werden müssen: Vorderer Aussenhöcker — Paracon Vorderer Innenhöcker — Protocon Hinterer — Metacon Hinterer „ — Metaconulus. Die drei ersterwähnten Höcker sind die wesentlichen Bestandtheile der oberen Säugethier- molaren. der vierte ist eine Secundärbildung, die aber hier schon frühzeitig sehr kräftig geworden ist, wie bei den Artiodactylen, wälirend sie sonst bei der grossen Mehrzahl der Carnivoren nur eine sehr untergeordnete Rolle spielt, dafür aber allerdings häutig mit einem weiteren solchen Secundär- höcker vergesellschaftet ist — dem I'rotoconulus — , zwischen dem Innenhöcker und dem vorderen Aussenhöcker befindlich. Bei den Bären fehlt der Protoconulus gänzlich, wohl aber kommt er bei den Amphicyoniden vor, welche bisher für die Ahnen der Bären galten. Ich lege auf diesen Umstand desshalb grösseres Gewicht, weil er geeignet erscheint, über die wirkliche Herkunft der Bären näheren Aufschluss zu geben. Die Untersuchungen des Gebisses der einzelnen Bärentypen beschränkten sich bisher mehr oder weniger auf die Ermittlung der Praemolarenzahl und der Längenproportion des letzten oberen Molaren — Mt gegenüber den beiden vorhergehenden Zähneu, dem oberen Pt und dem oberen Mi. Hingegen wurde auf die bei den einzelnen Typen so verschiedene Complication der Molaren durch Hinzutreten neuer Höcker und Wülste sehr wenig geachtet, obwohl gerade das Studium dieser Com- plicationen am ehesten Auskunft zu geben verspricht über die wahre Verwandtschaft der einzelnen Typen, denn es ist doch ohne Weiteres klar, dass Formen mit hochdifferenzirtem Cebiss nicht der Ausgangs- punkt für Formen mit relativ einfachen Zähnen sein können; es müssen sich die letzteren vielmehr schon früher vom Hauptstamme abgezweigt haben. Ich versuchte es, in umstehender Tabelle die verschiedenartigen Complications-, resp. Reductionserscheinungen bei den einzelnen Bärentypen zu ver- anschaulichen. Wie diese Tabelle zeigt, besteht zwischen den Formen des europäischen Tertiärs und der Gruppe ein direkter Zusammenhang, die Veränderungen äussern sich nur in Zunahme der Körpergrösse, in Keduction der P und in Complication des letzten P und der Molaren, und zwar die letztere in einer stetigen Progression, wobei aber der Bauplan durchaus der gleiche bleibt und nur die Stärke der neu hinzutretenden Gebilde eine Steigerung erfährt. Die genetische Reihe ist P»U(ontographica. Bd. XLTI. 13 ' © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at — 98 CO CD CD Wulst und H &S Kaufläche Grösse Entoconid zwischen Metaconid zwischen des (Deuterocon) ts cd" td am o. 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