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The Suprapopulation Dynamics of Acanthocephalus Dirus in a Definitive Host, Etheostoma Squamiceps, and Two Intermediate Hosts, Lirceus Fontinalis and Gammarus Minus

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The Suprapopulation Dynamics of Acanthocephalus Dirus in a Definitive Host, Etheostoma Squamiceps, and Two Intermediate Hosts, Lirceus Fontinalis and Gammarus Minus Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Masters Theses & Specialist Projects Graduate School 8-1983 The uprS apopulation Dynamics of Acanthocephalus Dirus in a Definitive Host, Etheostoma Squamiceps, & Two Intermediate Hosts, Lirceus Fontinalis & Gammarus Minus Mary Weimorts Western Kentucky University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Weimorts, Mary, "The uS prapopulation Dynamics of Acanthocephalus Dirus in a Definitive Host, Etheostoma Squamiceps, & Two Intermediate Hosts, Lirceus Fontinalis & Gammarus Minus" (1983). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 2947. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2947 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses & Specialist Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Weimorts, Mary Jean Norton 1983 THE SUPRAPOPULATION DYNAMICS OF ACANTHOCEPHALUS DIRUS IN A DEFINITIVE HOST, ETHEOSTOMA SQUAMICEPS, AND TWO INTERMEDIATE HOSTS, LIRCEUS FONTINALIS AND GAMMARUS MINUS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Biology Western Kentucky University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Mary Jean Norton Weimorts AUTHORIZATION FOR USE OF THESIS Permission is hereby granted to the Western Kentucky University Library to make, or allow to be made photocopies, microfilm or other copies of this thesis for appropriate research or scholarly purpose S. (reserved to the author for the making of any copies of this I thesis except for brief sections for research or scholarly purpo se s. - Signed/' JOL, Date - Please place an "X" in the appropriate box. This form will be filed with the original of the thesis and will control future use of the thesis. THE SUPRAPOPULATION DYNAMICS OF ACANTHOCEPHALUS DIRUS IN A DEFINITIVE HOST, ETHEOSTOMA SQUAMICEPS, AND TWO INTERMEDIATE HOSTS, LIRCEUS FONTINALIS AND GAMMARUS MINUS RECOMMENDED DA 1'E) deC"Z- /1 DIRECTOR OF HESIS APPROVED r- 3 DEAN OF GRADUATE SC ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the members of my Graduate Advisory Committee, Drs. Larry N. Gleason, Robert D. Hoyt, and Joe E. Winstead for their assistance and guidance during the preparation of this thesis. I would like to thank Dr. Gleason in particular, not only for his academic support, but also for his friendship and understanding. I would like to express my gratitude to Drs. Richard L. Buckner, Omar Amin, and Rudolph Prins for help with taxonomic problems. I am indebted to Keith Floyd, Shirley Timbrook, Jim Pauly, Scott Gleason, Debbie Pyse, and Libby Burress for help in making col- lections. Also, I would like to thank Jean Lopolito for help in typ- ing the text. Without the moral and financial support of my family I would never have succeeded at this endeavor. So to Lucille, John, and Larry C. Norton, and Martha and Kenneth Weimorts, I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude, devotion, and love. Finally, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my daughter, Ashley Nicole Weimorts, my mother, Lucille Mosley Norton, and the memory of my father, Larry Norton. This research was partially supported by a grant from the Western Kentucky University Graduate Research Committee. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES vi ABSTRACT vii INTRODUCTION 1 STUDY AREA 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3 RESULTS 6 Larval parasites in the isopod host 6 Larval parasites in the amphipod host 8 Adult parasites in the darter host 10 DISCUSSION 18 LITERATURE CITED 24 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 The relationship between the number of Acanthocephalus dirus and the total length of Etheostoma squamiceps 12 2 The monthly distribution of Acanthocephalus dirus in the intestine of Etheostoma squamiceps 14 3 The monthly mean body length and range of female Acanthocephalus dirus recovered from Etheostoma squamiceps 15 4 Observed distribution and expected negative binomial distribution of Acanthocephalus dirus in Etheostoma squamiceps 16 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Prevalence, mean intensity, and mean density of Acanthocephalus dirus in Lirceus fontinalis from January 1982 through January 1983 2 Prevalence, mean intensity, and mean density of Acanthocephalus dirus in Gammarus minus from January 1982 through January 1983 9 3 Prevalence, mean intensity, and mean density of Acanthocephalus dirus in Etheostoma squamiceps from December 1981 through January 1983 11 4 The dispersal pattern of Acanthocephalus dirus in Etheostoma sguamiceps from December 1981 through January 1983 17 THE SUPRAPOPULATION DYNAMICS OF ACANTHOCEPHALUS DIRUS IN A DEFINITIVE HOST, ETHEOSTOMA SQUAMICEPS AND TWO INTERMEDIATE HOSTS, LIRCEUS FONTINALIS AND GAMMARUS MINUS Mary Jean Norton Weimorts May 1983 Pages: 27 Directed by: L. Gleason, R. Hoyt, and J. Winstead Department of Biology Western Kentucky University ABSTRACT The suprapopulation dynamics of Acanthocephalus dirus were studied in the definitive host, Etheostoma squamiceps, and two intermediate hosts, Lirceus fontinalis and Gammarus minus, from Lick Creek, Warren County, Kentucky. The study was conducted from December 1981 through January 1983. A total of 448 isopods, L. fontinalis, was examined for larval A. dirus and 9 (2.01%) were infected. Infected isopods were observed from September through December 1982. There was no correlation between the presence of larvae and lack of pigmentation. A total of 441 amphipods, G. minus, was examined. Of these, 21 (4.76%) were infected. Infected amphipods were observed in all months except May, June, July, and September 1982. In both intermediate hosts, ovarian balls were present in the pseudocoelom of female cystacanths. This suprapopulation was unique in that it utilized two intermediate hosts, of different orders, within a single eco- system. This is the first time that an amphipod has been reported to play d substantial role in propagating the life cycle of an acanthocephalan of the genus Acanthocephalus. A total of 180 E. squamiceps was examined, and 118 (65.5%) were infected with A. dirus. No significant differ- ence in prevalence of infection or in the mean intensity of infection was observed between male and female hosts. No seasonal periodicity of the parasites in E. squamiceps was observed. There was, however, d significant difference in the attachment sites of the parasites in the gut of the fish during different months and seasons. This was associated with recruitment periods of the parasite by the definitive host. All parasites were sexually mature, and the overall ratio of males to females was 1:1. Acanthocephalus dirus were overdispersed in E. squamiceps, and there was a positive correlation between host total length and density of parasites. INTRODUCTION Population dynamics of acanthocephalans in their definitive or intermediate hosts have received a good deal of attention in re- cent years (Chubb 1964, Walkey 1967, Amin 1975, Eure 1976, Amin 1978a, Muzzall 1978a, Muzzall 1978b, Muzzall and Bullock 1978, Amin et al. 1980, and Amin 1981). Very few investigations have been directed toward suprapopulation dynamics, that is the popula- tion dynamics of the parasite in both the definitive and the inter- mediate hosts in the same ecosystem at the same time (Esch et al. 1975). However, Hine and Kennedy (1974) working with Pomphorhynchus laevis, Muzzall and Rabalais (1975a, 1975b) working with Achanthocephalus jacksoni, and Camp and Huizinga (1980) working with A. dirus did such studies. None of these studies concerned a darter as the definitive host. Studies involving acanthocephalan parasites of darters have been limited to new species descriptions (Oetinger and Buckner 1976) or new host records (Page 1974, and Muzzall and Rabalais 1975a). The purpose of this study was to investigate the suprapopulation dynamics of A. dirus in a definitive host Etheostoma squamiceps and two intermediate hosts, Lirceus fontindlis and Gdmmdrus minus. STUDY AREA The study area Was d section of the Lick Creek, Warren County, approximately 27 km west of Bowling Green, Kentucky. Lick Creek is d direct tributary to the Gasper River which is in the Barren River drainage. It is a second order stream (Kuehne 1962) and ranges from 1.3 to 3.5 m wide and from 0.05 to 1.0 m deep. The substrate of the creek varies from limestone bedrock in pools to gravel and sand in the riffles. Aquatic vegetation consists primarily of algae, but there are some emergent plants in the slower deeper sections of the creek. The topography of the area is of gently rolling hills with a ridge to one side of the stream and a flood plain to the other. Riparian vegetation of the area is comprised of oak, hickory, beech, and poplar forest. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isopods and dmphipods were collected monthly with a 1.25 X 1.0 m, 1.6 mm mesh seine. Intermediate hosts were transported to the laboratory alive. In the laboratory they were examined for pigment alterations and the sex and total length determined (total length was measured from the base of the antennae to the anterior tip of the telson). The specimens were then dissected and exam- ined for the presence of larval parasites. The presence and num- ber of A. dirus were recorded. The larvae were removed and allowed to relax overnight at 7 C in distilled water. Each spec- imen was fixed in alcohol-formalin-acetic acid and stained using Semichon's acetocarmine. A whole mount was prepared using stan- dard techniques. Trunk length, sex, and degree of sexual maturity were determined for each specimen. Degree of sexual maturity was determined for females as follows: immature (ovary intact); mature (ovary fragmented into ovarian balls); and gravid (acanthors pres- ent in the pasudocoelom). Males were categorized as being imma- ture (no sperm present in the seminal vesicle) or mature (sperm present in the seminal vesicle). A minimum of 10 E. squdmiceps was collected each month from December 1981 through January 1983. Fish were collected by electrofishing and then transported back to the laboratory alive.
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