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01-96-Atlas Histoafrique-Maq4 BAT3.Indd L’Afrique, une histoire-monde ! Atlas historique L’Afrique est un continent immense et les sociétés qui l’habitent de ont connu des trajectoires historiques multiples au cours des l’Afrique millénaires, sans cesser d’interagir entre elles et avec les mondes extérieurs. Cinq grandes périodes scandent cette histoire : • L’Afrique ancienne (depuis la préhistoire jusqu’au XVe siècle), I. Surun - Fauvelle F.-X. De la préhistoire à nos jours à la fois berceau et creuset de diversité linguistique, technique, politique. • L’Afrique moderne (du XVe au XVIIIe siècle), ses grands royaumes Sous la direction de et le début de la présence européenne. François-Xavier Fauvelle • L’Afrique souveraine (XIXe siècle), après l’abolition de la traite atlantique et les reconversions économiques africaines. et Isabelle Surun • L’Afrique sous domination coloniale, entre « partage » du continent, résistances anticoloniales et décolonisations. • L’Afrique des indépendances, qui relève de nombreux dé s politiques, économiques et sociaux. Cet atlas regroupe plus de 100 cartes et rend disponibles les connaissances sans cesse renouvelées de l’histoire de l’Afrique. Il montre combien ce continent, loin d’être replié sur lui-même, a toujours été à la fois dynamique et connecté à l’histoire globale. Ouvrage dirigé par François-Xavier Fauvelle, professeur au Collège de France (chaire d’Histoire et archéologie des mondes africains) et Isabelle Surun, professeur en histoire contemporaine à l’université de Lille et spécialiste de l’histoire comparée des colonisations en Afrique. — Les auteurs : Jean-Pierre Bat, Amélie Chekroun, Gérard Chouin, Hadrien Collet, Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, Anne Cornet, Rémi Dewière, Marcel Dorigny, Odile Goerg, Anthony Guyon, Vincent Hiribarren, Myriam Houssay-Holzschuch, Guillaume Atlas historique de l’Afrique Lachenal, Jean-Loïc Le Quellec, Thomas Leyris, Catarina Madeira-Santos, Henri Médard, Clément Ménard, Joël Michel, Stéphane Pradines, Boris Samuel, Samuel F. Sanchez, Robin Seignobos, Emmanuelle Sibeud, Étienne Smith, Catherine Wihtol de Wenden. Guillaume Balavoine est cartographe indépendant. Prix France : 24 ISBN : 978-2-7467-5114-9 En couverture : ISSN : 1272-0151 Ousmane Sow (1935-2016), « Le Guerrier debout » (série Nouba), 1989. Exposition sur le Pont-des-Arts. Paris (VIe arr.), 1999. 9:HSMHOG=\ZVVY^: © Béatrice Soulé / Roger-Viollet www.autrement.com Imprimé et broché en France 9782746751149_AtlasHistoriqueAfrique_Couv.indd Toutes les pages 02/08/2019 17:11 Atlas historique de l’Afrique 01-96-Atlas HistoAfrique-Maq4_BAT3.indd 1 04/08/2019 12:36 Auteurs François-Xavier Fauvelle est professeur au Collège de France et spécia- liste de l’histoire de l’Afrique ancienne, qu’il aborde en historien et archéo- logue. Parmi de nombreux travaux, il est notamment l’auteur du Rhinocéros d’or. Histoires du Moyen Âge africain (Alma, 2013, Gallimard « folio », 2015), ouvrage qui a reçu le Grand Prix des Rendez-vous de l’histoire de Blois en 2013 et traduit en plusieurs langues, le coauteur de Vols de vaches à Christol Cave. Histoire critique d’une image rupestre d’Afrique du Sud (Publications de la Sorbonne, 2009, avec J.-L. Le Quellec et F. Bon) et le coordinateur de L’Afrique ancienne, de l’Acacus au Zimbabwe. 20000 ans avant notre ère – XVIIe siècle (Belin, 2018). Isabelle Surun est professeur en histoire contemporaine à l’université de Lille et spécialiste de l’histoire comparée des colonisations en Afrique. Elle est corédactrice en chef d’Outre-Mers, Revue d’histoire. Elle a récemment publié Dévoiler l’Afrique ? Lieux et pratiques de l’exploration (Afrique occi- dentale, 1780-1880) (Éditions de la Sorbonne, 2018) et a dirigé Les sociétés coloniales à l’âge des Empires, 1850-1960 (Atlande, 2012). Cartographe Guillaume Balavoine : Historien et cartographe, il collabore au quotidien Le Figaro et crée les cartes de nombreux ouvrages scolaires. Il a réalisé la cartographie de nombre d’ouvrages de la collection Atlas. Maquette : Twapimoa Coordination éditoriale : Anne Lacambre Lecture-correction : Carol Rouchès Copyrights : Page 15 : © Jean-Loïc Le Quellec ; page 22 : © Janice Bell ; page 27 : © CyArk ; page 34 : © Digital Library, Library Company of Philadelphia ; page 53 : Photographer: unknown, Source: Mission and Diakonia Archives, VID Specialized University, Reference: VID-MDA- A-1045-20190626-2-001 ; album from Thomas Jørgensen (1874-1957) ; page 56 : René Caillié, Voyage à Temboctou et à Jenné, dans l’Afrique centrale, Paris, Impr. royale, 1830, collection particulière. ISBN : 978-2-7467-5398-3 © 2019, Éditions Autrement 87, quai Panhard et Levassor, 75647 Paris Cedex 13 www.autrement.com Dépôt légal : octobre 2019 Tous droits réservés. Aucun élément de cet ouvrage ne peut être reproduit, sous quelque forme que ce soit, sans l’autorisation expresse de l’éditeur et du propriétaire, les Éditions Autrement. 01-96-Atlas HistoAfrique-Maq4_BAT3.indd 2 04/08/2019 12:36 Atlas historique de l’Afrique Sous la direction de François-Xavier Fauvelle et Isabelle Surun Cartographie de Guillaume Balavoine Éditions Autrement Collection Atlas/Mémoires 01-96-Atlas HistoAfrique-Maq4_BAT3.indd 3 04/08/2019 12:36 4 Atlas historique de l’Afrique Introduction 29 L’Afrique à l’ère moderne 6 La diversité de l’Afrique 30 L’âge des recompositions politiques au prisme de la carte 32 Les sultanats du Songhay et du Borno (XVIe-XVIIe siècle) 34 Royaumes du Dahomey et de l’Ashanti 9 L’Afrique ancienne (XVIIe-XIXe siècle) 10 Les multiples berceaux de l’humanité 36 Elmina, du comptoir portugais à la ville e e 12 Une préhistoire d’innovations économiques africaine (XV -XIX siècle) et culturelles 38 L’Éthiopie, entre Gondar et Harar e e 14 L’art rupestre (XVI -XVIII siècle) e e 16 Une Afrique ouverte sur la Méditerranée 40 Le royaume du Kongo (XV -XVIII siècle) 42 Les traites négrières coloniales 18 L’Afrique connectée au monde islamique e e (VIIe-XIIe siècle) (XV -XIX siècle) 20 La Nubie : des royaumes chrétiens à l’islamisation (Ve-XVIe siècle) e 22 L’Afrique, partenaire économique du monde 45 L’Afrique souveraine au XIX siècle islamique (XIIIe-XVe siècle) 46 La traite atlantique abolie 24 L’Éthiopie médiévale : de la symbiose 48 Les reconversions économiques africaines économique à la guerre 50 Le royaume du Buganda e e 26 La civilisation swahilie (VIII -XV siècle) 52 Le royaume de Madagascar 54 Le califat de Sokoto 56 L’Afrique explorée 01-96-Atlas HistoAfrique-Maq4_BAT3.indd 4 04/08/2019 12:36 SOMMAIRE • 5 59 L’Afrique sous domination coloniale 75 Des années 1960 à aujourd’hui 60 De l’empire informel au partage 76 Les politiques sanitaires en Afrique du continent 78 Espaces contrastés du développement 62 Les colonies de peuplement 80 L’Afrique et la guerre froide 64 Le tournant de la Première Guerre mondiale 82 États et régimes politiques 66 Missions chrétiennes en Afrique 84 L’apartheid en Afrique australe sous domination coloniale 86 Conflits et ésolutionr des conflits 68 Les villes coloniales en Afrique centrale et orientale 70 Révoltes anticoloniales et émergence 88 Migrations internes et externes en Afrique des nationalismes 72 Empire colonial tardif et décolonisations Conclusion 91 Connexions, continuités, ouvertures Annexes 92 Bibliographie 95 Les auteurs 01-96-Atlas HistoAfrique-Maq4_BAT3.indd 5 04/08/2019 12:36 10 • CLÉMENT MÉNARD Les multiples berceaux de l’humanité Ce n’est qu’après 1924 et la découverte de fossiles d’hominidés en Afrique du Sud que la place du continent africain dans l’origine de l’homme commence à être envisagée. Un siècle de recherches a permis d’esquisser une longue et complexe histoire évolutive dont on sait désormais que la majeure partie s’est déroulée sur ce continent. Elle est ponctuée de nombreuses innovations techniques, qui ne sont pour certaines connues que plus tardivement dans d’autres régions du monde. La longue histoire sans que nous maîtrisions toujours leur pour englober autant de lieux majeurs évolutive de l’homme variabilité. Le résultat est un buissonne- de l’évolution humaine répartis sur un La famille des hominidés (ou la sous- ment phylogénétique et l’absence de continent. Il y a d’abord le « Cradle tribu des hominines pour certains) consensus. Nos connaissances dans of Humankind », magnifique piège regroupe toutes les espèces humaines ce domaine sont par ailleurs en per- sédimentaire et lieu de mémoire sud- connues, actuelles et fossiles. Au sein pétuel renouvellement : songeons qu’il africain ; il y a bien sûr la dépression de de l’ordre des primates, la lignée des y a moins de 50 ans la découverte de l’Afar et le système du rift est-africain où hominidés est dissociée de celle des Lucy (Au. afarensis) faisait reculer d’un les conditions de conservation et d’ob- autres grands singes (dont sont issus coup l’enregistrement fossile au-delà servation ont permis la découverte de gorilles et chimpanzés) depuis envi- de 3 Ma, enregistrement dont la pro- nombreux fossiles ; il y a aussi Toros- ron 6 à 10 millions d’années (Ma). Les fondeur chronologique a doublé depuis. Menalla au Tchad – le plus ancien ; il y hominidés ont notamment en commun Si l’on essaie de retenir de l’histoire évo- a désormais Jebel Irhoud sur la façade la station bipède et des caractères lutive de l’homme quelques grandes atlantique, d’où proviennent les plus cranio-dentaires. étapes, il y a d’abord la longue suc- vieux Homo sapiens, et nous pourrions La chronologie des espèces connues cession d’hominidés archaïques du ainsi poursuivre les déclinaisons. présentée ici est malheureusement Mio-Pliocène clôturée par le genre tributaire de la résolution des âges dis- Australopithecus, qui se caractérise Lieux d’innovations techniques ponibles (c’est-à-dire de la fréquence par une grande diversité et une large Au-delà de leurs caractères physiques, des éléments datables dans l’envi- emprise spatiale et temporelle. Il y a les hommes se caractérisent surtout par ronnement géologique) et n’est pas ensuite le genre Homo qui émerge à la l’utilisation d’outils.
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