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Smart City Puebla: Measuring Smartness

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Smart City Puebla: Measuring Smartness e-ISSN: 2176-0756 doi.org/10.5585/riae.v20i1.15793 Received: 30 Sept. 2019 / Approved: 22 Oct. 2020 Evaluation Process: Double Blind Review Special Issue Microeconomics of Competitiveness Guest Editors: Álvaro Bruno Cyrino, Pablo Collazzo, José Eduardo Storopoli and Fernando Antonio Ribeiro Serra SMART CITY PUEBLA: MEASURING SMARTNESS Stephanie Garcidueñas Nieto1 Pablo Collazzo Yelpo2 Katya Pérez Guzmán3 1Master's degree in Latin American Studies, University of Vienna – IIASA. Austria. [email protected] 2Full Professor in Economics, Danube University Krems. Austria [email protected] 3Research Scholar in Ecosystems Services and Management Program (ESM) – IIASA. Austria. [email protected] Abstract a marginalização, que são indicadores essenciais para redefinir as cidades inteligentes nos mercados emergentes. Objective of the study: this empirical study revisits the meaning and scope Contribuições sociais / de gestão: mesmo que a análise seja realizada em of the ‘smart city’ concept, measuring ‘smartness’ in an emerging market dados de uma única região, nossa pesquisa pode ser uma contribuição setting. significativa para um modelo mais generalizável para medir a 'inteligência' Methodology / approach: a data reduction exercise is conducted through a da cidade em mercados emergentes, com implicações para vários principal component analysis of 22 smart city variables and a two-step cluster stakeholders, em particular para políticas públicas, sugerindo que as analysis for the 217 municipalities of the State of Puebla (Mexico), so as to desigualdades básicas e o acesso a serviços de educação e saúde devem ser identify the defining challenges to ‘smartness’ in a developing economy city. abordados antes de tentar melhorar os indicadores tradicionais de cidades Originality / Relevance: the prevailing models that measure urban inteligentes. ‘smartness’, notably Giffinger’s and Cities in Motion, arguably miss to capture the socioeconomic challenges of cities in a developing market Palavras-chave: Cidade inteligente. Análise de componentes principais. context. Desigualdade. Serviços públicos. Mercados emergentes. Main results: two distinctive factors emerge from the data reduction exercise, namely ‘marginalization’, referring to social and economic inequalities, and ‘access to services’, particularly public health and SMART CITY PUEBLA: MIDIENDO LA ‘INTELIGENCIA’ education, to define the challenges emerging market cities would need to URBANA address in their path to ‘smartness’. Theoretical / methodological contributions: we introduce a revised Resumen approach to measure city ‘smartness’, claiming that access to public services Objetivo del estudio: esta investigación empírica revisa el significado y el (education and health) helps reduce social inequality and marginalization, alcance del concepto de ‘ciudad inteligente’, midiendo la ‘inteligencia’ which are core indicators to redefine smart cities in emerging markets. urbana en un contexto de mercado emergente. Metodología / enfoque: se realiza un ejercicio de reducción de datos Social / management contributions: even if the analysis is carried out on mediante la técnica de análisis de componentes principales (PCA) de 22 data from a single region, our findings could be a meaningful input to a more variables de ciudades inteligentes y un análisis de clúster en dos etapas, para generalizable model to measure city ‘smartness’ in emerging markets, with las 217 municipalidades del estado de Puebla (México), de modo de implications to multiple stakeholders, particularly policy-makers, suggesting identificar los atributos y desafíos críticos que definen la ‘inteligencia’ basic inequalities and access to education and health services should be urbana en un mercado en desarrollo. addressed, before attempting to improve traditional smart city indicators. Originalidad / Relevancia: los modelos que miden la ‘inteligencia’ urbana, en particular los de mayor difusión, el de Giffinger y Cities in Motion, no Keywords: Smart city. Principal components analysis. Inequality; Public reflejan en su totalidad las desigualdades y retos socio-económicos que services. Emerging markets. presentan las ciudades de economías en desarrollo. Resultados principales: dos factores distintivos emergen del ejercicio de SMART CITY PUEBLA: MEDINDO A ‘INTELIGÊNCIA’ URBANA reducción de datos: ‘marginación’, reflejando marcadas desigualdades económicas y sociales, y ‘acceso a servicios’, en particular educación y salud Resumo públicas. Estos factores representan los desafíos que deberían abordar las Objetivo do estudo: este trabalho empírico revisita o significado e o alcance urbes de economías emergentes en su conversión a ‘ciudad inteligente’. do conceito de ‘cidade inteligente’, medindo a ‘inteligência’ urbana em um Contribuciones teóricas / metodológicas: desarrollamos un enfoque mercado emergente. novedoso para la medición de la ‘inteligencia’ urbana, argumentando que el Metodologia / abordagem: um exercício de redução de dados é conduzido acceso a servicios públicos (educación y salud) contribuye a reducir las por meio de uma análise de componente principal (PCA) de 22 variáveis de desigualdades sociales y la marginación, indicadores claves del nivel de cidade inteligente e uma análise de cluster em duas etapas, para os 217 ‘inteligencia’ de una ciudad en un contexto en desarrollo. municípios do estado de Puebla (México), a fim de identificar os desafios Contribuciones sociales / de gestión: si bien el análisis se realiza sobre datos definidores da 'inteligência' em uma cidade em desenvolvimento. de una región en particular, la evidencia resultante podría ser un insumo Originalidade / Relevância: os modelos que medem a "inteligência" urbana, relevante para la construcción de un modelo generalizable para la medición especialmente Giffinger e Cities in Motion, não capturam os desafios de ‘inteligencia’ de ciudades en mercados emergentes, con implicaciones socioeconômicos das cidades em um contexto de mercado em para múltiples grupos de interés y la política pública, sugiriendo que la desenvolvimento. resolución de básicas asimetrías socio-económicas y el acceso a educación y Principais resultados: dois fatores emergem do exercício de redução de salud deberían acometerse antes de aspirar a mejorar los indicadores dados, a saber, 'marginalização', referindo-se às desigualdades sociais e convencionales de ‘inteligencia’ urbana. econômicas, e 'acesso aos serviços', particularmente saúde pública e educação, para definir os desafios que as cidades de mercados emergentes Palabras clave: Ciudad inteligente. Análisis de componentes principales. precisariam enfrentar em seu caminho para a 'inteligência'. Desigualdad. Servicios públicos. Mercados emergentes. Contribuições teóricas / metodológicas: apresentamos uma abordagem revisada para medir a ‘inteligência’ da cidade, alegando que o acesso aos serviços públicos (educação e saúde) ajuda a reduzir a desigualdade social e Cite as / Como citar American Psychological Association (APA) Garcidueñas Nieto, S., Yelpo, P. C., & Guzmán, K. P. (2021, Special Issue, March). Smart City Puebla: measuring smartness. Iberoamerican Journal of Strategic Management (IJSM), 20, p. 1-15, e15793. https://doi.org/10.5585/riae.v20i1.15793. (ABNT – NBR 6023/2018) GARCIDUEÑAS NIETO, S.; YELPO, P. C.; GUZMÁN, K. P. Smart City Puebla: measuring smartness. Iberoamerican Journal of Strategic Management (IJSM), v. 20, Special Issue, p. 1-15, e15793. Mar. 2021. https://doi.org/10.5585/riae.v20i1.15793. Rev. Ibero-Am. de Est. – RIAE Iberoamerican Journal of Strategic Management - IJSM 1 de 15 São Paulo, 20, Special Issue, p. 1-15, e15793, Mar. 2021 Garcidueñas Nieto, S., Yelpo, P. C., & Guzmán, K. P. (2021, Special Issue, March). Smart City Puebla: measuring smartness We argue that there are three main challenges to studying smart cities in Latin America in general and in Mexico in particular: the lack of consensus on the meaning and scope of a smart city; the lack of literature on smart cities within a broader regional context (e.g., the relative abundance of evidence for developed countries vs. developing economies such as Mexico); and the fragmented nature of data at the municipal (city) level in Mexico, the case we consider here. The lack of a common definition is a recurrent problem. On a practical note, this implies that a smart city can be labeled as such based on very different indicators. Moreover, one should bear in mind that cities are located within broader regional contexts, and different economic and social conditions likely impact the level of smartness attainable by a given city. The well-known variability across Latin American regions, including large social and economic disparities and marginalization, arguably calls for a distinctive definition of smart cities in such a context. The scarcity of research on the Global South is fairly evident. Searching for “smart cities in Mexico” in Redalyc or SCielo, two of the main open-access search engines for scientific literature in Latin America, produced one result as of December 2018. Such striking evidence arguably showcases the need for more research on smart cities in Latin America. The state of Puebla in east-central Mexico has been developing an initiative to help its municipalities become smarter. Yet how to track performance (i.e., how to measure smartness) remains a challenge. How can one measure the smartness of a city like Puebla in a way that is both meaningful within the international context of smart cities and relevant
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