While this year has been a relatively Personal Computer (pC)-Based Methods quiet one for the Association of Explora tion Geochemists (AEG), our membership for Integrating, Processing and Visualiz has been very active preparing for next ing Multivariate Data: Review of Geology, year, which will see us involved in a Till Geochemistry, Lake Sediment Geochemistry, number of major meetings. First and foremost among them is the 18th Interna and Airborne Geophysical Data from the tional Geochemical Exploration Sympo Beardmore-Geraldton District, Ontario, Canada sium (IGES) to be held in Jerusalem, by Greg Hollyer and L. Harvey Thorleifson Israel, May 25-29, 1997. You all should by now have received the "First Circular and ---' Multivariate data collected from geological, geochemical Call for Papers" which outlines the and geophysical sources historically have not been managed session themes, workshops and field trips planned for the and evaluated in a single PC-based environment. This meeting. If you have not done so, please take time to look tendency is, in part, due to the lack of techniques for integrat over this material and to reply to the organisers to let them ing, processing and visualizing high-volume datasets from know of your plans-as an attendee, as the presenter of a talk different sources. In this short discussion, the objective is to or poster, or as a participant on a field trip. review the methodologies used to integrate, process and Our members are also heavily involved in organising the visualize a multivariate dataset originally acquired by the 4th International Symposium on Environmental Geochemis Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and the Ontario Geologi try (ISEG) to be held in Vail, Colorado, USA, October 5-10, cal Survey (OGS) in the vicinity of the Beardmore-Geraldton 1997. You should have received the "Second Circular and Call Greenstone Belt in Ontario. Although some methodologies, for Papers" for this meeting. In addition, several of our such as geostatistical kriging, that were employed are members are involved in organising and will be giving quantitative, this exercise was primarily qualitative in nature presentations at Exploration '97 to be held in Toronto, and was intended to illustrate practical techniques that can Canada, September 14-18, 1997. Other meetings and wo.rk help set the stage for more detailed numerical and statistical shops, several of which Qur members are involved with/ are analysis. listed in the Calendar of Events within EXPLORE. Multivariate Data Overview The current membership of the AEG is around 1,050 and The geochemical data available for this exercise included shows healthy growth with new members around the world. raw Excel and Lotus format spreadsheet data from a 1989 However, we are finding ourselves in a situation where we lake sediment survey and a 1991 till geochemistry survey are starting to not have enough exploration-oriented papers conducted by the GSC and the OGS. High-quality geochemi for the Journal of Exploration Geochemistry. Symposium cal data were acquired using rigourous sampling and Volumes and several Special Issues have helped fill the shortfall, but as of next year we could see a problem. It Continued on Page 9 appears that this is due to a number of factors among which include: the major cut backs at many of the national and provincial/state geological surveys and government-funded CONTENTS research institutions which has affected the exploration President's Message ...... 1 Regional Distribution of Heavy geochemistry groups thereinj cut backs, and loss or retire Special Color l\{aps ...... 1 Metals, Flin Flon, Manitoba ••• 10 Personal Computer.Based Methods Geoenvironmental Assessment ment of people teaching exploration geochemistry at univer for Integrating, ProceSSing and sities, resulting in a real lack of students studying exploration Visualizing Multivariate Data of Monlana ...... 10 geochemistry and hence writing papers; the need for all of Ejections ...... 2 Calendar of Events ...... 16 these organisations, as a result of the aforementioned, to seek Notes from the Editors ...... 3 New Members ...... 17 funds for research elsewhere, which in many cases produces Technical Note Recent Papers ...... 18 research results which remain confidential for varying Composition of White Micas in Weathered Rocks: Indicators of Rock AEG Publications ...... 21 periods of time; and, the fact that most industry exploration Type and Proximity to Gold AEG Application geochemists are pretty stretched and do not have a lot of Mineralization, Western Australia ..... 3 for Admission ...... 22 Regional Councilors' News ...... 5 time, and in many instances permission, to publish the results AEG Committees ...... 23 of their research and work. On the other hand, there appears Comment ...... ••.....••...••...... •. 5 List of Advertisers ...... 24 to be no shortage of environmentally-oriented geochemical Technical Note papers out there as witnessed by the outstanding submission Suggestions for it Conceptual Bridge between Exploration and Continued on Page 2 Environentai Geochemistry .... 6 PAGE 2 NUMBER 93 EXPLORE
Information for Contributors to EXPLORE Scope This Newsletter endeavors to become a forum for recent advances in exploration geochemistry and a key informational source, In addition to contributions on exploration geochemistry, Newsletter No, 89 OCTOBER 1995 we encourage material on multidisciplinary applications, Editors: Sherman P. Marsh (303) 236·5521 environmental geochemistry, and analytical technology. Of par J. Thomas Nash (lO3) 236-5515 ticular interest are extended abstracts on new concepts for guides Assistant Editors: to Ofe, model improvements, exploration tools, unconventional Steve Cone (303) 232·8371 case histories, and descriptions of recently discovered or devel Anne M. Leibold (303) 295-1101 Fredrick P. Schwarz (702) 758_9234 oped deposits. J. Stevens Zuker (303) 989·6608 Format ManUSCripts should be double-spaced and include Business Manager: Owen P. Lavin (303) 837·5820 camera-ready illustrations where pOSSible. Meeting reports may FAX (303) 236-3200, AITN: Sherman Marsh, USGS have photographs, for example. Text is preferred on paper and 5- e·mail: [email protected] or 3-inch IBM-compatible computer diskettes with ASCII (DOS) EXPLORE is published quarterly by the Association of Exploration Geochemists, P.O. Box format that can go directly to typesetting. Please use the metric 25046, MS 973, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225. system in technical material. EXPLORE is a trademark of the Association of Exploration Geochemists. EXPLORE is typeset by Vivian Heggie, Heggie Enterprises, Thornton, CO (303) 288.6540. Length Extended abstracts may be up to approximately 1000 words or two newsletter pages including figures and tables. President's Message Quality Submittals are copy-edited as necessary without re examination by authors, who are asked to assure smooth writing continued from page 1 style and accuracy of statement by thorough peer review. of papers, 150 or so, for the 4'" ISEG at Vail. If there is no Contributions may be edited for clarity or space. change in this situation there will be the inevitable shift All contributions should be submitted to: towards more environmentally-oriented papers in the EXPLORE Journal. So, if we want to see exploration geochemistry c/o J.T. Nash, Box 25046, MS973, Denver Federal Center continue to flourish, I urge all of you exploration geochemists Denver, CO 80225, USA out there to get busy and submit more exploration-oriented papers to the journal. Information for Advertisers Please feel free to contact me or any member of the EXPLORE is the newsletter of the Association of Exploration Executive or Council on any matter concerning the AEG: we Geochemists (AEG). Distribution is quarterly to the membership definitely seek you input and participation in your AEG. consisting of 1200 geologists, geophysicists, and geochemists. William B. Coker Additionally,. 100 copies are sent to geoscience libraries. Compli BHP Minerals Canada Ltd. mentary copies are often mailed to selected addresses from the 33 Yonge Street, Suite 610 rosters of other geoscience organizations, and additional copies Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5E 1G4 are distributed at key geoscience symposia. Approximately 20% of each issue is sent overseas. TEL: (416) 368-3884 ext 250 EXPLORE is the most widely read newsletter in the world per FAX: (416) 365-0763 taining to exploration geochemistry. Geochemical laboratories, drilling, survey and sample collection, specialty geochemical services, consultants, environmental, field supply, and computer and geOScience data services are just a few of the areas available for advertisers. International as well as North American vendors We are in the process of electing the 1997~98 Councillors will find markets through EXPLORE. for the AEG. All Fellows of the Association should have re The EXPLORE newsletter is produced on a volunteer basis by the ceived their ballots by now and if you haven't already done so, AEG membership and is a non-profit newsletter. The advertising please vote and return the ballot to the Secretary. Voting is one rates are the lowest feasible with a break-even objective. Color is of the privileges of being a Fellow and we would like to see as charged on a cost plus 10% basis. A discount of 15% is given to much participation in the election process as possible. So, if advertisers for an annual commitment (four issues). All advertis you haven't sent in your ballot yet, please DO IT NOW! If you ing must be camera-ready PMT or negative. Business card have sent in your ballot, thanks for your continued support of advertiSing is available for consultants only*. Color separation The Association of Exploration Geochemists. and typesetting services are available through our publisher, Sherman P. Marsh, Secretary Network GraphicS, Inc. U.S. Geological Survey MS 973, PO. Box 25046 Full page 2S4h x 178w mm (lOh x 7w in) US $ 880 Half page 254hx86wmm (lOh x 3-3/8w in) US $ 4S0 Denver Federal Center 124h x 178w mm (4-7/8h x 7w in) US $ 480 Denver. CO 80225-0046 Third page 254h x SSw mm (lOh x 2w in) US $ 380 17Bhx86wmm (7h x 3-3/ Sw in) US $ 38(1 Quarter page I24h x 86w mm (4-7 /8h x 3.3/8w in) US $ 270 Deadlines for the NextFour Issues of EXPLORE 254h x 41w mm (10h x I-S/8w in) US $ 270 Eighth page 60hx86wmm (2.3/8h x 3·3/ 8w in) US $ 170 Contributors's deadlines for the next four issues of Business Card~ Slh x 86w mm (2h x 3·3/8w in) US S 70 EXPLORE are as follows: Please direct advertising inquiries to: Issue Publication date Contributor's Deadline Owen Lavin NEWMONTEXPLORATION 94 january 1997 November 30, 1996 2600-1700 Lincoln St. 95 April 1997 February 28, 1997 DENVER, CO 80203 96 july 1997 May 31,1997 USA TEL, (303) 837-5820 97 October 1997 August 31,1997 FAX: (303) 837-5851 EXPLORE NUMBER 93 PAGE 3
Sherman Marsh and Tom Nash Composition of White Micas in Weathered This issue contains an historic first use of full color for Rocks: Indicators of Rock Type and technical illustrations in EXPLORE. We are excited by this Proximity to Gold Mineralisation, Western opportunity to bring this glimpse of new technology to you, and we hope that it can become a regular feature. This full Australia color centerfold comes to you at no extra cost because it by Keith Scott accompanies the color advertisement. Many of us in geo INTRODUCTION science have become painfully aware of a technical paradox in the mid-90's: color graphics are now commonplace in our White micas are commonly present in the alteration daily work, yet publication costs for these illustrations have assemblages surrounding structurally controlled Archaean been prohibitive. We see graphs and maps in colors on OUf gold mineralisation. In Western Australia, such gold deposits computer monitors, and can plot them easily on several usually occur within sequences of mafic and ultramafic types of color printers or plotters. Indeed, we have come to volcanic rocks which have undergone regional greenschist rely on colors to enhance graphics; the color is far superior to metamorphism (Groves and Phillips, 1987). In such regions, the black and white 'zipatone' patterns of years gone by. But the abundance of hydrothermal muscovite may be useful as the smiles collapse when we face the prospects of publishing an indicator of mineralisation, particularly as muscovite those effective color maps and figures. There is good news, is relatively stable under the lateritic and subsequent arid however. Costs of printing color pages is decreasing, and the weathering conditions which affect the region (d. Butt, 1989). technology of preparing color separates (required for the Furthermore, mica composition can reflect proximity to printing process) is now routine. For this publication, the mineralisation and/ or the rock type prior to weathering. extra cost for the full color is about $1 per copy for four These micas have the general formula X2 Y4 Z8 020 (OH)4, pages of color. (The printing process handles one 11 x 17 inch where X = large ions in 12-fold coordination (K, Na, Ba, Ca~ sheet, thus the four pages are a maximum utilization of the Sr), Y = octahedrally coordinated ions, mainly Al but also printing run). If an advertiser is interested in a full color ad, including Fe, Mg, Cli V, Ti, Mn, and Z = tetrahedrally coordi the cost is roughly twice that of conventional black and nated ions, Si and At. white-and the reader can be treated to three pages of color Continued on Page 4 illustrations at very little added cost. The color illustrations printed herein were pulled together on less than 4 weeks notice for this experiment, and obviously are only a part of ongoing work. We think that these illustrations show the power of publishing in color. Future publications could be planned at an early date to include color illustrations, and appropriate text and interpre~ tation written to enhance the impact of the illustrations. We could possibly attract manuscripts that would be directed to other journals, or perhaps never published effectively. In addition to seeking good scientific manuscripts and illustra tions, we need to convince advertisers that the use of color will be of benefit to them as well. Also in this issue are two less flamboyant messages that address environmental geochemistry. John Fortescue gives us some suggestions on the scientific linkage between traditional geochemical exploration technology and currently needed geochemical expertise in environmental studies; John encourages AEG to be a leader through its publications. President Bill Coker warns us of the decline in number of exploration geochemistry manuscripts submitted to our Journal of Exploration Geochemistry, and notes the increase in environmentally-oriented manuscripts submitted else where. Discussion of the role of AEG in environmental geochemistry has been inconsistent and inconclusive to date. Exploration Here in Denver, we see synergy, not competition, between For over 30 years, North American Exploratioo bas been the first step in sue· the two branches of geochemistry. We encourage members to cessful mineral exploration. The dependability of our stal! and their collec use EXPLORE to discuss the issues and disseminate opin tion methods allows you to base your decisions on rock solid data. To find ions, as John Fortescue has. out more about the services provided by North American Rxploration, write: North American Exploration, inc., Dept. A03, 472 N. Main St., Kaysville, Utah Sherm and Tom 84037-1173, or call (801) 546·6453. Or contact our Reno office at: 1315 Greg Street, Suite 107, Sparks NY 89431, or call: (702) 353-4732. PAGE 4 NUMBER 93 EXPLORE
Technical Note RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Continued from Page 3 Strontium concentrations >200 ppm are present in many MICA ANALYSES micas, especially in shales peripheral to mineralisation. In shales Sr is directly related to Na content, i.e. barren More than 300 wavelength-dispersive electron micro shales contain Na-muscovite or paragonite with elevated Sr probe analyses have been carried out on white micas for contents. Although Sr varies sympathetically with Ca in major and trace components. By using extended counting shale-hosted mica, the Ca-mica (margarite) has low Sr times, detection limits of 100 ppm were achieved (Ramsden contents. and French, 1990). Micas ranging in composition from Barium contents up to 6200 ppm are present in micas muscovite to paragonite and margarite and illite to bram with Ba being directly related to K and inversely related to mallite from mafic volcanics, felsic intrusives and shales Na contents, especially in shales. Margarite has low Ba about two Archaean gold deposits in Western Australia were contents. analysed. The deposits are Panglo (570 km ENE of Perth) Chromium contents >300 ppm often occur in micas of within mafic volcanics and shales of a rift-phase basin and Mt mafic volcanics but micas in shales and felsic intrusives have Magnet (480 km NNE of Perth) in platform-phase basin mafic Cr <250 ppm. Consistently higher Cr contents in the micas volcanics and felsic intrusives (Hancock et aI., 1990; Wilson, from mafic volcanics from the platform basin than in those 1990). from the rift basin may reflect original genetic differences in the host rocks. The Cr contents of micas within a particular 00 0 0 00 rock type do not appear to give any indication of proximity to 90 0 0 mineralisation despite the presence of fuchsite in many of the BO A o 0 0 o 0 o~ Margarite Archaean gold deposits of Western Australia. 70 0 0"· Nickel and Zn contents in micas are generally <100 ppm. 60 Copper contents are often> 100 ppm, especially in margarite ~ 50 • 0 and hence do not necessarily reflect an association with 40 til ~ODD II 0 mineralisation. 30 1" Mineralised Barren TItanium varies between 200 and 1900 ppm in muscovite 20 dim II Mafic .. 0 Felsic A A but it is always <600 ppm in paragonite and Na-muscovite, 10 Sedimentary 0 i.e. higher Ti contents occur in micas associated with 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 O.B 1.0 '" 1.2 1.4 mineralisation. Na in X sites Iron contents of the micas are depleted relative to Mg close to mineralisation (Fig 3). Fig. 1 Distribution of muscovite and paragonite relatIve to mineralisation in Section 3938N Star Gold deposit, Mt Magnet.
In gold alteration systems the mica compositions reflect proximity to mineralisation, with muscovite dose to 440RL mineralisation and paragonite (and margarite) more distant (Fig. 1). The change from Na-rich to K-rich is not however simple substitution in the large ion sites but also involves both octahedrally and tetrahedrally coordinated ions of the micas. The mechanism Nax Aloet Ahet = Kx Roct Shet (where R = divalent ions Mg and Fe in octahedral coordination) indicates 420RL that as Na enters the structure, At is gained in both the octahedral and tetrahedral sites (Fig. 2), i.e. the mica becomes less phengitic. Such major changes in the structure of the mica make it likely that minor element contents also change with Na-K variations. 400RL
2.0 Mineralised Barren Mafic .. 0 0 00 en 1.5 Felsic A A J!! Sedimentary 0 00 3BORL I Au mineralisation 0; '" 0 x 0 .~ 1.0 CQ:, ~ Paragonite abundant z'" 0 0 0 0.5 • 0 ",,0 I Muscovite dominant 360RL ()II. ~ ~ .. 0.0 • • "~A.soe..A 4.B 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.B 6.0 Al in Y +Zsites Fig. 3 Fe' = Fe/(Fe+Mg) vs Na content of mica. Upper trend for Fig. 2 Relationship between Na (in large ion sites) and Al (in mafic and felsic rocks, lower trend for sediments. tetrahedral and octahedral sites). EXPLORE NUMBER 93 PAGE 5 Technical Note Continued from Page 4 These features suggest that close to mineralisation the Sr, Na, Ca and Fe contents of micas are depleted and K, Ba and We welcome several new Regional Councilors. Clemens Ti contents elevated. The Cr content of mica was found to be a Reimannn has taken over from Agnete Steenfelt in the good lithological discriminant but not a good guide to Northern Countries; Boudewijn de Smeth has taken over mineralisation. from Gunther Matheis in Europe and Charles Ukujeni has Because paragonite is readily differentiated from musco taken over from Cecil Begley in southern Africa. Our thanks vite in the infrared region using hand-held field spectrom to Agnete, Gunther and Cecil for their efforts in the past and eters such as the PIMA II, it may be possible to recognise we wish Clemens, Boudewijn and Charles well for the future. areas of alteration even in weathered material using the With the elevation of Peter Simpson to the position of PIMA. This area of research is currently being further Vice- President we now have a vacancy for Regional Coun addressed by AMIRA project 435 ("Mineral Mapping with cilor in the UK and Republic of Ireland. Please contact David Field Spectroscopy for Exploration"). Garnett or Sherman Marsh if you would like to volunteer for this position. Acknowledgements David Gamet Becquerel Laboratories Ply. Ltd. Much of the work reported above was carried out in P.M.B.1 collaboration with the mineral exploration industry within Menai, NSW 2234 AMIRA Project 241 "Exploration for Concealed Gold Depos AUSTRALIA its, Yilgarn Block, Western Australia". The assistance and email: [email protected] support of the project sponsors are gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to Ken Kinealy and David French who assisted with the electron microprobe analyses. €eMMENT A shorter version of this note appeared in Exploration and Mining Research News 5 (published by CSIRO Division Dear Sirs; of Exploration and Mining). The work and claims made in EXPLORE No. 91 (pages 15 and 16) must all be ascribed to Dean Butler and I am References somewhat embarrassed to find myself listed as a co-author. Butt, e.RM., 1989. Genesis of supergene gold deposits in the Continued on Page 6 lateritic regolith of the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia. In: RR. Keays, W.RH. Ramsay and OJ. Groves (Eds), WE'RE GROWING WITH The geology of gold deposits: the perspective in 1988: I ACTLABSI OUR NEW SERVICES Economic Geology Monograph 6. Economic Geolology, AND LOCATIONS New Haven, pp.460-470. II ENZYME LEACH-ICP/MS (Detects deeply buried Groves, D.1. and Phillips, G.N., 1987. The geneSis and mineralization) tectonic control on Archaean gold deposits of the Western Australian Shield - a metamorphic replacement model: II LITHOGEOCHEMISTRY - SPIDERGRAM ICP/MS Ore Geo!. Rev., 2, 287-322. . PKG (Low COSI add on to WRA) Hancock, M.e., Robertson, I.G. and Booth, G.w., 1990. Paddington gold deposit. In: EE. Hughes (Ed), Geology III ULTRA-LOW LEVEL HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY of the Mineral Deposits of Australia and Papua New by ICP/MS Guinea: Australas. Inst. Min. Metali., Melbourne, pp.395- III ULTRATRACE ICP/MS Rock + Soil package 400. LEADERS IN LOW-COST, HIGH QUALITY SERVICES Ramsden, A.R. and French, D,H., 1990. Routine trace-element WITH RAPID TURNAROUND. capabilities of electron-microprobe analysis in mineral The above unique services when added to our higb quality INAA, ICP, ogical investigations: an empirical evaluation of perfor XRF and Fire Assay services., provide unrivalled capabilities in the mance using spectrochemical standard glasses: Cana analytical industry to help you discover the mines of the future. dian Mineralogist 28, 171-180. FOR FURTIlER INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT: Wilson, A.e., 1990. North Morning Star (Parkinson Pit) gold • ACfIVATION LABORATORIES LTD., 1336 Sandhill Dr., Ancasler, ON, deposit, Mount Magnet. In: EE. Hughes (Ed), Geology of Canada. Tel: (905) 64R·961 1. Fax: (905) 648-9613, Dr. eric Hoffman the Mineral Deposits of Australia and Papua New • ACTLABS, INC., 11485 Frontage Road N., Wheal Ridge. 00, USA. Tel: Guinea: Australas. Inst. Min. Metall., Melbourne, pp.249- (303) 456-2981, Fax: (303) 420-6646, Dr. J.R. (Bob) Clark 253. • ACTl...ABS, INC.. c/o M.E.G., 2235 Lakeshore Dr., Carson City, NV, USA. Tel: (702) 849-Z235, Fax: (702) 849·2335~ S. Clark Smith Keith Scott • SKYUNE LABS, INC., 177S Wesl $ahUMO Dr., Tucson, AZ, USA. Tel: CSIRO Exploration and Mining (602) 622-4836, Fax: (602) 622-6065, W. (Bill) Lehmheck PO Box 136 • ACTLABS·SKYLINE PERU, SA. Av. de la Marina 2523, San Miguel, Lima 32. Tel:/Fax: (5114) 521413. FrQncL~co Alurcon North Ryde NSW 2113 Australia • JACOBS-SKYUNE ENSAYADORES Y QUIMICOS, SA. DE C.V., TEL 612-887-8667 Otpcche 196(esq.Gpe. Victoria), ColonillSan Benito, Hennosillo, Mexico. Tel: (62) 10-02-54, Sanlo!~ Garlos Email: k.scott®dem.csiro.au PAGE 6 NUMBER 93 EXPLORE
Dear Sirs; Comment Regarding "BLEG Sampling in Gold Exploration" by Continued from Page 5 Nigel Radford (EXPLORE No.92), the author should remove My role was merely to make some brief background com Gosowong as a deposit in which BLEG played a significant ments and to document these claims, and I would be ex role in discovery. The discovery resulted from follow-up of a - tremely surprised if they were substantiated. I find it difficult 80 +200 mesh stream-sediment sample gold anomaly of 0.564 to believe that two such dissimilar techniques as neutron gf t, and of quartz vein float at the same location which activation analysis and fire assay can come up with very assayed up to 0.73 glt Au. The BLEG result at this location similar gold contents on well-prepared international stan was 1.0 ppb Au-a background level. Later BLEG samples dards, yet both techniques are claimed to have under taken above and below the small stream which drained the estimated the gold content substantialy. deposit assayed around 2 ppb Au. I hope that, now we have enough detail on one of these How many other deposits on the list compiled by "no-see-um" gold techniques, laboratories will try to Radford were really discovered partly as a result of BLEG replicate the results and in the process explain how we arrive sampling? at such inflated apparent gold values. However, there is one Grant Davey important correction to be made to the method, as P.T. Puncakbaru Jayatama ~ summarised in Explore No 91: Point No 1 following 'Extrac Jalairta 125600, Indonesia ~ tion of gold is done in the following steps' should start '1. Size the ore sample to +38 micrometres (up to about 200 micrometres is acceptable, but ideally it should be mainly close to 38 micrometres). The gremlins got into the version that went to print and turned micrometres into millimetres. hope that nobody has spent too much time attempting to Suggestions for a Conceptual Bridge leach what could be quite sizeable rocks! between Exploration and Environmental David GarneH Geochemistry Becquerel Laboratories by John Fortescue [The gremlins originally delivered to us a manuscript with Introduction only David Garnett as reporter. We tried to clarify the Bill Coker and Gwendy Hall have recently written in situation by adding Dean Butler as co-reporter. Sorry for the EXPLORE on the' gap' between exploration geochemistry confusion, David. Eds. ] Continued on Page 7
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Technical Note usually based on: 1) details of the behaviour of plants and! or Continued from Page 6 animals; (2) the development of plant and! or animal communities; and I or (3) regional mapping of vegetative and environmental geochemistry. Gwendy Hall (1995; cover in terms of ecosystems. Traditionally, plant and animal EXPLORE No 89) reported on a Canadian inter-agency ecological research was developed by small groups of meeting on the 'environmental mercury problem', She noted students led by a professor who was a specialist in a a lack of common ground for discussion of this issue between particular aspect of the subject. In these groups academic geochemists of the Geological Survey of Canada and excellence was stressed in: 1) planning; 2) field data I environmental geochemists' from other scientific disciplines. collection; 3) laboratory data collection; 4) statistical data Bill Coker (1996; EXPLORE No.90) stressed the need for a analysis; and 5) result reporting and interpretation. Results strong, commonly accepted, geoscientific background for all were reported at the highest academic level of the day and who carry out geochemistry in the environment. The' gap' many learned discussions were reported concerning the between two natural sciences often results from the different details of ecology. There was not much emphasis on practical historical development of the sciences concerned. This note problems of environmental science. explores reasons for the I gap' between exploration In the mid-1960s, largely a result of the publication of geochemistry and environmental ecology from the historical Rachael Carson's book The Silent_Spring (and related works) viewpoint and suggests ways the AEG might bridge this gap an 'environmental revolution' occurred which dramatically utilizing the geochemical mapping experience of its members. and rapidly placed ecology in the world scientific spotlight. Summary of the Development of Exploration Geochemistry As a result, the academic tradition of ecology was expanded The exploration geochemistry of today has evolved from overnight to become Ibig science: It was thought that the very effective methods of geochemical prospecting I ecology' would soon solve major environmental questions developed in the 1950s and 1960s. These simple, reliable, and posed by the leaders of the environmental revolution. quick geochemical methods were relatively cheap to apply Environmental managers demanded of ecologists firm advice almost anywhere in the world. Many 'geochemical anomaly for the preparation of long-term plans for a 'sustainable patterns' derived from these maps were later utilized to environment: Well-funded, multi-disciplinary, multi-year assess and discover mineral deposits. Exploration ecological research programs - such as the International geochemistry today continues the tradition of a 'successful Biological Program (IBP)- were organised by ecologists to science'. Compared with other environmental sciences, it is provide this information. Many of these programs were based very practical and has methods based on a minimum of on the new (and untried) methods of 'systems ecology' that complex theoretical concepts and a lack of jargon. utilized a 'holistic' approach to ecosystem study. Around 1970, methods of geochemical prospecting began In retrospect, from a practical viewpoint, the results of a gradual paradigm shift which widened and deepened the these programs fell well short of expectations. This failure scope of geochemical mapping. These innovations included: has recently been discussed by several ecologists critical of 1) multi-element geochemical mapping; 2) complex statistical the 'big science/ traditional ecology' approach. For example, analysis of single and multi-element data; and 3) broadly the book Method in Ecologt} by K.S.Shrader-Frechette and based interpretation of regional map patterns for mineral ED. McCoy (1993; Cambridge University Press, 328 p.) resource appraisal. In the 1980s, this broadening continued includes an analysis of the past, and current, role of ecology with the addition of: 4) the concept of environmental baseline in environmental science. These writers' conclusions are geochemistry; 5) image processing methodology (often summarised as follows: 1) Ecological data can be used to combined with other geoscience data in a GIS); and 6) the exercise control over some, but not all, environmental routine determination of 50+ elements by complex instru phenomena; 2) Ecological data can provide additional ways ments with strict quality control of chemical-analytical data to think about scientific problems and can delineate the and some element detection limits in the single digit ppt prohibited from the possible; 3) Because of its conservative range. nature, the scientific and ethical rationality underlying As a result of these developments, government agencies, ecology as applied to environmental problems can provide a (and other organizations) in various parts of the world, began basis for its use in many practica\ situations. to publish regional geochemical atlases designed for use by Similarly, in his book A Critique for Ecology (Cambridge the 'geo-' and 'enviro-' sciences. By the end of the 1980s over University Press, 366 p.) R.H Peters (1991) suggested that 38 regional drainage based geochemical mapping projects of ecological theories are useful in environmental science only areas greater than 5,000 sq.km. had been completed. Many of when they are: 1) empirical, because only empiricism allows these studies were published in a geochemical atlas format. realistic estimates of the uncertainty associated with Originators of these atlases felt that they were making unconsidered factors; 2) holistic and simplistic because substantial contributions which would be enthusiastically complex, or mechanistic, theories seem inapplicable to many accepted by environmental scientists. Unfortunately this was environmental problems and, 3) practical, because 'theories not the case and, as Gwendy Hall discovered, even today are often inspired by pressing questions about nature rather many environmental scientists are largely unaware of the than the scholasticisms of academia: Peters (1991) p.304. potential environmental importance of regional geochemical Probably not all ecologists would agree fully with these maps. criticisms of ecology. However, they do indicate the nature of the recent reappraisal of environmental ecology. By doing so Summary of the Development of Environmental Ecology they provide a useful starting point for building a conceptual Traditionally, the training of ecologists included little bridge between exploration geochemistry and environmental exposure to geoscience and/ or geochemistry. This omission ecology. can be traced to the origin of plant and animal ecology over 60 years ago. At that time, ecology was an academic science Continued on Page 8 PAGE 8 NUMBER 93 EXPLORE Technical Note certainly not valid for current, environmentally oriented, regional geochemical mapping Continued from Page 7 Four basic themes of geochemical mapping might be A Conceptual Bridge Between Exploration Geochemistry used for conceptual bridge-building. They are: 1) Element and Environmental Ecology abundance: geochemical mapping is usually based on The comments of Shrader-Frechette and McCoy (1993) estimates of the abundance of one, or more, elements in the and Peters (1991), summarised above, can he used as guides environment. As an aid to the understanding of geochemical for bridging the gap between exploration geochemistry and map patterns, the exploration geochemists could provide a environmental geochemistry. Exploration geochemists should table of element abundances estimated for the Earth's Crust now take advantage of this opportunity to use these for world-wide utilization in all kinds of environmental ecological role statements for the description of the geochemical work. 2) Standardised geochemical map accumulated experience of exploration geochemistry. In this legends: a series of posters and/ or short reports, to explain way, the traditional optimism of exploration geochemistry basics of geochemical mapping methodology applied at can he harnessed to bridge the gap between the sciences. For different map scales to environmental problems using one example, exploration geochemistry can show: 1) ways to standard legend would simplify application of geochemical exercise control over environmental phenomena using maps to a range of environmental problems (pollution, geochemistry; 2) additional and novel ways to think about nutrition, and health of plants, animals and man). 3) The inter-disciplinary environmental problems; 3) ways to utilize methods of geochemical mapping: a series of posters and / or its conservative rationality to resolve practical environmental short reports could explain individual facets of geochemical situations, and 4) ways to predict environmental change mapping such as: sampling plans, sampling methods, based on empirical, holistic, and practical experience. In analytical methods, statistical analysis, map presentation, and theory, the conceptual bridge could be based on geochemical spatial interpretation. 4) Recent advances in geochemical mapping experience and/ or exploration geochemistry in mapping: a series of posters and/ or short reports might relation to landscape ecology. The remainder of this paper describe recent developments such as: multi-element deals exclusively with the geochemical mapping aspect. analytical methods, digital mapping techniques, integrated To interest environmentalists in geochemical mapping, studies utilizing geographical information systems (GIS), the myth must be dispelled that exploration geochemists International Geochemical Mapping (lGM) and progress "only map the tops of geochemical hills" (geochemical toward a global geochemical map. Publications in Journal of anomalies due to mineral deposits). It must be made clear at Geochemical Exploration and EXPLORE could communicate the outset, that, although this criticism is valid for some these and other aspects of our geochemical mapping expertise geochemical mapping in the vicinity of mineral deposits, it is to environmental scientists. Summary The broad goals of environmental ecology and environmental geochemistry are quite similar. Communi cation would be improved if exploration geochemists would use the language of environmental ecology as a basis. Expertise in geochemical mapping and monitoring is clearly of vital importance in the development of a self-sustaining Norman B. Keevil Chair in Mineral Exploration has recently been environment. Exploration geochemists are in a unique established by Teck Corporation as a means of stimulating research position to guide and educate environmental scientists in in mineral exploration and transferring resulting technology to industry. We are searching foran appOintee who has an established geochemical mapping. international research reputation, or who has a clear potential to do John Fortescue so. Applications and nominations for the holder of this Chair will be 1315 East Grand Ave., Suite 40M considered at the Associate and Full Professor level. Escondido, CA 92027, USA The appointee is expected to develop an active research program in state-of-the-art methods of mineral exploration using techniques which could range from field to experimental to theoretical, and from disciplines as diverse as geology, geophysics, geochemistry, remote sensing, biogeochemistry, or hydrogeology. We seek an applicant who maximizes interaction between the various research programs within the department, including the Mineral Deposit Research Unit, and with the mineral exploration community. Innovative teaching at both the undergraduate and graduate level will be expected. ( ~"~II:""'''''' Applicants must possess a Ph.D. Salary and rank will be __,,~~ lIIII W *" commensurate with qualifications. GEOCHEMICAL INC. The University of British Columbia welcomes all qualified applicants, especially women, aboriginal people, visible minorities and persons FIRE ASSAY with disabilities. Applications including a resume, a statement of GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS research interests, and the names of three referees should be sent by December 1, 1996 to: 810 Quail St., Suite I • Lakewood, CO 80215 • Phone (303) 232-8371 Dr. Robert M. Ellis, Head 4788 Longley Lane • Reno, NV 89502 • Phone (702) 827-3600 Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of British Columbia 6339 Stores Road , Vancouver, B.C., CANADA V6T lZ4 EXPLORE NUMBER 93 PAGE 9
Special Color Maps Continued from Page 1 Bondar Clegg analysis techniques documented in the reports included as References. Inchcape Testing Services Briefly, lake sediment data were analyzed for 42 elements plus loss on ignition. Analysis methods included AAS, HY AAS, NADNC, CY-ASS, GRAY and INA A techniques. For this exercise, a partial suite of elemental data including analyses for Au, As (AAS and INAA), Cu and Sb was used. In the case of the till geochemistry data, the elemental analysis was In today's global exploration based on analysis of the <63 micron fraction, the <2 micron fraction and the non-ferromagnetic heavy mineral concen industry, companies demand trates. For this exercise, an extensive set of data from 34 unsurpassed service & quality elemental analyses was made available, including fire-assay, ICP-AES and INAA data from the <63 micron fraction and <2 from a minerals testing micron till tractions. laboratory. We maintain a Available geophysical data induded raw total field and network of facilities to service gradient magnetic grids from airborne surveys flown on behalf of the OGS in 1991. Geological data induded a your exploration programs, comprehensive description of glacial and Precambrian even in the most remote regions geology, and report-sized geological maps. Figure 1 shows a geological map, geochemical sample locations from both . of the world. geochemistry surveys and geophysical total-field magnetic data. Data Import/ Location and Integration The initial problem in working with multivariate data from different sources is determining how to import, locate the data spatially (Le. georeference) and integrate it so that it can be displayed, processed and visualized. The strategy in this exercise was to use a commercial PC-based geoscience data processing and analysis system with multiple database and map window functionality. For the lake sediment survey, located data were provided so that the import process was trivial. Spreadsheet data were exported in ASCII format, manipulated in a word processor to remove blank values and the ASCII data were then imported into a designated database. For till data, the process was similar except that <63 micron and <2 micron data were identified by sample numbers only. Therefore, an additional step was required - namely to import location data (Easting and Northing) into designated <63 micron and <2 micron databases and then import elemental data into the corre sponding databases. Importing, locating and integrating geological data required manipulation of a scanned black and white image. An image was first scanned at 1200 X 1200 resolution and stored in a standard bitmap format. It was then imported into a map window and georeferenced semi-interactively by selecting points on the image and assigning them to known UTM coordinates. Next, the bitmap was warped to transform all points to UTM coordinates and saved in a grid format. For geophysical data, the data was provided in grid format and therefore the import, location and integration process required a single step. As a result of the import process, all data were integrated into a single workspace containing location, <63 micron and <2 micron databases; a geological grid and two geophysical grids. Initial Data Review and Selection For elemental data from the till survey, a methodology was required for quickly selecting data for further analysis. In Continued on Page 15 PAGE 10 NUMBER 93 EXPLORE
Regional distribution of heavy metals in Henderson, P.j. and McMartin, I. 1995: Mercury distribu tion in humus and surficial sediments in the vicinity of humus and till near a base metal smelter FHn Flon, Manitoba, Canada; Water, Air and Soil Pollu at FUn Bon, Manitoba, Canada (see page 11) tion, vol. 80, p. 1043-1046. Isabelle McMartin and Penny J. Henderson Henderson, P.j., McMartin, I., Hall, G.E.M., Walker, D., and Humus and till samples were collected in the Flin Flon Percival, j.B. in prep: The chemical and physical distribu Snow Lake area, northern Manitoba and Saskatchewan, as tion of heavy metals in humus and till in the vicinity of part of a regional surficial geological mapping and geochemi the base metal smelter at FHn Flon, Manitoba, Canada; cal prospecting program conducted by the Geological Survey Environmental Geology. of Canada under the Shield Margin NATMAP initiative. The McMartin, I., Henderson, P.j., Nielsen, E., and Campbell, j.E. study area is situated in the vicinity of a remote point source 1996: Surficial Geology, Till and Humus Composition of anthropogenic pollution, the base metal smelter complex at Across the Shield Margin, North-Central Manitoba and Flin Flon, Manitoba. Particulate emission tests in the smelter Saskatchewan: Geospatial Analysis of a Glaciated stack have indicated that various amounts of Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Environment, Geological Survey of Canada, Open File As, Cd, Ag and Hg particles are discharged into the environ 3277, 101 p. (Appendices available on diskette). ment. The purpose of the study is to determine the regional McMartin, I., Henderson, P.J., Nielsen, E. in prep: Impact of a distribution of heavy metals in surface soils, the relative base metal smelter on the geochemistry of soils of the contribution of these metals from natural and anthropogenic FHn Flon region, Manitoba and Saskatchewan; Canadian sources and the storage sites for emissions. The adjacent Journal of Earth Sciences. color figure illustrates the regional distributicn of copper in Isabelle McMartin and Penny J. Henderson humus and till in the Flin Flon-Snow Lake area. The results of Terrain Sciences Division the geochemical analysis and regional distribution maps for Geological Survey of Canada all elements are available in McMartin et al. (1996). 601 Booth Street On a regional basis, till was sampled from 1 m deep pits Ottawa, Ontario, KIA OE8 or exposed sections spaced 1 to 5 km apart over 36000 km2 Canada (2223 samples). Humus was collected from directly over or TEL: 613-996-8492 ~ FAX: 613-992-2468 near the till sampling site (1639 samples). The < 0.425 mm fraction of humus and the < 2 /-tm fraction of till was analyz e-mail: [email protected];[email protected] ed geochemically for a number of major and trace elements using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrom etry (ICP-AES), following nitric aqua regia digestion. Geoenvironmental Assessment The proportional dot map of Cu in humus exhibits a "bull's eye" dispersal pattern, centered in the vicinity of the of Montana (see figure page 12) smelter. Maps of As, Cd, H~ Pb and Zn, metals also known Greg Lee to be emitted from the smelter, reflect this general pattern. The U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resource Program For these elements, concentrations are anomalously high at has been studying the relative potential for acidic, metal-rich the centre of the contaminated area, and decrease with drainage in the State of Montana. This effort has relied distance from the smelter according to an inverse curvilinear heavily on geographic information systems (GIS) technolo relationship, thus implicating the smelter as the source. The gies to not only assemble and query a substantial variety of relationship is such that the log-concentration of the emitted multidisciplinary information, but to also statistically and metal decreases directly with the log-distance from the stack empirically examine relationships among these data and until background values are reached. Distance to background produce models reflecting the relationships. Collaborators on varies from about 70 to 104 km (average 85 km), depending this project include H. Alminas, V. Bankey, j. Elliott, D. on the airborne behaviour and stability in humus of the metal Frishman, D. Knepper, D. Kulik, G. Lee, S. Marsh, A. (90 km for Cu), the long-term result of variations in wind McCafferty, j. Phillips, j. Pitkin, S. Smith, R. Tysdal, and 13. direction and speed, and the background value determined Van Gosen. Digital information sources have included U.S. for that element. In till, concentrations of smelter-related Geological Survey (Geologic, Water Resources, and National elements show no direct relationship to distance from the Mapping Divisions), digital Montana geology (G. Raines and smelter, but appear to be related to the variation in bedrock B. johnson, USGS), U.S. Bureau of Mines, Montana State composition and the effects of glacial transport. Bureau of Mines and Geology, Montana State Library, U.S. Based on results from the regional survey, a suite of Forest Service, Environmental Protection Agency, and Oregon humus and till samples collected at varying distances from State University. the smelter, as well as from several soil profiles, were sub The general approach to model-building has been to jected to detailed analysis, including organic content determi calculate the significance of spatial association of different nation and mineral composition, sequential extraction levels of the various data layers with respect to "prototype" techniques, and SEM examination. Results from this detailed areas within the state and to then combine the correlative study indicate that downward leaching of metals from humus layers according to weights which reflect the levels of does not exceed 45 cm and that no relationship exists between significance. To formulate the prototype, that is, identify organic content of humus and total metal concentrations areas within the state which typify the situation to be (Henderson and McMartin, 1995). The forms of the various modeled, areas known to be relatively high in acid- and elements in humus and till will be presented in a second metal- generating potential and relatively low in acid paper (Henderson et at., in prep.). The regional distribution buffering capacity were selected. The various data layers, of metals and evaluation of geochemical background is the including geochemistry, geology, geophysics, remote sensing, subject of a third paper (McMartin et aI., in prep.). Continued on Page 20 EXPLORE NUMBER 93 PAGE 11
MIN MAX. ,.TIlE .s,t.l.lp 1(m5 0 S ' 0 , S O\no _ !500 51:1.5 iSS 4 102 338 1430 3820 ppm !500 120 n .5 313 , 1_000 120 300 l'1li1 IIKI 300 1100 \16.& IH 1100 2000 9'.1'" 3IiI 2000 3820 100 13 Cu (ppm) in humus o 50 75 90 98 l00 %tile ,,,.,,.
BEDROCK LEGENO •• ~ " llLE aSAMP , ,_000 . ,~ M.' 12H , ~ - " ~ n, ~ ~.- ..,~ .., ~7 . 5 u • ~ m ".~ Cu (ppm) in till --;--. .-- , ~ =. '00 • .--- . --,- PAGE 12 NUMBER 93 EXPLORE
Kilometers 200 o
Geoenvironmental Model of potential for acidic. metal-ri ch drainage
CLARK FORK BASIN "====".,""'=,,...... = Kilometers 50 0 EXPLORE NUMBER 93 PAGE 13
... _ ... _...-c -...... t
Figure 1.- Integrated Geology, GeocllCmistnj and Geophys ics from tire Beardmore-Gerafdtoll area, Ontario_ Map on left shows scanned, geo-referenced geology layered over regional till geochemistry (cyan) and lake sediment / water geochemistry (red) survey sample locations. Map to right shows shadowed total-field magnetic geophysical data. The dynamic link cursors (crosses) provide a local reference (Beardmore, ON). Raw data and grids cO llrtesy of tile Geological Surut'Y of Callada alld Onta rio GL'O/ogica/ Survey.
FigJlre 2.- Ti ll alld Lake Geocllemis try Images for Beardmore-Geraltltoll. Maps bg1, 2, 4 and 7 show geostatistica l kriging (selected elements) and error (Au) grids from the <63 micron fraction of C-horizon till samples. Maps hgl and 2 have proportional Au symbols «63 micron fraction) superimposed. Maps bg3, 5, 6, 8 and 9 show geostatisticai kriging (selected elements) and error (Au) grids from the lake sediment survey. Maps bg3 and 9 have proportional Au symbols « 170 micron fraction) superimposed. Maps bg 1,3, 7 and 9 also havc scanned geology superimposed (not resolvable at this scale). OASIS GEOCHEMISTRY montaj SOLUTIONS OASIS montar" fo r Windows® 95 and Windows NP" redefines the natu re of Earth Science software solut ions."
mOlllaj (moll-Iage) II. Selectioll. mallipl/lalion al/d imegrarioll of separale compollellU. iI/eluding geographic coordilloles. lab assay !>', ,mmple IIO/('S alld geology, imo a complele wh ole. With OASIS montar", you now have the ability to work wi th many Iypes of data and extruct the maximum infomlution from your geochemistry datasets - all in realtime in a versatile PC-based environment. Moreover. Geosoft"s new software is
Gold nllutsfrom Iht' oj mic:roll fraction ole·horizon Jill in Ih ft Htllrdmort!-Gualdu.m comprehensive and flexible - providing a arta, Canada./n Iht dOl(Jbost, fin QUlly "O/Iltl an displll}'td nllmtricQlly and complete sol ution for imp With powerful import tools and multiple OASIS montaj"'dclivCTS spedaJly designed Advanced dynamic linking and visuali7.3tion database fUIICtionality. YOll can rapidly import, systems for geochemical processing and capabilities let you interactively evaluate the mergt and integrate data from a wide variety of anaJysis. including versalile SIlItislics. math and geologic signifICance of your data - either in sources including field observations, lab values kriging. ClassiflCalion loois. such as the the field or office. Or. create presentations (with below detection limit and missing va lues), Colour Symbols 1001. also help you dynamically (histogram. pie. sector. bar. profile or symbol and multidisciplinary data, grids and images. identify and analyze distinct populations. plots) quickly and efficiently. Celebrating 10 Years of Proven Leadership in Reliable and Innovative Software Technology and Service Goosofl Inc .• Corporate Office Geosoft Europc Limited (;eosoft Lalinoamirica Llda. 2Q.1 Richmond St. West. Suitc 500 14-16 Whitchurch Road Rua do Calcle. 31 1 - Gr. 503 Toromo. Omario. Canada M5V IV6 l'angbQumc. Rcading. CalCIC: - Rio de J:meiro - RJ Td. (416)971-7700 or United Kingdom RGg 7131' Brasil CEP 22220-00t 1-800-363-MAPS Te l. +441734841280 Tel. 55 (21) 205-0526 Fa.' (416) 97 1-7520 Fax +44 1 734 84127g Fax 55 (2 1) 285-6347 G::OSOrT [email protected] info@geo.)(lftc:urope.co.uk gc:osofUm ino@opc:nlink.com.br EXPLORE NUMBER 93 PAGE 15 Special Color Note grid assumes a "pitted" appearance that reflects the influence Continued from Page 9 of individual isolated samples. The effect of sample density is also apparent with the more highly sampled lake sediment this case, data were evaluated visually by displaying random data having a much tighter "focus" than their till counter line data in profile format in the PC workspace and visually parts. looking for problems related to inadequate detection limits. In analyzing the complete set of multivariate data, This first-look procedure resulted in the identification of 18 of certain spatial trends are apparent. Regional magnetics in 34 elements for further processing. A second step was to plot map bg_total_mag_shadow correspond directly to the groups of elements to visually identify relationships between regional geology map bg-1;eolJeg - showing strong E-W precious metals and indicators (Au, As and Pt), base metals oriented linear magnetic anomalies (red) delineate (Cu, Pb, Zn) and heavy metals (Cr, Co, Fe and Ni). This metavolcanic belts in this area. Comparison with map bg9_ heuristic approach led to the selection of Au, As, Cu, Cr and shows an E-W oriented anomaly in Sb in the vicinity of Co for gridding and visualization, For lake sediment data and metasedimentary rock units (sandwiched between geophysics, all parameters were included in the exercise since metavolcanic belts). Magnetic lows (blue) in the western only specific data were available. portion of the map correspond to mafic intrusives (solid Geochemical Data Processing black) in the geology map. Statistical gridding employs the method of kriging to For geochemistry data, the lake sediment Au data determine a value at each grid node based on the data. The indicate a string of isolated Au anomalies along the central routine used here first calculates a variogram of the data metavolcanic / metasedimentary contact. Other apparent which shows the correlation as a function of distance. The relationships include the concentration of Co values in the farther apart the points become, the less is the correlation vicinity of the mafic intrusives in the west of the map area expected between points. The variogram shows this phenom and the increase of Cu values to the northeast of Beardmore ena for a particular dataset and based on the variogram, the (indicated by the dynamic link). Arsenic appears to be model that best defines the variance of the data can be relatively uniformly distributed along the meta volcanics and selected. within the metasediments. For each set of geochemical data (till and lake sediment), Conclusions data were gridded using a geostatistical kriging method and With the development of new software technologies a power model was assumed for the variogram. This resulted (such as PC-based geoscience data processing and analysis in the series of till and lake geochemistry images for systems), true integration, processing and visualization of Beardmore-Geraldton shown in Figure 2. Maps bgl_ and bg4_ show the kriging and error grids for Au in the <63 Continued on Page 16 micron fraction of till and maps bg3 _ and bg6_ show the kriging and error grids (containing the standard deviation of the estimates at each grid node) for Au in lake sediments. Sample locations are overlain for illustrative purposes. BECQUEREl Multivariate Data Visualization UIBDRRTDRIES For this exercise, grids were shadowed - creating a three-dimensional appearance that helps in recognizing systematic trends in images. Another visualization technique consisted of adding related data layers conSisting of propor CANADA tional size symbols, sample locations, geologic maps and 6790 Kitimat Rd., Unit 4 Mississauga, Ontario, LSN 5L9 basemaps. For space reasons, only selected elements, sample Tel, (905) 826 3080 maps and geophysical data are displayed in Figure 2. Fax' (905) 8264151 In practice, each available image was displayed interactively, Contact: Swve Simpson and expanded or contracted to view data in detail. Dynamic links were also used to interactively georeference specific locations on multiple maps and evaluate relationships in Neutron activation analysis different multivariate data images. Brief Analysis of Multivariate Data specialists Analysis of data consisted of a qualitative review of • Au, As, Sb, W + multielement suite kriging results from different geochemical surveys and a • Independent· accurate· total analyses cursory interpretation of recognizable spatial trends in the • Exploration and research integrated multivariate dataset. In comparing kriging data from the till and lake sedi ment surveys, the images show the same general spatial relationships for Au in maps bgl_ and bg3_ and Cu in maps AUSTRALIA Lucas Heights Research Laboratories bg2_ and bg5_. Visual evaluation identifies key characteris New lllawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234 tics of the kriging process related to the sampling pattern and Post: PMB I, Menai, NSW 2234 Tel, (02) 543 2644 sample density. In the case of the <63 micron fraction of till, Fax' (02) 543 2655 the error grid assumes a "brain coral" appearance with the Con(act: David Garnet{ I Helen Waldron distribution of values with low errors concentrated in a pattern closely approximating the dendritic sampling pattern along roads. In the case of the lake sediment data, the error PAGE 16 NUMBER 93 EXPLORE Special Color Note Continued from Page 15 multivariate geochemical, geophysical and geological data is now possible in the personal computer environment. In this exercise, a variety of data from different sources were quickly International. National and Regional Meetings of Interest imported, processed and visualized together. This type of to Colleagues Working in Exploration, Environmental, and qualitative approach can help set the stage for more compre other areaS of Applied Geochemistry. hensive analysis of historical multivariate data from different sources that have not previously been integrated, processed III Oct. 28-31, '96 Geological Society of America, Ann. Mtg., and visualized together. By extension, this approach may Denver (Becky Martin, GSA Meetings Dept., Box 9140, Boulder, represent a departure point for analyzing more recently CO 80301-9140; TEL: (303)447-2020, ext. 164; FAX: (303) 447- acquired multivariate data. Finally, the approach described 1133) here is largely qualitative but can be readily refined to more III Nov. 10-14, '96 Society of Exploration Geophysicists, mtg., rigourously apply numerical and statistical analysis proce Denver (AAPG Convention Dept., Box 979, Tulsa, OK 74101; dures at any point in the process. TEL: (918) 584-2555) Acknowledgements II Nov. 21-22, ~96, Advances in Saskatchewan Geology and Sincere thanks are extended to Martin McCurdy (GSC) Mineral Exploration, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. and Vinod Gupta (OGS) for making lake sediment and Saskatchewan Geological Survey, MINEXPO '96, PO Box 234, geophysical dataf respectively, available. Regina, Sask. S4P 226, Canada; TEL: 306-787-9181; FAX: 306- References 787-2488; email: [email protected]) II Dec. 4-6, '96, Northwest Mining Association 102nd Ann. Con L. H. Thorleifson and F. J. Kristjansson, 1993. Quaternary Geology vention Short Courses and '96 Exposition, Spokane, Washing and Drift Prospecting, Beardmore-Geraldton Area, Ontario. f Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 435. ton. (NWMA, 10 N. Post 5t., Suite 414, Spokane, WA, 99207; Regional Lake Sediment and Water Geochemical Data, Ontario, 1990. TEL: 509-624-1158; FAX: 509-623-1241. GSC Open File 2177, NGR 139-189; Parts of NTS 42E, 42L and III Mar. 23-26, '97, SEGH 15th European Meeting, Dublin, Geo 52H. logical Survey of Ireland In addition to these two sources, readers may be interested in II!IIl Mar. 24-27f '97f 4th All Portuguese Language Countries referencing large-scale data compilations currently being conducted Geochemical Congress and the 10th Portuguese Geochemical by the GSC and OGS. The GSC recently released regional eu Week Braga, Portugal (Prof. Gradete Dias, Dept. Ciencias da geochemistry data for the entire province of Ontario and is working Terra, Univ. Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4709 Braga Codex, on regional Hg. Zn, Ni and other data. In March 1996, the OGS f released the first in a series of 20 large-scale geophysical datasets Portugal; FAX: +351 53 604 304; TEL: +351 53 604 305; E-mail: containing re-processed data flown in various locations in Ontario. [email protected], URL http://delta.ci.uminho.pt/ct/ port I homepage.html ) Contact Information III May 17-19, '97, Europe's Major Gold Deposits, conI. by Irish Greg Hollyer L. Harvey Thodeifson Assoc. for Economic Geology and the Inst. of Mining and Met Geosoft Inc. Terrain Sciences Division allurgy, Down, No. Ireland (Kerr Anderson, TEL 353-46-22363; Suite 500, 204 Richmond St. W. Geological 5urvey of Canada FAX 353-46-22372; email: navanr@io!.ie and Eibhlin Doyle, TEL: Toronto, Ontario, 601 Booth Street 353-1-4785656; FAX: 353-1-478-5660; email: BHP@io!.ie) Canada M5V 1 V6 Ottawa, Ontario II May 19-21, '97, Geological Association of CanadalMineral E-Mail: [email protected] Canada K1A 0 E8 ogical Association of Canada, joint mtg., Ottawa, Ontario (Sec Phone: (416) 971-7700 Phone: (613) 992-3643 retariat, Geological Survey of Canada, Room 757, 601 Booth St., Fax: (416) 971-7520 Fax: (613) 992-2468 Ottawa, KIA OE8; TEL: (613) 947-7649; FAX: (613) 947-7650; E WWW: http://www.geosoft.com mail: [email protected] ) !II May 25-29, '97, 18th International Geochemical Exploration Symposium, Jerusalem, Israel (Organizing Committee, Inter national Geochemical Exploration Symposium, P.O. Box 50006, Tel Aviv 61500, Israel; TEL: (972 3) 5140014; FAX: (972 3) 5175674/660325; E-mail: [email protected]) III June 1-5, '97,GEOANALYSIS 97, 3rd In!'l Conf. on the Analy sis of Geological and Environmental Materials, Vail, CO (Belinda Arbogast, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25046, MS 973, Denver, CO 80225; TEL: (303) 236-2495; FAX: (303) 236- 3200; E-mail: [email protected]) iii June 23-26, '97, 4th International Conference on the Bio MINERALS EXPLORATION & geochemistry of Trace Metals, Berkeley, CA (Dr. I.K. Iskandar, ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY US Army Cold Regions, Res. & Eng. Lab, 72 Lyme Road, Advanced survey, analytical and int~rpretarional methods Hanover, NH 03755; TEL: (603) 646-4198; FAX: (603) 646-4561; for exploration through exotic overburden. E-mail: [email protected]. Plant· Soil· Gas· Rock !II Aug. 11-13, '97, 4th Biennial Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits meeting, Turku, Finland (Congress P.O. Box 18325. Reno. Nevada 89511 Office I SGA Meeting 1997, University of Turku, 2235 Lakeshore Drive, Carson City, Nevada 89704 Tel: (702) 849-2235' Fax: (702) 849-2335 Lemminkaisenkatu 14-18 B, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland; TEL: Continued on Page 17 EXPLORE NUMBER 93 PAGE 17 Calendar of Events Continued from Page 16 358-21-333-6342; E-mail: [email protected]) To All Voting Members: l1li Sept. 14-18, '97, Fourth Decennial International Conference and Exhibition on Mineral Exploration with a theme of Pursuant to Article Two of the Association's By-Law Geophysics and Geochemistry at the Millenium, Toronto, No.1, names of the following candidates, who have been Canada Gon Baird, c/ a CAMESE, 345 Renfrew Drive, recommended for membership by the Admissions Commit Markham, Ontario, Canada, L3R 9S9; TEL: (905) 513-0046; tee, are submitted for your consideration. If you have any FAX: (905) 513-1834; E-mail: [email protected]) comments, favorable or unfavorable, on any candidate, you B Oct. 5-10, '97, 4th International Symposium on Environmen~ should send them in writing to the Secretary within 60 days tal Geochemistry, Vail, Colorado (4th ISEG, c/o USGS/CEGG, of this notice. If no objections are received by that date, these Federal Center, Box 25046, MS 973, Denver, CO 80225; FAX: (303) candidates will be declared elected to membership. Please 236-3200; E-mail: [email protected] ) address comments to Sherman P. Marsh, Secretary AEG, U.5. l1li June 29-July 1, '98, International Platinum Symposium, GeolOgical Survey, Mail Stop 973, Box 25046, Federal Center, IAGOD / CODMUR, Johannesburg, South Africa (CA. Lee, Box Denver, Colorado 80225, U.S.A. 68108, Bryanston 2021, South Africa; TEL: (2711) 4112253; FAX: (2711) 6923693) Editors note: Council has decided that all new applicants will receive the journal and newsletter upon application for Please check this calendar before scheduling a meeting to membership. The process of application to the Nepean office, avoid overlap problems. Let this column know of your events. recommendation by the Admissions Committee, review by the Council, and publication of applicant's names in the Fred Siegel newsletter remains unchanged. The George Washington Universih} Department of Geology FELLOWS Washington, DC 20052 USA Bettenay, Leigh F. TEL: (202) 994-6194 Principal Geochemist FAX: (202) 994-0450 MIM Exploration e-mail: [email protected] Perth, WA, AUSTRALIA Continued on Page 18 Partners in Exploration Chemex Labs is your classic wet chemistry; neutron partner in the field. providing activation analyses and various sample pickup. technical chromatd"graphic techniques. assistance, training, and portable Like good partners we can labs in addition to our assay and instantly deliver your geochemical services. These superior analyses include extensive fire assay through our electronic services; rcp. AA and data centre to any XRF spectroscopy; corner of the globe. With laboratories in North America and ASia, Chemex provides rapid, high quality and competitively priced analytical services throughout the world. Our multilevel Quality Assurance program guides your samples through a clearly defined procedure in every slage of analysis from preparation 10 certification. Assqyers ~ Analytical Chemists to the World ~ Chemex Labs Registered Assayers Geochemists PAGE 18 NUMBER 93 EXPLORE Calvo, Gustavo C. New Members Consulting Geologist Continued from Page 17 Cyprus Amax Lima, PERU Sexton, Alan J. Sr. Project Geologist Culbert, Richard WMC International Consultant Nepean, ON, CANADA Santiago, CHILE MEMBERS Ferrarit Eugenio Project Geologist Baker, Edward M. WMC of Argentina Chief Geologist, S. America San Fernado, ARGENTINA Minera Mount Isa Chile Santiago, CHILE Kakarieka, Alejandro Geologist Banthay, Komphasouk CDEMining Senior Geologist Coyhaique, CHILE Lang Xang Minerals Vientiane, LAO. P.D.R. Lowel Geoffrey M. Sr. Exploration Geologist Batista, Maria J. de A. E Normandy Mining Geologist Darwin, NT, AUSTRALIA Instituto Geologico e Mineiro Coimbra, PORTUGAL Roth, Eric Exploration Geologist Brooks, Colin C. BHPCopper Exploration Manager, S. America Santiago, CHILE AUI Resources Santiago, CHILE Shepherd, Mark Sr. Project Geologist BHP Minerals Australia Bayswater, WA, AUSTRALIA Stanner, John Noranda Exploration Chile Wherever in the world Santiago, CHILE Vermeulen, Frans your interests are ... Geol Survey of the Netherlands Haariem, THE NETHERLANDS XRAl Laboratories Les laboratolres XRAL lS85 leslie Street 129 Ave Real Caouette, Toronto, Ontario M3S 3J4 C.P.2283 STUDENTS Tel: (416) 445-5755 Rouyn. Quebec J9X sA9 In the U.S. 1-800-387-0255 Tel: (819) 764-9108 Boyd, Trevor D. Fax: (416) 445-4152 Fax: (819) 764-4673 University of Toronto XRAL Activation Services SGS-XRAl Laboratories Toronto, ON, CANADA 3915 Research Park Dr. P\2 Km. 2.5 Carretera Intemacional Ann Arbor, MI48108 Salida A Nogales Smyth, Dermot Tel: (313) 662-8528 Hermosillo. Sonora, Mexico Queen's University, Belfast Fax: (313) 662-3260 Tel: (52-62) 156663 Fax: (52-62) 100350 Newry, NORTHERN IRELAND SGS del Peru SA C.P.27-0125 San Isidro, lima 27 Peru SGS maintains Tel: (51-14) 518850 1,100 offices Fax: (51-14) 5m88 in 140 countries. This list comprises titles that have appeared in major Sample preparation: Vancouver (B.C.), Flin Ron (Manitoba), publications since the compilation in EXPLORE Number 92. SaintJohn (N.B.), Yellowknife (NW.T.). Nain (labrador). Journals routinely covered and abbreviations used are as Tumeremo (Venezuela), Medi1lin (Columbia). follows: Economic Geology (EG); Geochimica et Laboratories: Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil. Chile, Ghana. Zimbabwe, Cosmochimica Acta (GCA); the USGS Circular (USGS Cir); Europe and elsewhere. and Open File Report (USGS OFR); Geological Survey of Canada papers (GSC paper); and Open File report (GSC fill'SGS Member of the SGS Group (Soci!!li! Generale de Surveillance) - Continued on Page 19 EXPLORE NUMBER 93 PAGE 19 Recent Papers Legge, P.j., 1995. Geoscience 1994 and beyond: Thoughts on geology and exploration for world class deposits Continued from Page 18 (Presidential Address). Aust. j. Earth Sci. 42(1): 1-. OFR): Bulletin of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (ClM Bull); transactions of Institute of Mining and Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. and Heino, T., 1996. Geochemistry Metallurgy, Section B; applied Earth Sciences (Trans IMM). and genesis of the black shale-hosted Ni-Cu-Zn Deposit Publications Jess frequently cited are identified in full. at Talvivaara, Finland. EG 91(1): 80-110. Compiled by L. Graham Closs, Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Mumin, A.H., Fleet, M.E. and Longstaffe, F.j., 1996. Evolu CO 80401-1887, Chairman AEG Bibliography Committee. tion of hydrothermal fluids in the Ashanti Gold Belt, Please send references to Dr. Closs, not to EXPLORE Ghana: Stable isotope geochemistry of carbonates, graphite, and quartz. EG 91(1): 135-148. Alekseev, S.G., Dukhanin, A.S., Veshev, S.A., and Voroshilov, N.A., 1996, Some aspects of practical use of geoelectrical Parson, L.M., Walker, c.L. and Dixon, D.R., (Eds.), 1995. methods of exploration for deep-seated mineralization. Hydrothermal Vents and Processes. Geol. Soc. London. J. Geochem. Explor. 56(1): 79-86. 411 p. Bowles, J.EW., Gize, Vaughan, D.J., and Norris, S.j., 1995. Paton~ A. and Brooks, R.R., 1996. A re-evaluation of Organic controls on platinum-group element (PGE) Haumaniastrum species as geobotanical indicators of solubility in soils: initial data. Chronique de 1a Recher copper and cobalt. j. Geochem. Explor. 2.§.(1): 37-45. che Miniere 63(520): 65. Peter, j.M. and Goodfellow, W.o., 1996. Mineralogy, bulk Calvert, S.E. and Pedersen, T.E, 1996. Sedimentary geochem and rare element geochemistry of massive sulphide istry of manganese: implications for the environment of associated hydrothermal sediments of the Brunswick formation of manganiferous black shale. EG 91(1): 36-47. Horizon, Bathurst mining camp, New Brunswick. Can. j. Earth Sci. 33(2): 284-302. Coleman, M.L., Curtis, CD. and Turner, G., (Eds), 1994. Quantifying Sedimentary Geochemical Processes. Pierce, EW. and Bolm, j.E., (Eds.), 1995. Porphyry Copper Oxford Univ. Press. 186 p. Deposits of the American Cordillera. Arizona Geol. Soc. Digest 20. 656 p. Cubitt, j.M. and England, W.A., (Eds.), 1995. The Geochemis Continued on Page 20 try of Reservoirs. Geol. Soc. London 321 p. Dunn~ C.E.~ Brooks~ R.R.~ Edmondson~ J.~ Leblanc, M., and ASSAYS ANd GEocliEMicAl ANALYSES Reeves, R.d., 1996. Biogeochemical studies of metal tolerant plants from Southern Morocco. J. Geochem. ACME ANALYTICAL Explor., 56(1): 13-22. LABORATORIES LTD. Enzweiler, J. and Webb, P.C., 1996. Determination of trace elements in silicate rocks by X-ray fluorescence spectrom etry on 1:5 glass discs: comparison of accuracy and precision with pressed powder pellet analysis. Chern. Geol. 130(3/4): 195-202. Fletcher, W.K. and Loh, C.H., 1996. Transport equivalence of cassiterite and its application to stream sediment surveys for heavy minerals. j. Geochem. Explor. 56(1): 47-57. Foster, R.P., 1996. Gold in the year 2000: A global overview. Aust. j. Earth Sci. 43(1): 1- Serving the Mining and Exploration Hall, G.E.M., Vaive, j.E., Beer, R. and Hoashi, M., 1996. Industries worldwide for over 25 years Selective leaches revisited with emphasis on the amor phous Fe oxyhydroxide phase extraction. j. Geochem. Vancouver Facility Chilean Facility Acme Analytical Laboratories ltd. Acme Analytical Laboratories Explor. 56(1): 59-78. 852 East Hastings St., Vancouver (Chile) Llda. British Columbia, Canada V6A 1R6 Av. Oceanica 7152. Pudahuel Hall, G.E.M., Vaive, j.E. and MacLaurin, A.I., 1996. Analytical Tel: 604-253-3158 Fax: 604-253-1716 Santiago, Chile Call Toll Free 1-800-990-2263 (ACME) Tel: 562-643-0007 Fax: 562·643-0021 aspects of the application of sodium pyrophosphate E-mail: [email protected] E·mail: [email protected] reagent in the specific extraction of the labile organic component of humus and soils. J. Geochem. Explor. Labrador Facility 56(1): 23-36. Acme Labs (NF) #7 Stratford Ave .. Goose Bay Labrador. NF. Canada AOP lEO Krzanowskt W.J., 1995. Recent Advances in Descriptive Tel f Fax: 709-896-2680 Multivariate Analysis. Clarendon Press. 362 p. PAGE 20 NUMBER 93 EXPLORE Recent Papers Geoenvironmental Assessment of Montana Continued from Page 19 Continued from Page 10 Pratt, A.R., Nesbett, H.W., and Mycroft, ).R., 1996. The and water pH, were considered as "candidates" to be increased reactivity of pyrrhotite and magnetite in incorporated as constituents of a model depicting relative sulphide mine tailings. ). Geochem. Explor. 56(1): 1-11. favorability of acidic, metal-rich drainage within the state. Using GIS methods, the qualifications of each of the Radford, Nigel, 1996. BLEG sampling in gold exploration: An candidates was measured by calculating the ratio of the Australian View. Explore No. 92: 8-10. percentage of the prototype areas occupied by the candidate to the percentage of the state occupied by the candidate. The Reeves,S.). and Keays, R.R., 1995. The platinum-group computed ratio values were used to not only determine element geochemistry of the Bucknalla layered Complex, which levels of what layers should be included as constitu central Queensland. Aust.). Earth Sci.42(2): 187-. ents in the model, but also what weights should appropri ately be assigned to these "submodels." A composite model Saipeteur, I., Martel-Jantin, B., and Rakotomanana, D., 1995. image (page 12) was produced by combining the submodels Pt and Pd mobility in ferralitit soils of the West using GIS (in this case, Erdas IMAGINE) functions. The Andriamena area (Madagascar). Evidence for a super "warmer" colors in the upper image on page 12 reflect gene origin of some Pt and Pd minerals. Chronique de la higher combined weights of significance, which were draped Recherche Miniere 63(520): 27-46. over shaded relief for spatial reference. The lower image on page 12 was produced by "zooming in" on the statewide Sillitoe, R.H. and McKee, E.H., 1996. Age of supergene model, using the Clark Fork basin and its major tributary oxidation and enrichment in the Chilean Porphyry basins as a mask to make a map showing areas of relative Copper Province. EG 91(1): 164-179. favorability for acidic and metal-rich drainage. Webster, ).D., Burt, D.M., and Aguillon, R.A., 1996. Volatile Greg Lee U.S. Geological Survey and lithophile trace-element geochemistry of Mexican tin rhyolite magmas deduced from melt inclusion. GCS Box 25046, Mail Stop 973 Federal Center 60(17): 3267-3283. Denver, CO 80225 Woodall, R., 1996. Exploring the World with ESSington 4!0 phone: (303)236-2491 Lewis. Aust. IMM Bull. 1: 53-58. "ll'> email: [email protected] The Association of Exploration Geochemists 18th INTERNATIONAL GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION SYMPOSIUM JERUSALEM, ISRAEL (~~~s is pleased to announco rho £1 ;1l111 MAV25-29,1997 ..... ~ .J XRAL Laborotorles SYMPOSIUM THEMES '~". 1996 AEG • Arid zone geochemistry Student Paper Competition • Advam:es in geochemical mapping • Data processing • Explonuion geochemistry in the Mccl;!emmean area and Africa • Advances in analylicallecbnlque.\ • Hydrochemistry andenvironmenll!l hydrochemistry • Environmental geochemistry * Organic malter and biogeochemistry in geochemical exploration The AssoclaUon 01 Exploration Geochemists will hold its eleventh biennial * Geochemistry of rndon Student Paper Competition this year, Papers eligible for the competjjion mUSI • Geochemistry and archaeology address an aspect 01 exploration geochemistry and represent research * Radioactive tracers perlonned as a student. The student must be !he principal author. and the paper • Mitigation orenvironmental impa<:t (rom mininng and waste disposal must have been published in any refereed scientific journal within 5 years of the student's graduation with hislher last graduate·level degree (documentary proof FIELD TRIPS of date of graduation required). A nominalion may be made by anyone familiar with the work of the student. Nominations must be accompanied by three copies FouHlay pre·and p • Broadselection of exciting trips and activities Mallto: Or. Ian D.M. Robertson Chairman, Student Paper Competition c/o CSIRO Division of Exploration and Mining We are privileged to invite you to attend the 18th IGES!O be held in the beautiful Private Bag P.O. .t>"~"-i city of Jerusalem. For further information and suggestions plcasccnn~1ct: 0'~'''',,~ WEMBLEY WA6014 !i '." ..~ Ron Bogoch and MOshc Shirav, Co·Chainnen •00···········, • AUSTRALIA ~ ~ £ GcoloCicaISurvcyorlsrnel,)OMa]khcblaeISl, ~ f }!il Phone: +61 9387-0748 'l.. ~ ~? Jerurel~m9S.50!,lsrael,F;u:.972·~·3&0688 :,~.,", ••••, m FAX: +61 9387·8642 '>- _ .> e·ma)l: )[email protected] ~ ~ Email: [email protected] EXPLORE NUMBER 93 PAGE 21 AEG PUBLICATIONS The following special volumes are available from the AEG on a post-paid basis (surface mail) to all. Both member and non-member prices are listed. Sp.Vol. Member Non·Member No. Description Price Price , Application of Probability Plots in Mineral Exploration (A.J. Sinclair) us 1 8.00 US $12.00 l' PROBPLOT, An Interactive Computer Program to Fit Mixtures of Normal (or Log Normal) * Distributions with Maximum Ukelihood Optimization Procedures (C,R. Stanley). On 3.5' diskette; requires 1 mb hard disk space US $30.00 U5$55.OO 4+1' Combination offer US$3S.00 us $60.00 7 * Geochemical Exploration 1977 Proceedings of the Denver Geochemical Symposium (ed. J.R. Waterson and P.K. Theobald) us 120.00 us $40.00 10 Gold-81, Precious Metals in the Northern Cordillera (ed.AA Levinson) US$7.S0 USS18.00 11 Exploration Geochemistry Bibliography to January 1981 (complied by H.E. Hawkes) US $10.00 US $20.00 11.1 Exploration Geochemistry Bibliography Supplement 1 to October 1984 (complied by H.E. Hawkes) US$10.00 us $17.00 11.2 Exploration Geochemistry Bibliography Supplement 2 to October 1987 (complied by H.E. Hawkes) US$10.00 US $17.00 Digital bibliography - entireAEG bibliography through 1994. A *,dbf file on 3.5' diskette (requires 14 mb hard disk space) US $10.00 U5$20.00 12 Writing Geochemical Reports (S.J. Hoffman) US $ 5.00 U5$7.OO Geochemical Exploration t980 -Hannover (ed,A,W. Rose and H. Gundlach). Hard cover edition US $35.00 US ISO.OO GEOEXPO/86, Proceedings of an exploration symposium focussing on Cordilleran environments held in Vancouver May 12-14, 1986 led. I.L Elliot and B.w. Smee) US $25.00 US $25.00 Reviews in Economic GeologyVo!ume 3. Exploration Geochemistry; Design and Interpretation of Soli Syrveys (ed, W.K. Fletcher). This volume was co-sponsored by the SEG. US $20.00 us 52S.oo 1992AEG Membership Usting and Directory of Exploration Geochemical and Environmental Services US$10.00 U8$20.00 Epithermal Gold Mineralization olthe Circum-Pacific; Geology, Geochemistry, Origin and EXploration, Volumes 1 and 2. US$160,00 U5$246.oo Soils of the World. Colour wall chart. 95 cm x 135 cm In size. Published by Elsevier. US $22.00 us S28.oo SPECIAL 1. Practical Problems in Exploration Geochemistry, 1987. (A.A. Levinson, P.M.D. Bradshaw and I. Thomson) 269 pp. US $35.00 US $80.00 17th IGES ExtendedAbstracts from 'Exploring theTropics", 15-19 May, 1995, Townsville Australia (for airmal! add $20) US $50.00 US $65.00 A Global Geochemical Database for Environmental and Resource Management, Recommendations lor International Geochemica! Mapping, Final Report 01 IGCP Project 259. (A.G. Darn!ey A. Bjorkland, B. Bolviken, N. Gustavsson, P.V. Koval, J.A. Plant, A. Steenfeld, M, Tauchid and Xie Xuejing; with contributions by R. Garrett, and GEM Hall). US $20.00 U5$20.00 Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration (second edition, published 1979) (A.W. Rose, H.E. Hawkes, and J.S. Webb) - airmail US$1Q.OO/lntemalional $20.00 additional US $60.00 USS80.00 Journal of Geochemical Exploration in Subscription Years 1994 and earlier. whole year or part US $70.00 N/A NOTE: Members may order back issues or volumes for the usual membership fee. The member may elect to receive all issues of thaI subscription year or just the issue/volume desired (the price is the same). The 1995 subscription year will be 'back issued' six months after completion (ca. Ocl., 1995). Notes for Short Courses on Biogeochemical Exploration. Each book comprises 200-250 pages of text, figures, tables, and photos. The conlent of each is similar, except different aspects are emphasized. All prices quoted are for surface mailing; if airmail is desired please add {US)$15.00 Biogeochemical Exploration, Simplified - with emphasis on arid terrains (C.E. Dunn, J.A. Erdman, G.E.M. Hall, and S.C. SmHh) US $50.00 US $50.00 Note: ltus text Includes geobotanica! aspects in some detail Applied Biogeochemical Prospecting in ForestedTerrain (C,E. Dunn, G.E.M. Hall, and Scagel) US $50.00 US $50.00 Nole: this text includes a 42 pagediscourse on plants Applied Biogeochemistry in Mineral Exploration and Environmental Studies (C.E. Dunn, G.E.M. Hall, A. Scagel, D. Cohen, P. Catt, and M. Untem) US $55.00 USS55.OO Note:This text is an expansion of the volume 'Applied Biogeochemical Prospecting in Forested Terrain'and includes several case histories from Australia. In Australia the volume can be obtained from Dr. David Cohen, Dept. Geology, Univ. New South Wales, Sydney, AUSTRAUA, for Aus$60.oo. Do you need a receipt? Include self·addressed envelope and US $ 2.00, otherwise your cancelled check or bank card statement is your receipt. USI2.oo us S 2.00 Is your check dravm on a bank outside U.S.A. or Canada? If yes, add US$15.00. USS1S.00 USI1S.oo Do you require airmail? If yes, add US $1 0.00 per volume, unless otherwise ooted. (Specify number of volumes) x U5$10.00 TOTAL US$ Send Orders to: P.O. Box 26099, 72 Robertson Road, Nepean, Ontario, K2H 9RO, CANADA; FAX: (613) 828-9288 PAGE 22 NUMBER 93 EXPLORE AEG APPLICATION FOR NON-VOTING MEMBERSHIP' to the Association of Exploration Geochemists Please complete the section relevant to the class of membership sought and supply your address on this form. Mail the completed application, together with annual dues, to the address below. MEMBER -;---;------:-;----c--:-;-,-:-c,-:;--;----c------wish to apply for election as a Member of the Association of Exploration Geochem ists. I am presently employed by: ______a5a ______(employer) (employment tiUe) I am actively engaged in scientific or technological work related to geochemical exploration and have been so for the past hvo years. Upon receipt of the Code of Ethics of the Association I will read them and, in the event of being elected a Member, agree to honour and abide by them. Witness my hand this__ day of 19 __ (Signature of applicant) STUDENT MEMBER ,-C-:-::;:--:-:CC":cC:--;-:-::'--:::::=:::-;;::-===~=-Z:;;-;=-::-:: wish to apply for election as a Student Member of the Association of Exploration Geochemists. I am presently engaged as a full-time student at , where I am taking a course in pure or applied science. I have read the Code of Ethics of the Association and in the event of being elected a Student Member agree to honour and abide by them. Witness my hand this___ dayof 19 ___ (Signature of applicant) Student status must be verified by a Professor of your institution or a Fellow of the Association of Exploration Geochemists. I certify that the applicant is a full-time student at this institution. (Signature) (Printed Name and Tille) NAME AND ADDRESS ------______---, (to be completed by all applicants) Name: Telephone: Address: ______bu" ______fax: home-:------emai1: ______ Annual Dues All applications must be accompanied by annual dues. Select one or two below: 1 1995 member dues US$ 70 2 1995 student member dues 40 If you require a receipt, include a self-addressed envelope and add 2 If your check is not drawn from a U.S.A. or Canadian bank, add 15 TOTAL All payments must be in US funds. Payment by check, International Money Order, UNESCO Coupons, International Postal Orders, VISA and Master Card are acceptable. For users of VISA or Master Card, minor variations in your billing may reflect currency exchange rate fluctuations at time of bank transaction. If you pay by charge card, please provide the following information: type: Master Card VISA Credit card account number:______Expirationdate: ______' Name:, ______Signature:, ______ Please note: Your completed form should be mailed to the Business Office of the Association and will be acknowledged upon receipt. The Admissions Committee reviews all applications and submits recommendations to Council, who will review these recommendations at the next Council Meeting or by correspondence. If no objection is raised the names, addresses and positions of candidates will be listed in the next issue of the Association Newsletter. If after a minimum of 60 days have elapsed following submission of candidate information to the membership no signed letters objecting to candidates admission are received by the Secretary of the Association from any Member, the Candidate shall be deemed elected, subject to the receipt by the Associa tion of payment of required dues. Send completed application, together with annual dues to: Association of Exploration Geochemists, P.O. Box 26099, 72 Robertson Road, Nepean, Ontario, CANADA K2H 9RO TEL: (613) 828~0199, FAX: (613) 828~9288, email: [email protected] "Application for voting membership requires the sponsorship of three voting members. Request a voting member application from the Association office. EXPLORE NUMBER 93 PAGE 23 THE ASSOCIATION OF EXPLORATION GEOCHEMISTS P.O. Box 26099, 72 Robert.on Road, Nepean, Ontorlo K2H 9RO CANADA Telephone (613) 828-0199 OFFICERS January 1996· December 1997 William B. Coker, President David Garnett, Arst Vice PresIdent Peter R. Simpson, Second Vice President Geological Survey of Canada Becquerel laboratories Pty, Ltd. British Geological Survey BHP Minerals Canada L1d. P.M.B.l Keyworth NottIngham NG12 SGG 33 Yonge Street, Suite 610 Menai, New South Wales 2234 United Kingdon Toronto, Ontario M5E 1G4 AUSTRALIA TEL: 44 1159363-532 CANADA TEL: (612) 9543-2644 Fax: 44 602 363 200 TEL: (4l6) 368-3884 FAX: (612) 9543-2655 email: p.s\[email protected] FAX: (4l6) 365-0763 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Sherman P. Marsh, Secretary Gw(mdy E.M. Hall, Treasurer U.S. Geological Survey Head, Analytical Method Development Section MS 973, Denver Federal Center Applied Geochemistry & GeophYSiCS Subdivision Denver, Colorado 80225 Geological Survey of Canada USA Ottawa, Ontario K1 A oE8 TEL: (303) 236·5521 CANADA FAX: (303) 236-3200 TEL: (613) 992-6425 email: [email protected] FAX: (613) 996-3726 email: [email protected] COUNCILLORS 1995-1997 1996-1998 Australia 1994-1996 Chlna1995-1997 Graham F. Taylor (ex-officio) Stephen J. Cook Leigh Bettenay Guangchun Yan John S. Cone Gwendy E.M. Hall (ex-officio) Nigel Radford Europe 1996·1998 Mark A. Fedlkow Richard K. Glanzman Mark Elliott BoudewiJn de Smeth R. Steve Friberg J. Thomas Nash Braz1l1993-1995 Northern Countries 1996·1998 Alistair J. Sinclair M. Beth McClenaghan Marcondes Lima Da Costa Clemens Reimann Barl)' W. Smes Erick F. Weitand Chile Southeast Asia 1996·1998 Chris J. Oates Tawsaporn Nuchanong Southern AfrIca 1996-1998 Charles Ukujeni COMMITTEES UK and Republic of Ireland 1996-1 Vacant Australian Geoscience Council Election Official Publicity Commi/t•• Representative Ray E Lett Andrew Bourque, Chair Russell D. Birrell Sherman P. Marsh Environmental Committee J. stevens Zuker Awards and Medals Committee Richard K. Glanzman, Chair R. Steve Friberg Gwendy EM. Hall. Chair 1996-1997 Cecil C. Begley John S. Cone Peter H. Davenport Roglonal Councillor Coordinator Robert G. Garrett Gwendy EM. Hall David L Garnett Gunter Matheis Keith Nicholson Barry W. Smee Short Course Committee EXPLORE Colin E. Dunn, Chair Bibliography Committee J. Thomas Nash, Editor L. Graham Closs, Chair Sherman P. Marsh, Editor Student Paper Competition Committee Robert G. Garrett Owen P. Lavin, Business Manager Ian Robertson, Chair Richard K. Glanzman Frederic R. Slegel Eric C. Grunsky Journal of Geochemical Arthur E. Soregaroli Gwendy EM. Hall Exploration Todd Wakefield Peter J. Rogers Eion M. Cameron, Editor~in~Chief Symposia Committee Distinguished Lecturer Committee Admissions Committee Frederic R. Siegel, Chair Graham F. Taylor, Chair Lloyd D. James, Chair GwendyHall L. Graham Closs Eion Cameron Jeffrey A. Jaacks Graham F Taylor Barry W. Smee Betty Arseneault, Business Manager P.O. Box 26099, 72 Robertson Road, Napean, Ontario K2H 9RO CANADA, TEL: (613) 828-0199 FAX: (6'13) 828-9288, e-mail: [email protected] PAGE 24 NUMBER 93 EXPLORE LIST OF ADVERTISERS Acme Analytical Laboratories, Ltd ...... 19 Actlabs - Enzyme Leach ...... 5 AEG 18th International Geochemical Exploration Symposium ...... 20 AEG Publications ...... 21 1996 AEG Student Paper Competition ...... 20 Becquerel Laboratories, Inc ...... 15 Bondar Clegg & Company, Ltd ...... 9 C. F. Mineral Research Ltd ...... 6 Chemex Labs Ltd ...... 17 Cone Geochemical, Inc ...... 8 Geosoft ...... 14 MEG Shea Clark Smith ...... 16 North American Exploration ...... 3 XRAL - X-Ray Assay Labs ...... 18 University of British Columbia ...... 8 Newsletter for The Association of Exploration Geochemists MS973, p.o. Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225~0046, USA Please send changes of address to: Association of Exploration Geochemists P.O. Box 26099, 72 Robertson Road, Nepean, Ontario, K2H 9RO, Canada· TEL, (613) 828-0199 FAX, (613) 828-9288 e-mail: [email protected] NON-PROFIT ORG. U.S. POSTAGE PAID PERMIT NO. 3550· DENVER, CO