Emerging Disciplines Based on Superatoms
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500 Natural Sciences and Mathematics
500 500 Natural sciences and mathematics Natural sciences: sciences that deal with matter and energy, or with objects and processes observable in nature Class here interdisciplinary works on natural and applied sciences Class natural history in 508. Class scientific principles of a subject with the subject, plus notation 01 from Table 1, e.g., scientific principles of photography 770.1 For government policy on science, see 338.9; for applied sciences, see 600 See Manual at 231.7 vs. 213, 500, 576.8; also at 338.9 vs. 352.7, 500; also at 500 vs. 001 SUMMARY 500.2–.8 [Physical sciences, space sciences, groups of people] 501–509 Standard subdivisions and natural history 510 Mathematics 520 Astronomy and allied sciences 530 Physics 540 Chemistry and allied sciences 550 Earth sciences 560 Paleontology 570 Biology 580 Plants 590 Animals .2 Physical sciences For astronomy and allied sciences, see 520; for physics, see 530; for chemistry and allied sciences, see 540; for earth sciences, see 550 .5 Space sciences For astronomy, see 520; for earth sciences in other worlds, see 550. For space sciences aspects of a specific subject, see the subject, plus notation 091 from Table 1, e.g., chemical reactions in space 541.390919 See Manual at 520 vs. 500.5, 523.1, 530.1, 919.9 .8 Groups of people Add to base number 500.8 the numbers following —08 in notation 081–089 from Table 1, e.g., women in science 500.82 501 Philosophy and theory Class scientific method as a general research technique in 001.4; class scientific method applied in the natural sciences in 507.2 502 Miscellany 577 502 Dewey Decimal Classification 502 .8 Auxiliary techniques and procedures; apparatus, equipment, materials Including microscopy; microscopes; interdisciplinary works on microscopy Class stereology with compound microscopes, stereology with electron microscopes in 502; class interdisciplinary works on photomicrography in 778.3 For manufacture of microscopes, see 681. -
DENDRAL Program E
12 On Generality and Problem Solving: A Case Study Using the DENDRAL Program E. A. Feigenbaum, B. G. Buchanan and J. Lederberg Computer Science Department Stanford University In discussing the capability of a problem-solving system, ne should dis- tinguish between generality and expertness. Generality is being questioned when we ask: how broad a universe of problems is the problem solver prepared to work on? Expertness is being questioned when we ask: how good are the answers and were they arrived at with reasonable cost? Generality has great utility in some ways, but is not often associated with superior performance. The experts usually are specialists. In analytical chemistry, there is a domain of inductive inference problems involving the determination of molecular structure by analysis of certain physical spectra of the molecule. We have written a problem-solving program (Heuristic Dendral) that is prepared to attempt to solve any problem in this very large domain. By now, it has solved hundreds ofstructure-determina- tion problems in many different chemical families. For some families of molecules, it is an expert, even when compared with the best human perfor- mance. For the other families, i.e., most of chemistry, it performs as a novice, or worse. This paper will use the design of Heuristic Dendral and its performance on many different problems it has solved as raw material for a discussion of the following topics: 1. the design for generality; 2. the performance problems attendant upon too much generality; 3. the coupling of expertise to the general problem-solving processes; 4. the symbiotic relationship between generality and expertness, and the implications of this symbiosis for the study and design of problem-solving systems. -
Ionic Liquids in External Electric and Electromagnetic Fields: a Molecular Dynamics Study Niall J English, Damian Anthony Mooney, Stephen O’Brien
Ionic Liquids in external electric and electromagnetic fields: a molecular dynamics study Niall J English, Damian Anthony Mooney, Stephen O’Brien To cite this version: Niall J English, Damian Anthony Mooney, Stephen O’Brien. Ionic Liquids in external electric and electromagnetic fields: a molecular dynamics study. Molecular Physics, Taylor & Francis, 2011,109 (04), pp.625-638. 10.1080/00268976.2010.544263. hal-00670248 HAL Id: hal-00670248 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00670248 Submitted on 15 Feb 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Molecular Physics For Peer Review Only Ionic Liquids in external electric and electromagnetic fields: a molecular dynamics study Journal: Molecular Physics Manuscript ID: TMPH-2010-0292.R1 Manuscript Type: Full Paper Date Submitted by the 27-Oct-2010 Author: Complete List of Authors: English, Niall; University College Dublin, School of Chemical & Bioprocess Engineering Mooney, Damian; University College Dublin, School of Chemical & Bioprocess Engineering O'Brien, Stephen; University College Dublin, School of Chemical & Bioprocess Engineering Ionic Liquids, Electric Fields, Electromagnetic Fields, Conductivity, Keywords: Diffusion Note: The following files were submitted by the author for peer review, but cannot be converted to PDF. -
Roadmap of Ultrafast X-Ray Atomic and Molecular Physics
Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics Linda Young, Kiyoshi Ueda, Markus Gühr, Philip Bucksbaum, Marc Simon, Shaul Mukamel, Nina Rohringer, Kevin Prince, Claudio Masciovecchio, Michael Meyer, et al. To cite this version: Linda Young, Kiyoshi Ueda, Markus Gühr, Philip Bucksbaum, Marc Simon, et al.. Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, IOP Publishing, 2018, 51 (3), pp.032003. 10.1088/1361-6455/aa9735. hal-02341220 HAL Id: hal-02341220 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02341220 Submitted on 31 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics ROADMAP • OPEN ACCESS Recent citations Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular - Roadmap on photonic, electronic and atomic collision physics: I. Light–matter physics interaction Kiyoshi Ueda et al To cite this article: Linda Young et al 2018 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 51 032003 - Studies of a terawatt x-ray free-electron laser H P Freund and P J M van der Slot - Molecular electron recollision dynamics in intense circularly polarized laser pulses View the article online for updates and enhancements. -
Quantum Mechanics Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
Quantum Mechanics_Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter-matter and light- matter interactions; at the scale of one or a few atoms [1] and energy scales around several electron volts[2]:1356.[3] The three areas are closely interrelated. AMO theory includes classical,semi-classical and quantum treatments. Typically, the theory and applications of emission, absorption,scattering of electromagnetic radiation (light) fromexcited atoms and molecules, analysis of spectroscopy, generation of lasers and masers, and the optical properties of matter in general, fall into these categories. Atomic and molecular physics Atomic physics is the subfield of AMO that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus, while Molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules. The term atomic physics is often associated withnuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of atomic andnuclear in standard English. However, physicists distinguish between atomic physics — which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons — and nuclear physics, which considers atomic nuclei alone. The important experimental techniques are the various types of spectroscopy. Molecular physics, while closely related to Atomic physics, also overlaps greatly with theoretical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical physics.[4] Both subfields are primarily concerned with electronic structure and the dynamical processes by which these arrangements change. Generally this work involves using quantum mechanics. For molecular physics this approach is known as Quantum chemistry. One important aspect of molecular physics is that the essential atomic orbital theory in the field of atomic physics expands to themolecular orbital theory.[5] Molecular physics is concerned with atomic processes in molecules, but it is additionally concerned with effects due to the molecular structure. -
(2020) Observation of Collective Decay Dynamics of a Single Rydberg
PHYSICAL REVIEW RESEARCH 2, 043339 (2020) Observation of collective decay dynamics of a single Rydberg superatom Nina Stiesdal ,1 Hannes Busche ,1 Jan Kumlin ,2 Kevin Kleinbeck,2 Hans Peter Büchler ,2 and Sebastian Hofferberth 1,* 1Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physics@SDU, University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense, Denmark 2Institute for Theoretical Physics III and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany (Received 11 May 2020; accepted 11 November 2020; published 8 December 2020) We experimentally investigate the collective decay of a single Rydberg superatom, formed by an ensemble of thousands of individual atoms supporting only a single excitation due to the Rydberg blockade. Instead of observing a constant decay rate determined by the collective coupling strength to the driving field, we show that the enhanced emission of the single stored photon into the forward direction of the coupled optical mode depends on the dynamics of the superatom before the decay. We find that the observed decay rates are reproduced by an expanded model of the superatom which includes coherent coupling between the collective bright state and subradiant states. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.043339 I. INTRODUCTION been used to study the propagation of quantized light in one- dimensional waveguides, while the semiclassical approach The collective interaction between an ensemble of emitters enables investigation of large, weakly driven ensembles in two and photons is a fundamental topic of quantum optics, which or three dimensions. In the single-excitation sector and as long has been extensively studied for over 60 years [1]. Collective as saturation of the medium can be neglected, the two ap- enhancement of the emission, known as superradiance, has proaches lead to equivalent results [34,35]. -
Molecular Astrophysics
Molecular Astrophysics David Neufeld Johns Hopkins University Molecular astrophysics • Why molecular astrophysics? • The new capabilities of Herschel/HIFI • HIFI observations of interstellar hydrides • Prospects for SOFIA Why study molecular astrophysics? – Molecules are ubiquitous • Present in interstellar, circumstellar and pregalactic gas; protostellar disks, circumnuclear gas in AGN, the atmospheres of stars and planets (including exoplanets) • More than 150 molecules currently known – Molecules as diagnostic probes • Reveal key information by their excitation, kinematics, chemistry – Molecules as coolants • Facilitate the collapse of clouds to form galaxies and stars – The astrophysical Universe as a unique laboratory for the study of molecular physics – Molecules as the precursors of life • Interstellar ices supply a rich inventory of water and organic molecules IR spectroscopy of the exoplanet HD 209458b Swain et al. 2009, ApJ Why study molecular astrophysics? – Molecules are ubiquitous • Present in interstellar, circumstellar and pregalactic gas; protostellar disks, circumnuclear gas in AGN, the atmospheres of stars and planets (including exoplanets) • More than 150 molecules currently known – Molecules as diagnostic probes • Reveal key information by their excitation, kinematics, chemistry – Molecules as coolants • Facilitate the collapse of clouds to form galaxies and stars – The astrophysical Universe as a unique laboratory for the study of molecular physics – Molecules as the precursors of life • Interstellar ices supply a -
Mesoscopic Rydberg-Blockaded Ensembles in the Superatom Regime and Beyond
LETTERS PUBLISHED ONLINE: 12 JANUARY 2015 | DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS3214 Mesoscopic Rydberg-blockaded ensembles in the superatom regime and beyond T. M. Weber, M. Höning, T. Niederprüm, T. Manthey, O. Thomas, V. Guarrera†, M. Fleischhauer, G. Barontini† and H. Ott* The control of strongly interacting many-body systems of a Bose–Einstein condensate of 87Rb atoms. We first load the enables the creation of tailored quantum matter with complex condensate into a one-dimensional optical lattice with a spacing of properties. Atomic ensembles that are optically driven to a 532 nm, to suppress the axial movement of the atoms. We subse- Rydberg state provide many examples for this: atom–atom quently compress the atomic sample in the radial direction to reduce entanglement1,2, many-body Rabi oscillations3, strong its size below the blockade radius and empty all but three (or more) photon–photon interaction4 and spatial pair correlations5. lattice sites using a focused electron beam8–10 (Fig. 1a and Methods). In its most basic form Rydberg quantum matter consists of The atom number within the ensemble (N) can be adjusted between an isolated ensemble of strongly interacting atoms spatially 100 and 500 at a temperature of T D .3.5 0.5/ µK and the typical confined to the blockade volume—a superatom. Here we size of the sample is ≤3 µm in diameter (Fig. 1b). Our preparation demonstrate the controlled creation and characterization scheme is readily scalable to arrays of superatoms (Fig. 1d). of an isolated mesoscopic superatom by means of accurate After preparation we excite the atomic ensemble with a density engineering and excitation to Rydberg p-states. -
Hrvoje Petek – List of Publications
Sep. 10, 2018 Hrvoje Petek – List of Publications Invited and Review Articles: 1. M. Dąbrowski, Y. Dai, and H. Petek, “Ultrafast Microscopy: Imaging Light with Photoelectrons on the Nano-Femto Scale,” Perspective article in J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 8, 4446 (2017). 2. H. Petek, “Photoemission Electron Microscopy: Photovoltaics in ction,” News &Views article in Nature Nano. 12, 3 (2017). 3. H. Petek, "Imaging: Nano meets femto," Nat Nano 11, 404 (2016). 4. H. Petek, “Viewpoint: The Calisthenics of Surface Femtochemistry,” Physics 9, 123 (2016). 5. H. Petek, “Imaging: Nano meets femto,” News &Views article in Nature Nano. 11, 404 (2015). 6. H. Petek, “Single molecule femtochemistry – molecular imaging at the space- time-limit,” ACS Nano (invited Perspective Article) 8, 5 (2014). 7. M. Hase, M. Katsuragawa, A. M. Constantinescu, and H. Petek, “Coherent Phonon Induced Optical Modulation in Semiconductors at Terahertz Frequencies,” New J. Phys. 15, 055018 (2013). 8. T. Huang, J. Zhao, M. Feng, A. Popov, S. Yang, L. Dunsch, and H. Petek “A Multi-state Single-molecule Switch Actuated by Rotation of an Encapsulated Cluster within a Fullerene Cage,” Chem. Phys. Lett. Frontiers Article 552, 1 (2012). 9. H. Petek, “Photoexcitation of Adsorbates on Metal Surfaces: One- 1 Sep. 10, 2018 step or Three Step,” J. Chem. Phys. 137, 091704 (2012). (Invited Essay in the Special Issue on Surface Photochemistry) 10. A. Kubo, and H. Petek, “Imaging of Surface Plasmon Polariton Fields by Femtosecond Laser Excited Photoemission Electron Microscopy,” Hyoumen Kagaku (Journal of the Surface Science Society of Japan) 33, 235 (2012) (in Japanese). 11. M. Feng, C. -
2018-ACS-Omega.Pdf
This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes. Article Cite This: ACS Omega 2018, 3, 14423−14430 http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf Evidence for the Superatom−Superatom Bonding from Bond Energies † † § † ‡ Qijian Zheng, Chang Xu,*, Xia Wu,*, and Longjiu Cheng*, , † Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People’s Republic of China ‡ AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China § AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, PR China ABSTRACT: Metal clusters with specific number of valence electrons are described as superatoms. Super valence bond (SVB) model points out that superatoms could form the superatomic molecules through SVBs by sharing nucleus and electrons. The existence of superatom−superatom bonding was verified by the shape of their orbitals in former studies. In this paper, another important evidencebond energy is studied as the criterion for the SVBs using the density functional theory method. In order to get the reliable values of bond energies, the series of Zn−Cu and Mg−Li superatomic molecules composed of two tetrahedral superatoms which do not share their nucleus are designed. Considering the number of the valence electrons in one tetrahedral superatomic unit, − − − (Zn4)2/(Mg4)2, (Zn3Cu)2/(Mg3Li)2, (Zn2Cu2)2/(Mg2Li2)2, and (ZnCu3)2/(MgLi3)2 clusters are 8e 8e, 7e 7e, 6e 6e, and 5e−5e binary superatomic molecules with super nonbond, single bond, double bond, and triple bond, respectively, which are verified by chemical bonding analysis depending on the SVB model. -
What Determines If a Ligand Activates Or Passivates a Superatom Cluster?† Cite This: Chem
Chemical Science View Article Online EDGE ARTICLE View Journal | View Issue What determines if a ligand activates or passivates a superatom cluster?† Cite this: Chem. Sci.,2016,7,3067 Zhixun Luo,‡*ab Arthur C. Reber,‡c Meiye Jia,a William H. Blades,c Shiv N. Khanna*c and A. W. Castleman, Jr.*b Quantum confinement in small metal clusters leads to a bunching of states into electronic shells reminiscent of shells in atoms, enabling the classification of clusters as superatoms. The addition of ligands tunes the valence electron count of metal clusters and appears to serve as protecting groups preventing the etching of the metallic cores. Through a joint experimental and theoretical study of the reactivity of methanol with aluminum clusters ligated with iodine, we find that ligands enhance the stability of some clusters, however in some cases the electronegative ligand may perturb the charge density of the metallic core generating active sites that can lead to the etching of the cluster. The Received 10th November 2015 reactivity is driven by Lewis acid and Lewis base active sites that form through the selective positioning Accepted 26th January 2016 of the iodine and the structure of the aluminum core. This study enriches the general knowledge on Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04293c clusters including offering insight into the stability of ligand protected clusters synthesized via wet www.rsc.org/chemicalscience chemistry. Introduction superatoms forming a new dimension to the periodic table of elements. Considerable research over the past three decades has shown In the gas phase, electronic shells explain cluster reactivity that small clusters containing a few to a few hundred atoms with oxygen, where magic clusters with electron counts corre- À À exhibit novel properties that change non-monotonically with sponding to closed electronic shells like Al13 and Al23 etc. -
PHYS 4011, 5050: Atomic and Molecular Physics
PHYS 4011, 5050: Atomic and Molecular Physics Lecture Notes Tom Kirchner1 Department of Physics and Astronomy York University April 7, 2013 [email protected] Contents 1 Introduction: the field-free Schr¨odinger hydrogen atom 2 1.1 Reductiontoaneffectiveone-bodyproblem . 2 1.2 The central-field problem for the relative motion . 4 1.3 Solution of the Coulomb problem . 5 1.4 Assortedremarks ......................... 13 2 Atoms in electric fields: the Stark effect 16 2.1 Stationary perturbation theory for nondegenerate systems .. 17 2.2 Degenerateperturbationtheory . 22 2.3 Electric field effects on excited states: the linear Stark effect . 24 3 Interaction of atoms with radiation 29 3.1 The semiclassical Hamiltonian . 29 3.2 Time-dependentperturbationtheory . 32 3.3 Photoionization .......................... 41 3.4 Outlook on field quantization . 44 4 Brief introduction to relativistic QM 58 4.1 Klein-Gordonequation . 58 4.2 Diracequation .......................... 60 5 Molecules 70 5.1 The adiabatic (Born-Oppenheimer) approximation . 71 5.2 Nuclear wave equation: rotations and vibrations . 74 + 5.3 The hydrogen molecular ion H2 ................. 77 1 Chapter 1 Introduction: the field-free Schr¨odinger hydrogen atom The starting point of the discussion is the stationary Schr¨odinger equation Hˆ Ψ= EΨ (1.1) for the two-body problem consisting of a nucleus (n) and an electron (e). The Hamiltonian reads pˆ2 pˆ2 Ze2 Hˆ = n + e (1.2) 2m 2m − 4πǫ r r n e 0| e − n| with 31 m = N 1836m ; m 9.1 10− kg n e e ≈ × and N being the number of nucleons (N = 1 for the hydrogen atom itself, where the nucleus is a single proton).