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Fig. 3.9.5). at the Edges of This Pit, Small Sphagnum Mats and Hare's-Tail Cottongrass (Eriophorum Vaginatum) Tufts Are Spreading

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Fig. 3.9.5). at the Edges of This Pit, Small Sphagnum Mats and Hare's-Tail Cottongrass (Eriophorum Vaginatum) Tufts Are Spreading Fig. 3.9.5). At the edges of this pit, small Sphagnum mats and hare's-tail cottongrass (Eriophorum vaginatum) tufts are spreading. Fragments of Pinus mugo woods remain at the periphery of the areas which have been cut off. However, these stands are drying out and are now giving rise to a better growth of the trees and overshadowing the bog vegetation (Fig. 3.9.6). Trees, mostly spruce, are growing along the drainage ditches (FELDMEYER-CHRISTE 1987). Fig. 3.9.5. Peat cutting pit invaded with bottle sedge (Carex rostrata) viewed from the unexploited peat mound (Photo by E. Feldmeyer-Christe). 3.9.7 Land use history The name of la Chaux-des-Breuleux bog is derived from the nearby village and stands for the method of settlement: breuler in old French (= today's brUler) reflects the fact that the settlers burnt the forest for agricultural land. Drainage of the bog started in the 18th century to provide the Co,mbe mill (see Fig. 3.9.3) with water power. In 1875, the eastern part of the bog suffered a major fire. At present almost all the bog has been cut over. Until the 1930's, peat cutting was a craft industry. To provide Ciba-Geigy in Basle and the city of Bienne with fuel during World War Two, the bog was exploited with machines and the sods removed by the narrow gauge railway which still traverses the bog at the south-western edge. Parts of the bog site have been a nature reserve since 1974. Larger areas in the western part and at the south-eastern edge are still used for grazing. Since 1984, a progamme of rehabilitation, mainly by damming the drainage ditches, has been established by canton Berne in the eastern part of the bog. The method of pasture management in the areas surrounding the bog site, which led to this famous park -like landscape (called 'paturages boises' in French and 'Wytweiden' in German) is particularly noticeable. Mixed permanent common grazing has been customary. Cattle and horses are kept on the same Fig. 3.9.6. View of the remaining dried Pin us mugo woodland at the periphery of the bog area throughout the whole growing period, i.e. from about May through to (Photo by E. Feldmeyer-Christe). October. They are put into stables only for the unfavourable months of the year. 199 The livestock is kept on the pasturage by means of hedges, dry-stone walls or fences protecting gardens, meadows, arable land and the ungrazed forests. As long as the animals stay in the grazing field their dung is continually returned to it. As a result, these pastures are generally fertile. This is also partly due to the shelter effect of the trees preventing the winds from completely drying out the land during the vegetation period. A further characteristic feature is revealed in the flora of the paturages boises. Due to the mixed grazing, they are less weedy than commons where only cattle graze. However, they still contain thistles and other typical pasture weeds because in early summer there is much more fodder than the animals can eat. This results in their. selection of the most palatable plants. Rank patches where the sward has been tainted by excrement and consequently avoided by cattle are very obvious. These overfertilized patches of grass grow tall and dark green, while the sward in between these patches tends to become overgrazed. Since horses will eat grass which has been tainted by cattle and vice versa, this undesirable patchiness can to some extent be avoided by mixed grazing. However, since 1975, pasture management in the surround­ ings of the bog has been intensified by suppressing young trees and using more fertilizers. This has led to a progressive change and deterioration of the unique, park-like wooded pasture landscape. Therefore, the designation of the pro­ posed mire landscape (cf. Fig. 3.9.2) could be a helpful means to stop and reorientate the development of this most valuable part of the Franches­ Montagnes. 200 Fig. 3.10.1. Near infra-red false-colour aerial photograph showing the centre of the Bellelay mire exploited for peat a century ago. Trees have mainly invaded the drier, less exploited peat ridges in contrast to the the former, wetter peat pits which are overgrown by mire vegetation (e.g. floating mats). North of the mire there are fodder meadows and in the south there is a pasture (Aerial photo taken on 25 July 1990 by the Co-ordination Centre for Aerial Photographs, Diibendorf). 3.10 From exploitation to rehabilitation - La Sagne et les Tourbieres de Bellelay Philippe Grosvernier Community: Saicourt (canton Berne) Locality: La Sagne et les Tourbieres Coordinates: 579-581 / 533-535 Elevation of the mires: 930 m Area of the raised bog: 27 ha Area of the fenlands: 1 ha Area of the mire landscape Bellelay: 540 ha 3.10.1 Highlight of the visit The peat bog at BeIlelay has been heavily disturbed by several stages of peat cutting. The site is especially interesting because peat cutting stopped almost completely by the turn of the century, enabling regeneration of bog vegetation to take place during most of the past 100 years. Through observation of this "natural" rehabilitation. management techniques can be determined and used to monitor and promote regeneration in other bogs. 201 3.10.2 General information The bog at Bellelay, located at a mean altitude of 930 m, is the furthest east of twenty others in narrow valleys or dells in this region of the Folded Jura. Divided into three parts, the bog covers an approximate surface of 30 ha and is surrounded by agricultural land (Fig. 3.10.2). Most of it is the property of canton Berne which, in 1972, declared it to be a nature reserve. Fig. 3.10.2. Location of the bogs and the mire landscape of national importance in the area of Bellelay (modified from DF! 1990, 1991b, 1991c). Scale of the map: 1 : 25,000; for key, see end-cover. Reproduced by courtesy of the Federal Office of Topography, Berne, 9 June 1992. 3.10.3 Geology and hydrology Tectonically, the basin of Bellelay is the syncline between two chains of the Folded Jura. It has the form of a triangle and no surface runoff. The water disappears in various sinkholes (ponors) mainly at the south-eastern edge of the basin. This is also the location where the bogs grew over impervious geological layers made of recent clayey material that originated from the erosion of neighbouring rocks and from glacial deposits. At the north-eastern boundary of the bog (coord. 580730/233950) an erratic can be seen, indicating the Rhone glacier's presence during the Riss ice age. During the last ice age (Wtirm) the basin was only occupied by local glaciers, which left some smaller moraine walls (BARSCH 1968). 202 All the water flowing out of the bog collects in a stream which runs through the bog and disappears underground in the karst system. This borders the Kimmeridgian limestone, a hard but deeply fractured and dissolved rock. The real slope of the surface is quite difficult to appreciate in the field (cf. Fig. 3.10.3). A series ofborings and the elevation of the corresponding sites allows a graphic representation of the thickness of the peat layer and the slope. A complete and detailed mapping of drainage ditches and streams has led to a better under­ standing of water circulation through and out of the bog. A map from 1865 also offered useful information about underground drainage systems, which were built earlier to assist peat extraction. CD ~ CD A B C D 934 936 933 935 932 934 931 933 :§: 930 :§:., 932 .g 929 ;:l ~ 931 ·E 928 ~ 930 ~ 927 929 926 928 925 924 927 923 926 90m 30m 1---1 1---1 Fig. 3.10.3. The bogs of Bellelay (modified from GROSVERNIER 1989b). 1 Plane view of present-day situation. 2 Longitudinal section A-B showing present-day peat body (including the topography of bog surface and the mineral sub-soil; vertically exaggerated 30 x). 3 Cross-section C-D showing the same features and also the original bog surface: ------ 3.10.4 Climate and historical data Mean annual precipitation amounts to 1,309 mm (data from the rain-gauge station at Bellelay, collected by the Swiss Federal Meteorological Institute). Mean annual temperature is between 5 and 6° C, as stated by the atlas of thermic levels of Switzerland. Regular mists throughout the summer are unique to the valley floor where the bog is located. They ensure a water supply to agriculture even when neighbouring regions are affected by severe droughts. 203 This is related to the settlement of a monastery and a farm at Bellelay at the beginning of the 12th century. The valley offered agricultural potential and a hydrological energy supply by storing water in an artificial pond. This practice was quite common in the region. Other evidence shows that man has been living in the region for a long time. A fireplace was found under the peat layer and estimated to be at least 4,000 years old. The remains of a horse were dated and found to be from 2,000 to 2,400 years old (QUIQUEREZ 1866). Peat extraction took place in very recent times, mostly during the 19th century. Peat was even used as a fuel for blast-furnaces after forests in the region had been almost totally cleared. A second stage of extraction led to the formation of large peat cuts, about 30 to 50 m wide, up to 200 m long and approximately 2 m deep, as shown on the map of 1865 (cf.
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