Binary RDF for Scalable Publishing, Exchanging and Consumption in the Web of Data
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Semantics Developer's Guide
MarkLogic Server Semantic Graph Developer’s Guide 2 MarkLogic 10 May, 2019 Last Revised: 10.0-8, October, 2021 Copyright © 2021 MarkLogic Corporation. All rights reserved. MarkLogic Server MarkLogic 10—May, 2019 Semantic Graph Developer’s Guide—Page 2 MarkLogic Server Table of Contents Table of Contents Semantic Graph Developer’s Guide 1.0 Introduction to Semantic Graphs in MarkLogic ..........................................11 1.1 Terminology ..........................................................................................................12 1.2 Linked Open Data .................................................................................................13 1.3 RDF Implementation in MarkLogic .....................................................................14 1.3.1 Using RDF in MarkLogic .........................................................................15 1.3.1.1 Storing RDF Triples in MarkLogic ...........................................17 1.3.1.2 Querying Triples .......................................................................18 1.3.2 RDF Data Model .......................................................................................20 1.3.3 Blank Node Identifiers ..............................................................................21 1.3.4 RDF Datatypes ..........................................................................................21 1.3.5 IRIs and Prefixes .......................................................................................22 1.3.5.1 IRIs ............................................................................................22 -
Exercise Sheet 1
Semantic Web, SS 2017 1 Exercise Sheet 1 RDF, RDFS and Linked Data Submit your solutions until Friday, 12.5.2017, 23h00 by uploading them to ILIAS. Later submissions won't be considered. Every solution should contain the name(s), email adress(es) and registration number(s) of its (co-)editor(s). Read the slides for more submission guidelines. 1 Knowledge Representation (4pts) 1.1 Knowledge Representation Humans usually express their knowledge in natural language. Why aren't we using, e.g., English for knowledge representation and the semantic web? 1.2 Terminological vs Concrete Knowledge What is the role of terminological knowledge (e.g. Every company is an organization.), and what is the role of facts (e.g. Microsoft is an organization. Microsoft is headquartered in Redmond.) in a semantic web system? Hint: Imagine an RDF ontology that contains either only facts (describing factual knowledge: states of aairs) or constraints (describing terminological knowledge: relations between con- cepts). What could a semantic web system do with it? Semantic Web, SS 2017 2 2 RDF (10pts) RDF graphs consist of triples having a subject, a predicate and an object. Dierent syntactic notations can be used in order to serialize RDF graphs. By now you have seen the XML and the Turtle syntax of RDF. In this task we will use the Notation3 (N3) format described at http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/Primer. Look at the following N3 le: @prefix model: <http://example.com/model1/> . @prefix cdk: <http://example.com/chemistrydevelopmentkit/> . @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> . -
Common Sense Reasoning with the Semantic Web
Common Sense Reasoning with the Semantic Web Christopher C. Johnson and Push Singh MIT Summer Research Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 [email protected], [email protected] http://groups.csail.mit.edu/dig/2005/08/Johnson-CommonSense.pdf Abstract Current HTML content on the World Wide Web has no real meaning to the computers that display the content. Rather, the content is just fodder for the human eye. This is unfortunate as in fact Web documents describe real objects and concepts, and give particular relationships between them. The goal of the World Wide Web Consortium’s (W3C) Semantic Web initiative is to formalize web content into Resource Description Framework (RDF) ontologies so that computers may reason and make decisions about content across the Web. Current W3C work has so far been concerned with creating languages in which to express formal Web ontologies and tools, but has overlooked the value and importance of implementing common sense reasoning within the Semantic Web. As Web blogging and news postings become more prominent across the Web, there will be a vast source of natural language text not represented as RDF metadata. Common sense reasoning will be needed to take full advantage of this content. In this paper we will first describe our work in converting the common sense knowledge base, ConceptNet, to RDF format and running N3 rules through the forward chaining reasoner, CWM, to further produce new concepts in ConceptNet. We will then describe an example in using ConceptNet to recommend gift ideas by analyzing the contents of a weblog. -
Resource Description Framework Technologies in Chemistry Egon L Willighagen1* and Martin P Brändle2
Willighagen and Brändle Journal of Cheminformatics 2011, 3:15 http://www.jcheminf.com/content/3/1/15 EDITORIAL Open Access Resource description framework technologies in chemistry Egon L Willighagen1* and Martin P Brändle2 Editorial would like to thank Pfizer, Inc., who had partially The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is provid- funded the article processing charges for this Thematic ing the life sciences with new standards around data Series. Pfizer, Inc. has had no input into the content of and knowledge management. The uptake in the life the publication or the articles themselves. All articles in sciences is significantly higher than the uptake of the the series were independently prepared by the authors eXtensible Markup Language (XML) and even relational and were subjected to the journal’s standard peer review databases, as was recently shown by Splendiani et al. [1] process. Chemistry is adopting these methods too. For example, In the remainder of this editorial, we will briefly out- Murray-Rust and co-workers used RDF already in 2004 line the various RDF technologies and how they have to distribute news items where chemical structures were been used in chemistry so far. embedded using RDF Site Summary 1.0 [2]. Frey imple- mented a system which would now be referred to as an 1 Concepts electronic lab notebook (ELN) [3]. The use of the The core RDF specification was introduced by the SPARQL query language goes back to 2007 where it World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 1999 [6] and was used in a system to annotate crystal structures [4]. defines the foundation of the RDF technologies. -
Connecting RDA and RDF Linked Data for a Wide World of Connected Possibilities
Practice Connecting RDA and RDF Linked Data for a Wide World of Connected Possibilities Ashleigh Faith & Michelle Chrzanowski Ashleigh N. Faith, MLIS is an Adjunct Instructor at the University of Pittsburgh Information School, [email protected] Michelle Chrzanowski, MLS is a Reference Librarian at the Tidewater Community College Norfolk Campus Library, [email protected] Libraries have struggled with connecting a plethora of content and the metadata stored in catalogs to patrons. Adding more value to catalogs, more tools for reference librarians, and enriched patron search, linked data is a means to connect more people with more relevant information. With the recent transition to the Resource Description and Access (RDA) cataloging standard within libraries, linking data in library databases has become a much easier project to tackle, largely because of another standard called Resource Description Framework (RDF). Both focus on resource description and both are components of linked data within the library. Tying them together is the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) conceptual framework. Acknowledging that linked data components are most likely new to many librarians, this article seeks to explain what linked data is, how RDA and RDF are connected by FRBR, and how knowledge maps may improve information access. Introduction Interest in linked data has been growing. Recently, a search of the abstract databases Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar show “linked data” as a search term an average of 45,633 times from 2010 to July 2015. From January to July 2015 alone, "linked data" was searched an average of 3,573 times. It is therefore no wonder that more people are paying attention to data and how it can be linked to other data. -
The Resource Description Framework and Its Schema Fabien Gandon, Reto Krummenacher, Sung-Kook Han, Ioan Toma
The Resource Description Framework and its Schema Fabien Gandon, Reto Krummenacher, Sung-Kook Han, Ioan Toma To cite this version: Fabien Gandon, Reto Krummenacher, Sung-Kook Han, Ioan Toma. The Resource Description Frame- work and its Schema. Handbook of Semantic Web Technologies, 2011, 978-3-540-92912-3. hal- 01171045 HAL Id: hal-01171045 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01171045 Submitted on 2 Jul 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Resource Description Framework and its Schema Fabien L. Gandon, INRIA Sophia Antipolis Reto Krummenacher, STI Innsbruck Sung-Kook Han, STI Innsbruck Ioan Toma, STI Innsbruck 1. Abstract RDF is a framework to publish statements on the web about anything. It allows anyone to describe resources, in particular Web resources, such as the author, creation date, subject, and copyright of an image. Any information portal or data-based web site can be interested in using the graph model of RDF to open its silos of data about persons, documents, events, products, services, places etc. RDF reuses the web approach to identify resources (URI) and to allow one to explicitly represent any relationship between two resources. -
RDF Translator: a Restful Multi-Format Data Converter for the Semantic Web
RDF Translator: A RESTful Multi-Format Data Converter for the Semantic Web Technical Report TR-2013-1 Version: July 25, 2013 Alex Stolz, [email protected] Bene Rodriguez-Castro, [email protected] MartinarXiv:1312.4704v1 [cs.DL] 17 Dec 2013 Hepp, [email protected] E-Business and Web Science Research Group, Universit¨atder Bundeswehr M¨unchen Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85579 Neubiberg, Germany RDF Translator: A RESTful Multi-Format Data Converter for the Semantic Web Alex Stolz, Bene Rodriguez-Castro, and Martin Hepp E-Business and Web Science Research Group, Universit¨atder Bundeswehr M¨unchen Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85579 Neubiberg, Germany falex.stolz,bene.rodriguez,[email protected] Abstract. The interdisciplinary nature of the Semantic Web and the many projects put forward by the community led to a large number of widely accepted serialization formats for RDF. Most of these RDF syn- taxes have been developed out of a necessity to serve specific purposes better than existing ones, e.g. RDFa was proposed as an extension to HTML for embedding non-intrusive RDF statements in human-readable documents. Nonetheless, the RDF serialization formats are generally transducible among themselves given that they are commonly based on the RDF model. In this paper, we present (1) a RESTful Web service based on the HTTP protocol that translates between different serializa- tions. In addition to its core functionality, our proposed solution provides (2) features to accommodate frequent needs of Semantic Web developers, namely a straightforward user interface with copy-to-clipboard function- ality, syntax highlighting, persistent URI links for easy sharing, cool URI patterns, and content negotiation using respective HTTP headers. -
The Crosscloud Project and Decentralized Web Applications
The Crosscloud Project and Decentralized Web Applications by Martin Martinez Rivera Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2015 ○c 2015 Martin Martinez Rivera. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole and in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Author................................................................ Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science August 18, 2015 Certified by. Tim Berners-Lee Professor Thesis Supervisor Accepted by . Christopher J. Terman Chairman, Masters of Engineering Thesis Committee 2 The Crosscloud Project and Decentralized Web Applications by Martin Martinez Rivera Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on August 18, 2015, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Abstract Crosscloud is a project spearheaded by the Decentralized Information Group, aiming to create a platform that enables developers to build decentralized Web applications in which users have total control over their data. This thesis presents the results of my work: gojsonld, a library for the JSON-LD linked data format written in the Go programming language, and ldnode, a server developed on the Node.js framework which acts as a back-end for Web applications. gojsonld allows Crosscloud applications written in Go to use the JSON-LD format, which is based on the popular JSON format and is widely used in the design of Web application APIs. -
Rdflib Documentation
rdflib Documentation Release 5.0.0-dev RDFLib Team Nov 01, 2018 Contents 1 Getting started 3 2 In depth 19 3 Reference 33 4 For developers 157 5 Indices and tables 171 Python Module Index 173 i ii rdflib Documentation, Release 5.0.0-dev RDFLib is a pure Python package work working with RDF. RDFLib contains most things you need to work with RDF, including: • parsers and serializers for RDF/XML, N3, NTriples, N-Quads, Turtle, TriX, RDFa and Microdata. • a Graph interface which can be backed by any one of a number of Store implementations. • store implementations for in memory storage and persistent storage on top of the Berkeley DB. • a SPARQL 1.1 implementation - supporting SPARQL 1.1 Queries and Update statements. Contents 1 rdflib Documentation, Release 5.0.0-dev 2 Contents CHAPTER 1 Getting started If you never used RDFLib, click through these 1.1 Getting started with RDFLib 1.1.1 Installation RDFLib is open source and is maintained in a GitHub repository. RDFLib releases, current and previous are listed on PyPi The best way to install RDFLib is to use pip (sudo as required): $ pip install rdflib Support is available through the rdflib-dev group: http://groups.google.com/group/rdflib-dev and on the IRC channel #rdflib on the freenode.net server The primary interface that RDFLib exposes for working with RDF is a Graph. The package uses various Python idioms that offer an appropriate way to introduce RDF to a Python programmer who hasn’t worked with RDF before. RDFLib graphs are not sorted containers; they have ordinary set operations (e.g. -
Graphs Task Force Report Richard Cyganiak
Graphs Task Force Report Richard Cyganiak 1st RDF Working Group Face To Face Meeting, 13 April 2011, Amsterdam Wednesday 13 April 2011 Task before the WG http://www.w3.org/2011/01/rdf-wg-charter ✤ (Required) “Standardize a model and semantics for multiple graphs and graphs stores” ✤ (Required) “Standardize the Turtle RDF Syntax. Either that syntax or a related syntax should also support multiple graphs and graph stores.” ✤ (Required) “Define and standardize a JSON Syntax for RDF … The goal is to [be] as complete as possible (including multiple graphs and graph stores)” ✤ (Time permitting) “Standardize additions to RDF/XML … Candidates Wednesday 13 April 2011 Inputs ✤ SPARQL’s RDF Dataset (and SPARQL Update’s Graph Store) ✤ Carroll et al.: Named Graphs ✤ Notation3: quoted graphs ✤ TriG ✤ N-Quads ✤ RDF/XML with rdf:graph (INRIA proposal) ✤ Reification ✤ (Typed graph literals) Wednesday 13 April 2011 Use Cases http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/wiki/TF-Graphs-UC ✤ 5 Storage Use Cases ✤ 2 Query Use Cases ✤ 8 Provenance Use Cases ✤ 4 Use Cases for Providing a standard foundation for W3C specs ✤ 2 Advanced Annotations Use Cases Wednesday 13 April 2011 Proposals ✤ Lift SPARQL’s RDF Dataset into RDF Concepts and Abstract Syntax (a) Treat it only as an abstract syntax (b) Alex’s Semantics proposal (c) Antoine’s Semantics proposal ✤ Others??? ✤ Notation3-style quoted graphs ✤ Only defining <IRI,graph> pairs might be sufficient ✤ Reification or graph literals might have a role to play Wednesday 13 April 2011 Issues Wednesday 13 April 2011 ISSUE-5 (Graph Literals) -
Ccrel: the Creative Commons Rights Expression Language
ccREL: The Creative Commons Rights Expression Language Hal Abelson, Ben Adida, Mike Linksvayer, Nathan Yergler [hal,ben,ml,nathan]@creativecommons.org Version 1.0 { March 3rd, 2008 1 Introduction This paper introduces the Creative Commons Rights Expression Language (ccREL), the standard recommended by Creative Commons (CC) for machine-readable expression of copyright licensing terms and related information.1 ccREL and its description in this paper supersede all previous Creative Commons recommendations for expressing licensing metadata. Like CC's previous rec- ommendation, ccREL is based on the World-Wide Web Consortium's Resource Description Frame- work (RDF).2 Compared to the previous recommendation, ccREL is intended to be both easier for content creators and publishers to provide, and more convenient for user communities and tool builders to consume, extend, and redistribute.3 Formally, ccREL is specified in an abstract syntax-free way, as an extensible set of properties to be associated with a licensed documents. Publishers have wide discretion in their choice of syntax, so long as the process for extracting the properties is discoverable and tool builders can retrieve the properties of ccREL-compliant Web pages or embedded documents. We also recommend specific concrete \default" syntaxes and embedding schemes for content creators and publishers who want to use CC licenses without needing to be concerned about extraction mechanisms. The default schemes are RDFa for HTML Web pages and resources referenced therein, and XMP for stand- alone media.4 An Example. Using this new recommendation, an author can express Creative Commons struc- tured data in an HTML page using the following simple markup: 1Information about Creative Commons is available on the web at http://creativecommons.org. -
XML to RDF Transformation
Diploma Thesis August 3, 2006 XML to RDF Transformation Markus Fehlmann of Aadorf TG, Switzerland (00-912-857) supervised by Prof. Dr. Harald Gall Dr. Gerald Reif Department of Informatics software evolution & architecture lab Diploma Thesis XML to RDF Transformation Markus Fehlmann Department of Informatics software evolution & architecture lab Diploma Thesis Author: Markus Fehlmann, [email protected] Project period: February 3, 2006 - August 3, 2006 Software Evolution & Architecture Lab Department of Informatics, University of Zurich Acknowledgements I am grateful to Gerald Reif whose PhD thesis was an excellent foundation for this work. Many of the now implemented features and ideas originated from fruitful discussions during the last six months. Gerald proved that the sentence used to advertise the thesis ”be best supervised by your advisers” was more than just empty words. I also express my gratitude to professor Harald Gall for giving me the opportunity to write my diploma thesis in the field of the Semantic Web, that I believe will strongly influence the way people access and process information, the main resource of today’s information society. I thank my parents for making my education possible and for all their encouragement through the years. Needless to say I could not have done this without them. My thanks also go to my fellow students and friends who provided me with useful inputs and critical suggestions. Abstract XML continues to be the primary format for data exchange in distributed systems. However, since several serializations of domain specific knowledge are possible, XML documents have no imma- nent semantic. The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries.