DOCSLIB.ORG

Programming Visual Basic 2008.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Programming Visual Basic 2008.Pdf www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info Programming Visual Basic 2008 www.it-ebooks.info Other Microsoft .NET resources from O’Reilly Related titles ADO.NET 3.5 Cookbook™ C# 3.0 Pocket Reference Building a Web 2.0 Portal Learning ASP.NET 3.5 with ASP.NET 3.5 Programming ASP.NET 3.5 ™ C# Cookbook Programming ASP.NET AJAX C# 3.0 in a Nutshell Visual Basic 2005 Cookbook™ .NET Books dotnet.oreilly.com is a complete catalog of O’Reilly’s books on Resource Center .NET and related technologies, including sample chapters and code examples. ONDotnet.com provides independent coverage of fundamental, interoperable, and emerging Microsoft .NET programming and web services technologies. Conferences O’Reilly brings diverse innovators together to nurture the ideas that spark revolutionary industries. We specialize in document- ing the latest tools and systems, translating the innovator’s knowledge into useful skills for those in the trenches. Visit conferences.oreilly.com for our upcoming events. Safari Bookshelf (safari.oreilly.com) is the premier online refer- ence library for programmers and IT professionals. Conduct searches across more than 1,000 books. Subscribers can zero in on answers to time-critical questions in a matter of seconds. Read the books on your Bookshelf from cover to cover or sim- ply flip to the page you need. Try it today for free. www.it-ebooks.info Programming Visual Basic 2008 Tim Patrick Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo www.it-ebooks.info Programming Visual Basic 2008 by Tim Patrick Copyright © 2008 Tim Patrick. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (safari.oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or [email protected]. Editor: John Osborn Indexer: Ellen Troutman Zaig Production Editor: Rachel Monaghan Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Copyeditor: Audrey Doyle Interior Designer: David Futato Proofreader: Rachel Monaghan Illustrator: Robert Romano Printing History: May 2008: First Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Programming Visual Basic 2008, the image of a bufflehead duck, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. This book uses RepKover™, a durable and flexible lay-flat binding. ISBN: 978-0-596-51843-1 [M] www.it-ebooks.info To Maki, my lovely wife www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info Table of Contents Preface . xv 1. Introducing .NET . 1 Before .NET 1 Back to Introducing .NET 2 The .NET Object 3 The Parts of the .NET Framework 7 From Source Code to EXE 16 What About Visual Studio and Visual Basic? 17 Visual Studio 2008 18 Summary 22 Project 23 2. Introducing Visual Basic . 30 The History of the Visual Basic Revolution 30 Visual Basic from the Inside Out 32 The Basics of Logic and Data 32 Data Types and Variables 35 Intermission 44 Comments 44 Option Statements 45 Basic Operators 47 Using Functions and Subroutines 49 Conditions 50 Loops 54 Creating Your Own Procedures 57 Other Flow Control Features 61 vii www.it-ebooks.info Events and Event Handlers 64 Namespaces 66 The My Namespace 69 Summary 70 Project 70 3. Introducing the Project . 75 The Library Project 76 The Needs of the Users 79 The Life of a Project 83 Summary 90 Project 90 4. Designing the Database . 95 Relational Databases 95 SQL Server 2005 98 SQL 100 Using Databases in Visual Basic 107 Documenting the Database 108 Summary 109 Project 109 5. .NET Assemblies . 126 What Is an Assembly? 126 What’s Inside an Assembly? 128 Assemblies and Applications 131 The My Namespace and Assemblies 132 Directives and Assemblies 134 Summary 136 Project 137 6. Data and Data Types . 151 The Nature of Computer Data 151 Data in .NET 153 Visual Basic Data Types 158 Literals 159 Constants 160 viii | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info Enumerations 161 Variables 162 Variable and Constant Naming Conventions 165 Local Type Inference 166 Operators 167 Static Variables 172 Arrays 172 Nullable Types 175 Common Visual Basic Functions 176 Summary 181 Project 182 7. Windows Forms . 187 Inside a Windows Application 187 Windows in .NET 191 Making Forms Useful 210 Summary 212 Project 212 8. Classes and Inheritance . 219 Object-Oriented Programming Concepts 219 OOP in Visual Basic and .NET 224 Related Issues 241 Summary 244 Project 244 9. Functional Programming . 253 Lambda Expressions 253 Object Initializers 259 Error Handling in Visual Basic 260 The Nature of Errors in Visual Basic 260 Unstructured Error Handling 263 Structured Error Handling 265 Unhandled Errors 267 Managing Errors 269 Summary 273 Project 274 Table of Contents | ix www.it-ebooks.info 10. ADO.NET . 277 What Is ADO.NET? 278 Overview of ADO.NET 279 Data Sets Versus No Data Sets 282 Connecting to SQL Server with Visual Studio 284 Interacting with SQL Server in Code 289 Database Transactions 292 ADO.NET Entity Framework 293 Summary 294 Project 294 11. Security . 303 Security Features in .NET 304 Cryptography and Encryption 304 Encryption in .NET 306 Other Security Features 311 Summary 312 Project 312 12. Overloads and Extensions . 330 What Is Operator Overloading? 330 What Can You Overload? 332 Other Operator Overloading Issues 338 Extension Methods 340 Summary 342 Project 342 13. XML . 361 What Is XML? 361 The XML Rule 364 XML Content 365 Using XML in .NET: The Old Way 371 Using XML in .NET: The New Way 375 Summary 378 Project 379 x | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info 14. Application Settings . 392 A Short History of Settings 392 Settings in Visual Basic 2008 394 Summary 400 Project 401 15. Files and Directories . 416 Traditional Visual Basic File Management 417 Manipulating Files Through Streams 418 File Management with the My Namespace 424 Summary 427 Project 428 16. Generics . 433 What Are Generics? 433 Variations of Generic Declaration 436 Summary 442 Project 442 17. LINQ . 448 What Is LINQ? 448 Anonymous Types 450 LINQ to Objects 451 Basic Query Expressions 453 Converting Results to Other Forms 459 Aggregate Queries 459 Advanced Query Expressions 460 LINQ to XML 461 LINQ for ADO.NET-Related Data 463 Deferred Execution 468 Summary 469 Project 470 18. User Interface . 486 Overview of GDI+ 487 Selecting a Canvas 488 Choosing Pens and Brushes 490 Table of Contents | xi www.it-ebooks.info Flowing Text from the Font 493 Imagining Images 497 Exposing Your True Artist 499 Paths: Drawings on Macro-Vision 501 Keeping It Regional 502 Twisting and Turning with Transformations 503 Enhancing Controls Through Owner Draw 505 Windows Presentation Foundation 507 Enhancing Classes with Attributes 510 Summary 511 Project 511 19. Localization and Globalization . 526 Defining Globalization and Localization 526 Resource Files 527 The My.Resources Object 529 Localizing Forms Within Visual Studio 531 Adding Resources Outside Visual Studio 534 Manually Compiling Resources 535 Other Localization Features 537 Summary 538 Project 539 20. Printing . 552 Printing in Windows 553 Printing in .NET 554 Printing a Document 557 Print Preview 559 Counting and Numbering Pages 561 Printing in “Raw” Mode 563 Summary 564 Project 564 21. Reporting . 581 Report Options in .NET 581 Using Reporting Controls in .NET 584 Summary 597 Project 597 xii | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info 22. Licensing Your Application . 611 Software Licensing Options 611 License Agreements 615 Obfuscation 616 The Library Licensing System 618 Summary 621 Project 622 23. Web Development . 642 How the Internet Works 642 Programming the Internet 644 ASP.NET Features 645 Trying Out ASP.NET 646 More About Events 653 State and View State 654 Data Validation 655 Database Integration 657 Windows Communication Foundation 658 Summary 663 Project 663 24. Adding Online Help . 672 Windows Online Help Options 672 Designing HTML Help 674 Accessing HTML Help 680 Summary 683 Project 683 25. Deployment . 689 What’s Involved in Deployment? 689 Deployment Methods Within Visual Studio 690 Summary 700 Project 700 26. Project Complete . 711 The Library Project 711 Visual Basic Flexibility 714 The Programming Mindset 716 Summary 717 Table of Contents | xiii www.it-ebooks.info A. Installing the Software . 719 B. Software License Agreement . 722 Index . 725 xiv | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info Preface1 Welcome to Programming Visual Basic 2008! I know you’re going to enjoy it; I’ve read it five times already. You’re probably anxious to get to Chapter 1, but I recom- mend you read this preface to make sure you paid for the right book. Who Is Reading This Book? Writing a book is a lot like writing a Visual Basic application. Well, except for the part about finding a publisher, and working with an editor. And then there’s that pesky rule about correct spelling. Come to think of it, they’re really quite different. But in one way, books and programs are similar: both are written to meet the needs of the user. When writing software applications, the user’s needs drive the organiza- tion and features of the final program.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Delimited Escape Sequences
    Delimited escape sequences Document #: D2290R2 Date: 2021-07-15 Programming Language C++ Audience: EWG, SG-22 Reply-to: Corentin Jabot <[email protected]> Abstract We propose an additional, clearly delimited syntax for octal, hexadecimal and universal character name escape sequences. Revisions R2 • Improve wording • Add a note about feature macros (we do not need one) • Mention that a paper will be submitted to the C committee R1 • Remove obsolete note about wording Motivation universal-character-name escape sequences As their name does not indicate, universal-character-name escape sequences represent Uni- code scalar values, using either 4, or 8 hexadecimal digits, which is either 16 or 32 bits. However, the Unicode codespace is limited to 0-0x10FFFF, and all currently assigned code- points can be written with 5 or less hexadecimal digits (Supplementary Private Use Area-B non-withstanding). As such, the ~50% of codepoints that needs 5 hexadecimal digits to be expressed are currently a bit awkward to write: \U0001F1F8. 1 Octal and hexadecimal escape sequences have variable length \1, \01, \001 are all valid escape sequences. \17 is equivalent to 0x0F while \18 is equivalent to "0x01" "8" While octal escape sequences accept 1 to 3 digits as arguments, hexadecimal sequences accept an arbitrary number of digits applying the maximal much principle. This is how the Microsoft documentation describes this problem: Unlike octal escape constants, the number of hexadecimal digits in an escape sequence is unlimited. A hexadecimal escape sequence terminates at the first character that is not a hexadecimal digit. Because hexadecimal digits include the letters a through f, care must be exercised to make sure the escape sequence terminates at the intended digit.
    [Show full text]
  • Lexical Structure
    j.book Page 13 Monday, May 23, 2005 11:36 AM CHAPTER 3 Lexical Structure Lexicographer: A writer of dictionaries, a harmless drudge. —Samuel Johnson, Dictionary (1755) THIS chapter specifies the lexical structure of the Java programming language. Programs are written in Unicode (§3.1), but lexical translations are provided (§3.2) so that Unicode escapes (§3.3) can be used to include any Unicode charac- ter using only ASCII characters. Line terminators are defined (§3.4) to support the different conventions of existing host systems while maintaining consistent line numbers. The Unicode characters resulting from the lexical translations are reduced to a sequence of input elements (§3.5), which are white space (§3.6), comments (§3.7), and tokens. The tokens are the identifiers (§3.8), keywords (§3.9), literals (§3.10), separators (§3.11), and operators (§3.12) of the syntactic grammar. 3.1 Unicode Programs are written using the Unicode character set. Information about this character set and its associated character encodings may be found at: http://www.unicode.org The Java platform tracks the Unicode specification as it evolves. The precise ver- sion of Unicode used by a given release is specified in the documentation of the class Character. Versions of the Java programming language prior to 1.1 used Unicode version 1.1.5. Upgrades to newer versions of the Unicode Standard occurred in JDK 1.1 (to Unicode 2.0), JDK 1.1.7 (to Unicode 2.1), J2SE 1.4 (to Unicode 3.0), and J2SE 5.0 (to Unicode 4.0). The Unicode standard was originally designed as a fixed-width 16-bit charac- ter encoding.
    [Show full text]
  • Delimited Escape Sequences
    Delimited escape sequences Document #: N2785 Date: 2021-07-28 Project: Programming Language C Audience: Application programmers Proposal category: New feature Reply-to: Corentin Jabot <[email protected]> Aaron Ballman <[email protected]> Abstract We propose an additional, clearly delimited syntax for octal, hexadecimal and universal character name escape sequences to clearly delimit the boundaries of the escape sequence. WG21 has shown an interest in adjusting this feature, and this proposal is intended to keep C and C++ in alignment. This feature is a pure extension to the language that should not impact existing code. Motivation universal-character-name escape sequences As their name does not indicate, universal-character-name escape sequences represent Uni- code scalar values, using either 4, or 8 hexadecimal digits, which is either 16 or 32 bits. However, the Unicode codespace is limited to 0-0x10FFFF, and all currently assigned code- points can be written with 5 or less hexadecimal digits (Supplementary Private Use Area-B non-withstanding). As such, the ~50% of codepoints that need 5 hexadecimal digits to be expressed are currently a bit awkward to write: \U0001F1F8. Octal and hexadecimal escape sequences have variable length \1, \01, \001 are all valid escape sequences. \17 is equivalent to "0x0F" while \18 is equivalent to "0x01" "8" While octal escape sequences accept 1 to 3 digits as arguments, hexadecimal sequences accept an arbitrary number of digits applying the maximal much principle. This is how the Microsoft documentation describes this problem: 1 Unlike octal escape constants, the number of hexadecimal digits in an escape sequence is unlimited.
    [Show full text]
  • Character Data
    CHARACTER DATA A variable of the data type char can hold one keyboard character. Its value is stored in memory as a 16-bit binary code using the Unicode encoding scheme. Unicode has 65,536 codes of which approximately 35,000 are in use. It is designed to handle all characters in all written languages. Character literals are typed as single quotation marks (') delimiting a single keyboard character. Example Unicode value shown in hexadecimal char a, b, c, d, e; a 0063 a = 'c'; b 0032 b = '2'; c 006E c = 'n'; d 0025 d = '%'; e 0022 e = '"'; Inside a character literal, you sometimes need to specify a character that is either invisible (e.g. a line ending) or cannot be found on many keyboards (e.g. the symbol £). To do this, you use an escape sequence. The syntax is: \u character code character code is the 4-digit hexadecimal Unicode value denoting the desired character. Example This code fragment outputs Temperature:70°F. char degreeSymbol = '\u00B0'; int temp = 70; System.out.println("Temperature:" + temp + degreeSymbol + "F"); Example This code fragment outputs London Pizza £9.25. double price = 9.25; System.out.println( "London Pizza " + '\u00A3' + price ); Character Data Page 1 Since the ' delimits a character literal, you must use the escape character if you want the ' to stand for itself. Since the \ signals an escape character, you must use two together if you want it to stand for itself. The line ending character is the special escape sequence \n. Example Unicode value shown in hexadecimal char a, b, c; a 0027 a = '\''; b 005C b = '\\'; c 000A c = '\n'; Beginner Errors using Character Data Examples char letter = "n"; Error! " cannot delimit a character literal.
    [Show full text]
  • C Programming Tutorial
    C Programming Tutorial C PROGRAMMING TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com i COPYRIGHT & DISCLAIMER NOTICE All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws. This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy of the site or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at [email protected] ii Table of Contents C Language Overview .............................................................. 1 Facts about C ............................................................................................... 1 Why to use C ? ............................................................................................. 2 C Programs .................................................................................................. 2 C Environment Setup ............................................................... 3 Text Editor ................................................................................................... 3 The C Compiler ............................................................................................ 3 Installation on Unix/Linux ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Visual Basic .NET Language
    Visual Basic .NET Language #vb.net Table of Contents About 1 Chapter 1: Getting started with Visual Basic .NET Language 2 Remarks 2 Versions 2 Examples 2 Hello World 2 Hello World on a Textbox upon Clicking of a Button 3 Region 4 Creating a simple Calculator to get familiar with the interface and code. 5 Chapter 2: Array 13 Remarks 13 Examples 13 Array definition 13 Zero-Based 13 Declare a single-dimension array and set array element values 14 Array initialization 14 Multidimensional Array initialization 14 Jagged Array Initialization 14 Null Array Variables 15 Referencing Same Array from Two Variables 15 Non-zero lower bounds 15 Chapter 3: BackgroundWorker 17 Examples 17 Using BackgroundWorker 17 Accessing GUI components in BackgroundWorker 18 Chapter 4: ByVal and ByRef keywords 19 Examples 19 ByVal keyword 19 ByRef keyword 19 Chapter 5: Classes 21 Introduction 21 Examples 21 Creating classes 21 Abstract Classes 21 Chapter 6: Conditions 23 Examples 23 IF...Then...Else 23 If operator 23 Chapter 7: Connection Handling 25 Examples 25 Public connection property 25 Chapter 8: Console 26 Examples 26 Console.ReadLine() 26 Console.WriteLine() 26 Console.Write() 26 Console.Read() 26 Console.ReadKey() 27 Prototype of command line prompt 27 Chapter 9: Data Access 29 Examples 29 Read field from Database 29 Simple Function to read from Database and return as DataTable 30 Get Scalar Data 31 Chapter 10: Date 32 Examples 32 Converting (Parsing) a String to a Date 32 Converting a Date To A String 32 Chapter 11: Debugging your application 33 Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • UTF and Character, Wide Character, Wide Wide Character Unicode
    ER for ADA 2018-01-03 1(9) Enhancement Request for ADA John-Eric Söderman Summary 1. A more strict specification of &-operator 2. Wide_Wide_String literal (page 6 ) 3. Wide_Wide_Character literal (page 6 ) Examples are based on the work with the GNAT compiler. The request is directed to the standard, because the change of the compiler should be the result of changes in the standard. In this request the Y2018, with it’s sub package “Y2018.Text” should not be considered as a part of the request for change. Problem (1) Facts and the standard The “&” operator should result in an array type. Here are some not so clear questions 1. if left argument is a non-array type and right argument is an array type or a container type then the result should be an array type of the left argument (and not a container type) 2. if left argument is an array type and right argument is of the a array type or a container type then the result should be of the same array type as the left argument 3. if left argument is a container type and right argument is of the a array type or a container type then the result should be of the same container type as the left argument 4. the container types are not array types. Because you cannot specify a simple array indexing to a container type (ct.Element(I) is not the same as ct(I) ) There seems to be some confusion about this in the ADA Standard package and in the GNAT library.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit II PYTHON  VARIABLES and OPERATORS
    CHAPTER 5 Unit II PYTHON VARIABLES AND OPERATORS Learning Objectives Aft er studying this lesson, students will be able to: • Appreciate the use of Graphical User Interface (GUI) and Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for creating Python programs. • Work in Interactive & Script mode for programming. • Create and assign values to variables. • Understand the concept and usage of diff erent data types in Python. • Appreciate the importance and usage of diff erent types of operators (Arithmetic, Relational and Logical) • Creating Python expression (s) and statement (s). 5.1 Introduction Python is a general purpose programming language created by Guido Van Rossum from CWI (Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica) which is a National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in Netherlands. Th e language was released in I991. Python got its name from a BBC comedy series from seventies- “Monty Python’s Flying Circus”. Python supports both Procedural and Object Oriented programming approaches. 5.2 Key features of Python It is a general purpose programming language which can be used for both scientifi c and non-scientifi c programming. It is a platform independent programming language. Th e programs written in Python are easily readable and understandable. 47 The version 3.x of Python IDLE (Integrated Development Learning Environment) is used to develop and run Python code. It can be downloaded from the web resource www.python.org. 5.3 Programming in Python In Python, programs can be written in two ways namely Interactive mode and Script mode. The Interactive mode allows us to write codes in Python command prompt (>>>) whereas in script mode programs can be written and stored as separate file with the extension .py and executed.
    [Show full text]
  • Python Programming Basics Introduction to Python: Python Is an Easy to Learn, Powerful Programming Language
    VI Sem B.Sc / BCA 1 Programming Basics Python Programming Basics Introduction to Python: Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It combines the features of C and JAVA. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms. Python is open source software, which means anybody can freely download it from www.python.org and use it to develop programs. Its source code can be accessed and modified as required in the projects. Features of python: 1. Simple: Python is a simple and minimalistic language. Reading a good Python program feels almost like reading English language. It means more clarity and less stress on understanding the syntax of the language. It allows you to concentrate on the solution to the problem rather than the language itself. 2. Easy to learn: Python uses very few keywords. Python has an extraordinarily simple syntax and simple program structure. 3. Open Source: There is no need to pay for Python software. Python is FLOSS (Free/Library and Open Source Software). It can be free downloaded from www.python.org website. Its source can be read, modified and used in programs as desired by the programmers. 4. High level language: When you write programs in Python, you never need to bother about the low-level details such as managing the memory used by your program, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to CPP Programming
    Introduction to CPP Programming Que.1. What is meant by IDE [Marks :(5)] Briefly describe the C++ IDE and its important features Ans. An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE normally consists of a source code editor, build automation tools, and a debugger. Most modern IDEs have intelligent code completion. Que.2. What is a literal? [Marks :(5)] List and explain the different types of literals Ans. Literals (often referred to as constants) are data items that never change their value during the execution of the program. The following types of literals are available in C++. Integer-Constants Character-constants Floating-constants Strings-constants Integer Constants Integer constants are whole number without any fractional part. C++ allows three types of integer constants. Decimal integer constants : It consists of sequence of digits and should not begin with 0 (zero). For example 124, - 179, +108. Octal integer constants: It consists of sequence of digits starting with 0 (zero). For example. 014, 012. Hexadecimal integer constant: It consists of sequence of digits preceded by ox or OX. Character constants A character constant in C++ must contain one or more characters and must be enclosed in single quotation marks. For example 'A', '9', etc. C++ allows nongraphic characters which cannot be typed directly from keyboard, e.g., backspace, tab, carriage return etc. These characters can be represented by using an escape sequence. An escape sequence represents a single character. Floating constants They are also called real constants. They are numbers having fractional parts.
    [Show full text]
  • Python Programming – Sbsa1202
    SCHOOL OF COMPUTING DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PYTHON PROGRAMMING – SBSA1202 1 UNIT I Overview of Programming: Structure of a Python Program, Elements of Python. 1. OVERVIEW OF PROGRAMMING Before getting into computer programming, let us first understand computer programs and what they do. A computer program is a sequence of instructions written using a Computer Programming Language to perform a specified task by the computer. The two important terms that we have used in the above definition are - ✓ Sequence of instructions ✓ Computer Programming Language To understand these terms, consider a situation when someone asks you about how to go to a nearby KFC. What exactly do you do to tell him the way to go to KFC? You will use Human Language to tell the way to go to KFC, something as, First go straight, after half a kilometer, take left from the red light and then drive around one kilometer and you will find KFC at the right. Here, you have used the English Language to give several steps to be taken to reach KFC. If they are followed in the following sequence, then you will reach KFC − 1. Go straight 2. Drive half kilometer 3. Take left 4. Drive around one kilometer 5. Search for KFC on your right side Now, try to map the situation with a computer program. The above sequence of instructions is a Human Program written in English Language, which instructs on how to reach KFC from a given starting point. This same sequence could have been given in Spanish, Hindi, Arabic, or any other human language provided the person seeking direction knows any of these languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional, Actor Based Programming Language
    Oscar Functional, Actor based Programming Language Manager: Ethan Adams EA2678 ​ Language Guru: Howon Byun HB2458 ​ System Architect: Jibben Lee Grabscheid Hillen JLH2218 ​ System Architect: Vladislav Sergeevich Scherbich VSS2113 ​ Tester: Anthony James Holley AJH2186 ​ Table of Contents Introduction Core Concepts Immutability Actor Lexical Conventions Identifiers Keywords Punctuation Operators Types Programming Structure Introduction We will be implementing an Actor-Oriented Language. We all know there are difficulties associated with parallel computation, namely data collision when multiple threads access the same data. Most often, this requires explicitly defining locks and mutexes to control data access to resolve this issue, which adds significant mental and code overhead. The Actor model is a different approach to this problem that relies on the concept of message-passing between processes. The model simplifies the aforementioned difficulties of multiprocessing by abstracting explicit method calls, and relying on each “actor” to handle tasks and encapsulate mutable data. We would like to construct our language based off Erlang and Akka framework. Core Concepts Immutability Values in Oscar are immutable like Haskell and Ocaml. This means that when a non-atomic value is declared, it cannot be reassigned and function parameters are passed by value. For instance, this is not allowed. int x = 5; x = 4; // error For primitive container types like list, map and set, they have an additional property ​ ​ ​ ​ that re-assigning values returns a new copy of the data structure with those updates applied. list<int> initList == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; list<int> changedList = (initList[3] = -4); changedList == [1, 2, 3, -4, 5]; initList == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; Passing objects by value seems like a massive performance drain.
    [Show full text]