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MARIANA RUPPRECHT ZABLONSKY.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ MARIANA RUPPRECHT ZABLONSKY O DISCURSO DA NAÇÃO SOMALI E A PROPAGANDA NACIONALISTA DURANTE O REGIME MILITAR (1969-1976) CURITIBA 2019 MARIANA RUPPRECHT ZABLONSKY O DISCURSO DA NAÇÃO SOMALI E A PROPAGANDA NACIONALISTA DURANTE O REGIME MILITAR (1969-1976) Dissertação apresentada ao curso de Pós- Graduação em História, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de mestre em História. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Hector Hernandez Rolando Guerra. CURITIBA 2019 TERMO DE APROVAÇÃO ERRATA Zablonsky, Mariana Rupprecht. O Discurso da nação somali e a propaganda nacionalista durante o regime militar (1969-1976). / Mariana Rupprecht Zablonsky. - Curitiba, 2019. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em História do Setor de Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Folha Linha Onde se lê Leia-se 04 04 (1969-1977) (1969-1976) Dedico esta dissertação aos meus avós que sempre estiveram presentes em minha vida e me ajudaram a trilhar este caminho. E a todos os Somalis espalhados pelo globo. AGRADECIMENTOS A pesquisa do mestrado tem duração de dois anos e nesta curta jornada devo muito aos meus amigos e a minha família. Agradeço imensamente o apoio psicológico e financeiro fornecido pelos meus pais, João e Adriana, que sempre acreditaram na minha capacidade de realizar uma pesquisa relevante. Agradeço a minha irmã Joana, a primeira mestre da família, que me incentivou a fazer a pesquisa e me mostrou que conhecimento é um das coisas mais relevantes da vida. Sou grata aos meus grandes amigos Eric, Thais, Andressa que estiveram ao meu lado para ouvir lamentações e me lembraram que ao fim eu me sentiria grata por esta jornada. Agradeço também aos meus colegas de turma da linha Espaço e Sociabilidades que estiveram nesta caminhada em eventos, aulas, idas ao bar e a cafés. Reconheço também a importância fundamental do meu companheiro Gabriel nesta caminhada que me incentivou, lembrou-me constantemente de que eu era capaz, me distraiu quando necessário e me animou quando eu estava sem ânimo. Agradeço imensamente ao professor Hector, sem você esta pesquisa não seria possível. Discutimos horas sobre a Somália, dúvidas e questões foram respondidas mesmo em finais de semana, as críticas sempre foram construtivas e minhas ideias foram sempre apoiadas. Aqui onde estão os homens Dum lado cana de açúcar Do outro lado o cafezal Ao centro senhores sentados Vendo a colheita do algodão tão branco Sendo colhidos por mãos negras Eu quero ver Quando Zumbi chegar O que vai acontecer Zumbi é senhor das guerras Èsenhor das demandas (Zumbi, Jorge Ben Jor) RESUMO Em 1969 a Somália, um país localizado no Chifre da África, sofreu um golpe militar liderado por Siad Barre, um general que havia integrado as polícias coloniais da Somalilândia e da Somália italiana. Nesta pesquisa analisamos nove cartazes de propaganda governamental que compreendem o período entre 1974 -1975. Procuramos conectar a análise dos cartazes à historiografia sobre a Somália neste período. O objetivo do trabalho é debater a construção no nacionalismo na Era Barre, buscando similaridades e descontinuidades em relação ao governo civil. Discutimos também a chegada dos europeus e a colonização desta região, bem como o processo de independência e integração das duas antigas colônias formando a Somália. Utilizamos uma vasta historiografia se valendo, principalmente, de autores Somalis e teóricos do continente africano. Através da interdisciplinaridade almejamos construir um rico debate teórico integrando a antropologia, a ciência política e a história. O trabalho utilizou o modelo teórico de análise historiográfica de Carlo Guinzburg, baseado na investigação de indícios em fontes imagéticas. A narrativa construída não foi conduzida cronologicamente, ela estabelece as práticas políticas dos diferentes governos como um fio condutor da narrativa. Elementos do contexto local, como o processo de descolonização do Chifre da África e os conflitos com a Etiópia foram enfatizado, conectando-os com a conjuntura global de conflito ideológico entre Estados Unidos e União Soviética na chamada Guerra Fria. Os impactos do colonialismo são uma das temáticas centrais da dissertação, assim buscamos demonstrar que eventos que ocorreram durante a colonização foram peças fundamentais para o complexo quebra cabeça que se tornou o continente africano durante as décadas de 1960 e 1970. Nesse sentido, a ação de agentes externos teve grande impacto no processo de independência e contribuiu para a perpetuação de elites coloniais e práticas políticas predatórias aos povos do continente. A Somália não foge a este panorama político e a pesquisa procura demonstrar que os cartazes analisados foram produzidos pelo governo de Siad Barre com o intuito de disseminar um determinado modelo de regime político. Palavras-chave: Somália. Cartazes. Siad Barre. Investigação. Descolonização ABSTRACT In 1969 Somalia, a country located in the Horn of Africa, suffered a military coup led by Siad Barre, a general who had integrated the colonial police of Somaliland and Italian Somalia. In this research we analyzed nine posters of governmental propaganda that comprise the period between 1974 -1975. We have tried to connect the analysis of the posters to the historiography on Somalia in this period. The objective of this work is to discuss the construction of nationalism in the Barre Era, seeking similarities and discontinuities in relation to civil government. We also discussed the arrival of the Europeans and the colonization of this region, as well as the process of independence and integration of the two former colonies forming Somalia. We use a vast historiography drawing to the maximum of Somalis authors and theorists of the African continent. Through interdisciplinarity we aim to build a rich theoretical debate integrating anthropology, political science and history. The paper used the theoretical model of historiographical analysis of Carlo Guinzburg, based on the investigation of clues in imagery sources. The constructed narrative was not conducted chronologically, it establishes the political practices of the different governments as a guiding thread of the narrative. Elements of the local context, such as the process of decolonization of the Horn of Africa and conflicts with Ethiopia, have been emphasized, linking them to the global conjuncture of ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union in the so called Cold War. The impacts of colonialism are one of the central themes of the dissertation, so we try to demonstrate that events that occurred during colonization were fundamental to the complex puzzle that became the African continent during the 1960s and 1970s. In this sense, the action of external agents had great impact on the independence process and contributed to the perpetuation of colonial elites and political practices predatory to the peoples of the continent. Somalia does not escape this political panorama and the research tries to demonstrate that the posters analyzed were produced by the government of Siad Barre with the intention of disseminating a certain model of political regime. Key-words: Somalia. Posters. Siad Barre. Investigation. Decolonization. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Mapa da Somália ............................................................................. 32 Figura 2 - Distribuição clânica no Chifre ........................................................... 33 Figura 3 – Mapa do Chifre da África ................................................................. 36 Figura 4 - Grupos étnicos do Chifre da África .................................................. 37 Figura 5 - Colonização do Chifre da África 1935 .............................................. 40 Figura 6 – Cidade de Asmara, localização da base de Kagnew ...................... 44 Figura 7 - Mapa do Quênia colonial (1926-1963) ............................................. 56 Figura 8 - O território do Estado Dervish no Chifre da África ........................... 63 Figura 9- Bandeira da Somália ......................................................................... 69 Figura 10 – Brasão de armas da Somália italiana (1956-1960) e da Somália . 69 Figura 11 - Brasão de armas da Somália italiana (1963) ................................. 70 Figura 12 - Brasão de armas da Somalilândia britânica (1950) ........................ 71 Figura 13 - Território da Grande Somália (fronteiras aproximadas) ................. 74 Figura 14 – Somalilândia francesa ................................................................... 75 Figura 15 – Região do Ogaden entre Etiópia e Somália .................................. 81 Figura 16 - Desfile na Somália em comemoração aos 15 anos de adoção ao socialismo ......................................................................................................... 83 Figura 17- Desfile na Somália em comemoração aos 15 anos de adoção ao socialismo ......................................................................................................... 83 Figura 18- Desfile na Somália em comemoração aos 15 anos de adoção ao socialismo ......................................................................................................... 84 Figura 19-– Cartaz da República Popular da China fixado em Sanghai em 1967 91 Figura 20 - Cartaz 24 APRIL ............................................................................ 97 Figura 21 – World Bank logo ...........................................................................
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