Research Article Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Sesbania Grandiflora Leaf Extract As Reducing Agent

Hindawi Journal of Nanoscience Volume 2017, Article ID 8348507, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8348507 Research Article Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Sesbania grandiflora Leaf Extract as Reducing Agent Sorna Prema Rajendran and Kandasamy Sengodan Department of Food Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai 638 052, India Correspondence should be addressed to Sorna Prema Rajendran; [email protected] Received 22 June 2016; Accepted 18 December 2016; Published 3 January 2017 Academic Editor: Sanjeeb K. Sahoo Copyright © 2017 S. P. Rajendran and K. Sengodan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The objectives of this present study are to synthesize iron oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles from different concentrations of Sesbania grandiflora leaf extract (5–20%) using zinc nitrate and ferrous chloride as precursor materials and synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectrometer, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and SEM. The results showed that synthesized zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited UV-visible absorption peaks at 235 nm and 220 nm, respectively, which indicated that both nanoparticles were photosensitive and the XRD study confirmed that both nanoparticles were crystalline in nature. In addition, FTIR was also used to analyze the various functional groups present in the synthesized nanoparticles. The SEM results reveal that zinc oxide nanoparticles were spherical in shape and having the particle size range of 15 to 35 nm whereas the iron oxide nanoparticles were nonspherical in shape with the size range of 25 to 60 nm. Application of synthesized nanoparticle on seafood effluent treatment was studied. 1. Introduction Sesbania grandiflora belongs to the family of Fabaceae and commonly known as agati in Tamil and humming bird tree in In the last decade biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles English, leaf of the plant consumed as a green leaf vegetable has received increasing attention due to their potential prop- in India. All the parts of plant are widely used in traditional erties such as optical, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, and Ayurvedic medicine to treat the broad spectrum of dis- chemical properties and hence has incredible applications in ease including tumor, liver disorder, constipation, intestine the field of physics, chemistry, medicine, biology, agriculture, inflammation, urinary infection, and intestine inflammation food processing, and so forth [1]. Wide varieties of methods [16]. The leaves are good source of phytochemicals such as have been reported for synthesis of zinc oxide and iron oxide phenolic acids, polyphenol, and flavanoid [17]. nanoparticlessuchascoprecipitationtechnique[2],thermal An extensive literature survey shows that there is no decomposition methods [3], hydrothermal technique [4], sol research report available for synthesis of zinc oxide and iron gel method [5], and electrochemical methods [6]. However oxide nanoparticle using commercially available Sesbania these methods are energy consuming, using hazardous sol- grandiflora leaf extract, so that the present study discusses vents and expensive reagents in their preparation [7, 8]; there- the plant mediated green synthesis of zinc oxide and iron fore the rising needs to develop eco-friendly green method oxide nanoparticles using Sesbania grandiflora leaf extract for nanoparticle preparation [9]. Recently plant mediated whichisusedasareducingagenttoconverttheprecur- green synthesis of different nanoparticles from various plants sors into nanoparticles. In addition to that the synthesized such as Cassia alata [10], Camellia sinensis [11], Mangifera nanoparticles are characterized with the aid of UV-visible indica [12], Azadirachta indica [13], Syzygium cumini [14], and spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray Ocimum basilicum [15] has been reported. diffractometer, and scanning electron microscope. 2 Journal of Nanoscience 2. Materials and Methods 4 3.5 3.592 2.1. Raw Material. Zinc nitrate and ferrous chloride were 3 purchased from, Hi Media, India. Sesbania grandiflora leaves 2.5 were obtained from the local market near Perundurai, Tamil 2 Nadu,India.Allthechemicalsusedinthisstudywere 1.5 analytical grade. Absorbance 1 0.5 2.2.PreparationofLeafExtract. The fresh leaves were washed 0 with running tap water in order to remove the impurities 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 adhering on the surface of the leaves. Then the leaves gently Wavelength (nm) were wiped by the filter paper, known amount of leaves (5– 5% LE 15% LE 20 g) was added to 250 ml beaker, and 100 ml distilled water 10% LE 20% LE ∘ was added and kept at 60 Cinatemperaturecontrolledhot Figure 1: UV-visible spectrum for ZnO nanoparticles. plate until the color of the water was turned to green color. Then the extract was cooled at room temperature, filtered (Whatman number 1 filter paper), and stored for further 4 experimental analysis. 3.768 3.5 3 2.3. Preparation of Nanoparticles. Aknownamountof (50 ml) filtered leaf extract of different concentrations was 2.5 ∘ taken in the beakers and heated at 60 Cinatemperature 2 controlled hot plate. Then 5 g of precursor (zinc nitrate for zinc oxide nanoparticles and ferrous chloride for iron oxide Absorbance 1.5 nanoparticles) was added to the heated leaf extract and stirred 1 well using a glass rod until the mixture was turned to paste form (yellow color: zinc oxide nanoparticle, black color: iron 0.5 oxide). The paste was collected carefully in ceramic crucibles 0 ∘ andkeptinamufflefurnaceat500C for 2 h in order to 180 205 230 255 280 305 330 remove the organic impurities present in the paste. After Wavelength (nm) 2 h, the synthesized nanoparticles present in the crucible 5% LE 15% LE were taken and stored in an airtight container for future 10%LE 20% LE experimental work. Figure 2: UV-visible spectrum for Fe3O4 nanoparticles. 2.4. Characterization of Nanoparticles. The characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles from different concentra- 3. Results and Discussions tions of Sesbania grandiflora leaf extracts using precursors (zinc nitrate and ferrous chloride) was characterized using 3.1. UV-Visible Spectroscopy. Nanoparticles were prepared UV-visible spectrometer, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and scan- using different leaf extract concentrations (5–20%), charac- ning electron microscopy. Optical properties of synthesized terized using UV-visible spectrometer, and the results were nanoparticles were examined using double beam UV-visible shown in Figures 1 and 2. From the results, it was observed spectrometer (Elico spectral treats version 2.2) with a spectral thatmaximumabsorptionpeakwasfoundat235nmforzinc range of 190–400 nm. Functional groups present in the oxide nanoparticles and 220 nm for iron oxide nanoparticles, synthesized nanoparticles were found by FTIR spectrometer −1 −1 respectively. This could be due to the excitation of nanopar- (Shimadzu) at a region of 4000 cm to 400 cm using KBr ticles from ground state to excited state [8]. The increasing −1 pellet method with a resolution of 4 cm .X-raydiffraction concentration of leaf extract enhanced the phytochemical pattern was obtained from Seifert XRD 3003 diffractometer content of the extract and it can reduce the precursor quickly having the Cu-K radiation source which was used to confirm which leads to increasing the formation of nanoparticles the presence of green synthesized nanoparticles. The samples rapidly and enhancing the absorbance value [19]. ∘ were scanned in the 2 ranges of 10 to 70 Cwiththescanrate Actual band gap wavelength of zinc oxide and iron oxide ∘ of 0.04 /sec and the average particle size was also to be calcu- was 388 nm and 370 nm, respectively, which was higher than lated from the diffractogram using Debye-Scherrer’s formula 235 nm and 220 nm (Figures 1 and 2) which may be due [18]. The structural morphology of prepared nanoparticles to agglomeration and settling of nanoparticles in a cuvette was carried out by JSM 6360 scanning electron microscope which cause decreasing the absorption of radiation. Similar with an accelerating voltage between 10 and 20 KV under the kind of result was found by [20] synthesizing the zinc oxide vacuum condition. nanoparticles by micro emulsion method. Journal of Nanoscience 3 120 100 100 610 95 2895 80 1178 90 60 773 T 3400 % 85 1641 40 Intensity (cps) Intensity 1650.3 20 80 1386 0 75 440 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ∘ 2 Theta ( ) (Scan Axis: 2 :1 sym.) 800 600 400 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 3600 1/cm Figure 5: XRD pattern of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Figure 3: FTIR spectrum for zinc oxide nanoparticles. 30 100 1388 95 1700 1039 915 20 1850 90 1649 669 T Intensity (cps) Intensity % 85 10 80 75 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ∘ 70 2 Theta ( ) (Scan Axis: 2 :1 sym.) 800 600 400 Figure 6: XRD pattern of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. 1000 1200 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1/cm Figure 4: FTIR spectrum for Fe3O4 nanoparticles. −1 −1 1649 cm and 1039 cm were corresponding to the >C=O − asymmetric stretching and COO symmetric stretching [27]. From the UV-visible spectrometer analysis concluded that zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles had an intense 3.3. X-Ray Diffraction. Synthesized zinc oxide and iron oxide ∼ nanoparticles from 20% leaf extract concentration were char- absorbance at 250 nm which indicates that

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