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A Look at Church History

A Look at Church History

What is ? Who is Church? The church is a sign of the mystery of God’s love. In the church, we share a journey of faith. God has made known to us the mystery of his will… to gather up all things in him, things in heaven and things on earth.

Ephesians 1:9a, 10b The church is our home, where we are the family of God.

How does the church offer you a home- like place? When we care for a lamb, we are tender and careful.

How do you experience God caring for you in the same way? A look at Church History

• From to Benedict XVI What is CHURCH?

• The mystical Body of —St. Paul • The Vine and the Branches—Jesus as told by John • God’s Family—Ephesians • God’s building—Psalms, Matthew and Corinthians • Jesus’ Little Flock—The shepherd parable • The —Vatican II What is CHURCH?

• Our church is one just like our God is one. • It is holy, as Divine Love is holy. • It is , meaning universal • It is built on the foundation of the twelve apostles. : Birth of the Church • On the fiftieth day after Jesus’ death, Jesus kept his promise and sent the advocate, The . Three thousand were added to the fold that day. Early Church: 30-80 AD A Jewish sect

• Communal life • A refuge for widows and children • Missionary in nature • The services were in the homes Rapid spread • Strong infrastructure • World was at peace • Spiritual unrest Conversion of Paul 40’s AD

• Among the Jewish leadership • Watchdog of the faith • A tent maker • On the road to The (49AD)

• Development of the – Apostles creed • What do we do with Gentiles? – Jewish laws • Circumcision • Dietary • Sexual ethics. Early Leadership • Five Christian centers: Jerusalem, , Antioch, Byzantium, and Early Missions • Paul – Missionary journeys – Many letters – Imprison- ment Persecutions

• Under the emperor Nero – Persecutions of in Rome 60’s AD (CE) – Martyrdom of Peter and Paul 63 AD (CE) Destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple • Destruction of Jerusalem 70 AD (CE) Destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple • The Western or Wailing Wall Today The

Writing of the Gospels 65-100 AD (CE) At least 30 years after Jesus • Mark: 55-65 Gentile audience • Matthew 60-75 Jewish audience • Luke 60-75 Greek audience • John 90+ General audience (40-80 CE)

• Writing of the Epistles: 40-80’s • Paul • John • Peter A Persecuted Church 60- 313 AD • Second Century – Authority – Scriptures, – Creed, and – Hierarchy A Persecuted Church 60- 313 AD • and apologists (defenders of the faith) • • Heresies An Accepted Church

• , February 313 – Constantine – Allowed religious freedom – Did not alienate the pagan practices at first – Returned land and gave generous donations. – Allowed clerics important privileges – Changed laws to be more ―Christian‖ – Passed on title of Supreme Pontiff An Accepted Church

• What about Church leadership. We use to have four seats of leadership, now we have a ! What’s next… …..A council An Accepted Church

• Council of Nicea 325 – Called by Constantine to unify the church – 300 gathered – Defined the nature of God – We got a creed An Accepted Church

• – Athanasius (295- 373) • Drew parallels between and others from the OT and Christ. An Accepted Church

• Church Fathers – Ephraem of Nisibis (306-373) • God became man so that we might share in his immortality. An Accepted Church

• Church Fathers – Basil of Ceasarea (330-379) • Organized charity (famine) • Organized community living (monastic life) • Concerned for unity and in the church An Accepted Church

• Church Fathers – Gregory of (335-394) • All will know that you are a Christian by the love you show for your neighbor An Accepted Church

• Church Fathers – (354-407) • Every Christian must be concerned for the of his brothers An Accepted Church

• Church Fathers – of Milan (333-397) • Advice on prayer, pray often and pray alone • Set up help for the poor • Introduced singing to the Western church An Accepted Church

• Church Fathers – (347-420) • All will know that you are a Christian by the love you show for your neighbor. • Revised the text of the () An Accepted Church

• Church Fathers – Augustine (354-430) • St. Augustine, of Hippo remains one of the most influential authors of church doctrine, and the continued transmission and relevance of his texts for almost 1600 years serve as witness to his broad influence. While the author of many works, he is most well known for his biographical and his master work An Accepted Church • Church : Benedict – Founder of western , born at Nursia, c. 480; died at Monte Cassino in 543 Benedict was the son of a Roman noble of Nursia, a small town near Spoleto, and a tradition, which St. accepts, makes him a twin with his sister Scholastica. His boyhood was spent in Rome, where he lived with his parents and attended the schools until he had reached his higher studies. An Accepted Church

Council of Chalcedon 451 • two natures of Christ, Christ is one person in two natures. • Primacy of the Bishop of Rome When we put on Christ like a garment, we become “other Christs” to each other.

How do you experience this? As you…have received Christ…continue to live your lives in him, rooted and built up in him…abounding in thanksgiving.

Colossians 2:6 The Rise and Fall of 500-1500 • The – For the first three centuries Rome persecuted Christians – Then for the next two, Rome and the Christian church blended. – But the empire was very sick in the 500s The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • Barbarian Invasions • Monasticism and Missionary work • Islam • • Holy The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • East West conflict – War over – Emperor Leo III (726) destroyed an . – Language misunderstandings – Close to Islam – Purification of popular religion The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • Church Fathers – Cyril and Methodius The princes of the Slavs ask for master educators to teach them Christian ways . They did good work. Developed an alphabet for the Slavonic language that eventually became what is known as the Cyrillic today. The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • East West conflict The West or Roman The East or Greek •Doctrine and faith were •The ritual was faith in action. separated •To change the liturgy meant •Changes in liturgy and changing faith standards were being •Bishops and were developed and mandated. celibate –but not the priests • was the norm (or at least married men renounced sexual relations with their wives. The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • Christendom 1100-1300 – Society and church intertwined – Importance of the Papacy The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • The Papacy • The • Monasticism The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • for the average person – • Usually a few days after birth • Everyone in western civilization was baptized – Confession • Required to confess at least once a year – • Even the very pious received Eucharist only a few times in their life. • Seeing the host elevated was believed to grant special virtues. – Matrimony • As of the 13th century it becomes part of the seven sacraments • Most did not understand the Latin ritual The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • Religious education for the average person – Most learned by osmosis – Parents were to teach • The Our Father • The Ten Commandment • Seven deadly sins • Seven cardinal virtues • Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit • Seven – Pilgrimages became important The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • Religious Art – Honor and devotion to God – Education for the masses The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • Challenge and defense (1100-1300) – Defending the Holy Places – Challenges • Jews and discrimination (no, Hitler learned from us) – Missions to China – Anyone disagreeing with the church is a heretic. – Some grass roots groups were seeking to find and live the truth, however with them being lay groups they didn’t have supervision. The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • Church Fathers – Dominic 1170-1221 • All the evidence goes to show that St. Dominic was a man of remarkable attractiveness of character and broadness of vision; he had the deepest compassion for every sort of human suffering. The order that he founded was a formative factor in the religious and intellectual life of later medieval Europe; its diffusion is now world-wide. The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • Church Fathers – 1181-1226 • Born of a wealthy textile merchant. He heard the call and took on poverty bring Christ to the poor. He rebuilt the church at St. Damian. Many others joined him as fries dedicated to helping the needy and building the church. The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • Church Fathers – – Born to an aristocratic family living in Roccasecca, Italy, Thomas Aquinas joined the while studying philosophy and at Naples. Later he pursued additional studies in Paris where he was exposed to Aristotelean thought by Albert the Great and William of Moerbeke. The Rise and Fall of Christendom 500-1500 • The real world – War • One hundred year War – Plague • Over a third of Europeans died in the Black Death – Death • As people tried to explain their grief, they scapegoated the Jews The and and it affect • Much of Europe is becoming nation states. • Great militaries • With the Great Schism and the conciliar crisis the papacy has lost some of it’s power The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • 1483- – Martin was a – Saw injustice in the church – Talked with leadership and was ignored The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • Luther’s 95 theses 1517 – 1. Repent! – 4. remains while self hate remains – 8. Penance can only be imposed on the living – 27. Believed one can buy their way out of purgatory is wrong – 50. The pope would not approve of the selling of . – 62. The true measure of the church is the sacrosanct of the glory and grace of God. The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • Luther’s 95 theses 1517 – Faith and Works – One can go to heaven with faith alone – One can go to heaven with faith and good works The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • – Born to an upper middle class family in France, John Calvin emerged as one of the most important figures of the Reformation. The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • John Calvin – Having studied for the priesthood at Paris in his youth, Calvin turned his attentions to civil and law in Orleans when his father became disaffected with the . Calvin showed an early predilection for theology and for the study of Greek and Hebrew. Exposed to the ideas of Luther while he was still in Paris, Calvin's writing indicate that he had definitely moved into the Protestant camp by 1533. On November 1 of that year, he delivered a speech in which he attacked the established church and called for reforms. The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • The Church in England – Although the other two looked at a change in theology. King Henry VIII wanted a divorce. – , July 6, 1535 was executed. The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • 1545-1563 – No council had ever achieve so much. – It defined a large number of points of which had never been precisely defined in the past and demanded reforms in all the areas of pastoral care. The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • Decisions from the Council of Trent – Holy Scripture is inspired – Free will over – There are seven sacraments and all instituted by Christ. – The real presence in both the bread broken and in the cup shared. – Mass must be celebrated in Latin and with an ordained clergy member The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • Decisions from the Council of Trent – There is a holy priesthood founded by Jesus. – We must educate . – One must marry in the presence of a priest The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • Church Fathers – St. was born in 1491 in Azpeitia in the Basque province of Guipuzcoa in northern Spain. He was the youngest of thirteen children. The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • Church Mother – St. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) • A • a mystic • Founded the many Carmelite convents The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • Religious Revolution – Church leadership – More education – Less power for the Pope – – (heresy) The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • Philosophical Revolution “ I think therefore I am” Descartes – – A moral – liberalism The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • Scientific Revolution – The sun and earth? Revolution – Darwin – Travel, missions – Medical knowledge The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • Political Revolution: American and French 18th century – Separation of faith and power The Reformation and Western Schism and it affect • 1860’s Italy unites the whole peninsula Pope loses the Papal States: political power

• 1869-70 First Vatican Council – God is not of the same substance as anything else – The one true God can be seen in good works – Science cannot answer everything – Social Encyclicals

• Social Encyclicals , Pope Leo XIII May 15, 1891) – For the workers Ecumenical Movement begins 1900’s • We were converted by our missionaries. • We were forever changed by our wars • We learned of other cultures. Pope John XXIII 1959-63

• was born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli at Sotto il Monte, Italy, in the Diocese of Bergamo on 25 November 1881. He was the fourth in a family of 14. The family worked as sharecroppers. He entered the Bergamo in 1892. • From 1901 to 1905 he was a student at the Pontifical Roman Seminary. On 10 August 1904 he was ordained a priest in the church of Santa Maria in Monte Santo in Rome's Piazza del Popolo. He was an elegant, profound, effective and sought-after preacher. Pope John XXIII 1959-63

• When Italy went to war in 1915 he was drafted as a sergeant in the medical corps and became a chaplain to wounded soldiers. When the war ended, he opened a "Student House" for the spiritual needs of young people. • On 19 March 1925 he was ordained Bishop and left for Bulgaria. and abandonment to Jesus crucified. • In 1935 he was named Apostolic Delegate in and Greece • . When the Second World War broke out he was in Greece. He tried to get news from the prisoners of war to their families and assisted many Jews to escape by issuing "transit visas" from the Apostolic Delegation. In December 1944 Pius XII appointed him Nuncio in France. • At the death of Pius XII he was elected Pope on 28 October 1958, taking the name John XXIII. His pontificate, which lasted less than five years, presented him to the entire world as an authentic image of the Good Shepherd. Pope John XXIII died on the evening of 3 June 1963, in a spirit of profound trust in Jesus and of longing for his embrace. 1962-65 Dialogue with Catholic • Dialogue with other Christians • Dialogue with all people Vatican II

Vatican II is a revolution that can only be compared to Copernicus’ proving that the earth goes around the sun, not vice versa—and its deepening of the Church’s consciousness of who we really are. --Karl Rahner Vatican II

Religious Liberty All people are from one community There is hope for all people to be chosen by God. We must dialogue with the world Pope Paul VI 1963-1978

Finished Vatican II Humanae Vitae www.vatican.va 1978

The September Pope Pope John Paul II 1978- 2005 Most traveled Most named Most prolific writer Loved for a generation Pope Benedict 2005-present

Cardinal Ratzinger, Prefect of Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , President of the Pontifical Biblical Commission and International Theological Commission, Dean of the , was born on 16 April 1927 in Marktl am Inn, Germany. He was ordained a priest on 29 June 1951. Pope Benedict 2005-present

From 1946 to 1951, the year in which he was ordained a priest and began to teach, he studied philosophy and theology at the University of Munich and at the higher school in Freising. In March 1977, Paul VI elected him of Munich and Freising and on 28 May 1977 he was consecrated, the first diocesan priest after 80 years to take over the pastoral ministry of this large Bavarian diocese. On 25 November 1981 he was nominated by John Paul II Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith; President of the Biblical Commission and of the Pontifical International Theological Commission. One Holy Catholic and Apolistic ONE

• It is important for us Christians to remain in unity. – Charity – Profession of faith – Common worship – Succession of bishops and leadership HOLY

• The church is founded in love, and only in love. And because of this, it is holy– the holy people of God. – The Spirit fills us with divine love calling us to be holy as God is holy. – Love is the vocation which includes all others CATHOLIC

• The church is Universal – Where Christ is, there is the church – Rome holds our various communities together – Christians, baptized and faithful who live in a certain,but not quite complete communion with the – Orthodox churches this communion is so strong that shared Eucharist is possible. CATHOLIC

• The church is Universal – And those who have not received the Good News are also treated to the People of God. – We are closely linked to the Jewish people because they were first to hear the Word. – We are also connected with the Muslins of the world who share belief in one God, and who share the faith of APOSTOLIC

• The church is strives to announce the Good News – That God is Divine Love, – That the Kingdom of God is near – That God is revealed in Christ – And that the Spirit of Love remains with us… APOSTOLIC

• The church is strives to announce the Good News – That God is Divine Love, – That the Kingdom of God is near – That God is revealed in Christ – And that the Spirit of Love remains with us… APOSTOLIC

• The church is strives to announce the Good News – The church is connected to Jesus’ own apostles who were the first witnesses and were sent on mission – The church hands on a living tradition of faith – Through the bishops in union with the pope, the church continues to teach, make holy ,and be guided by the Holy Spirit. We Christians rejoice and celebrate our faith!

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