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Semantic Field of ANGER in Old English

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Semantic Field of ANGER in Old English n Izdebska, Daria Wiktoria (2015) Semantic field of ANGER in Old English. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6227/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The Semantic Field of ANGER in Old English mgr Daria Wiktoria Izdebska Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Language English Language School of Critical Studies College of Arts University of Glasgow January 2015 Abstract This thesis examines representations of ANGER in Old English by analysing occurrences of eight word families (YRRE, GRAM, BELGAN, WRĀÞ, HĀTHEORT, TORN, WĒAMŌD and WŌD) in prose and poetry. Through inspection of 1800 tokens across c. 400 texts, it determines the understanding of how ANGER vocabulary operates in the Old English lexicon and within the broader socio-cultural context of the period. It also helps refine the interpretations of wide-ranging issues such as authorial preference, translation practices, genre, and interpretation of literary texts. The thesis contributes to diachronic lexical semantics and the history of emotions by developing a replicable methodology that triangulates data from different sources. Chapter 1 introduces the field of study and shows the approaches to emotions as either universal or culturally-determined. It discusses previous analyses of ANGER in Old English and proposes a cross-linguistic, semasiological approach, which minimises ethnocentric bias. Categorisations and conceptualisations are not identical between languages, and Old English divides the emotional spectrum differently from Present-Day English. Chapter 2 presents the methodology, which draws on approaches from historical semantics and corpus linguistics, integrating methods from cognitive linguistics, anthropology and textual studies. Chapters 3 to 10 investigate each of the eight word families, analysing all occurrences in relation to grammatical category, collocations, range of meanings, and referents. Cognates in Germanic and other Indo-European languages, and Middle English and Early Modern English reflexes are examined to trace diachronic development. The thesis determines recurrent patterns of usage, distribution between text types, and socio-cultural significance. Specific passages from Old English from a range of genres are analysed and discussed. Each family is found to have a distinct profile of usage and distribution. Chapter 11 examines ANGER in the Old English translation of Gregory’s Regula pastoralis. This text exhibits usage not found in later prose or in poetry. The Cura pastoralis also presents a different framework for understanding and conceptualising ANGER to the one found in Latin. Finally, Chapter 12 synthesises my findings and considers them comparatively. These word families differ in usage, conceptual links, referents, and even authorial preferences. Most common portrayals of ANGER in Old English involve one of the three themes: ANGER AS VICE, WRATH OF GOD and ANGER AS HOSTILITY. The thesis demonstrates that a detailed analysis of lexical usage is essential for understanding larger conceptual structures within a language, and that this in turn aids the analysis of literary texts and understanding of Anglo-Saxon psychologies. Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 2 List of Tables.......................................................................................................................... 8 List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... 10 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 11 List of Abbreviations............................................................................................................ 12 Typographic Conventions .................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Understanding Emotions ............................................................................ 14 1.2 ANGER - Linguistic Methodologies ............................................................ 15 1.3 ANGER in Old English ................................................................................ 20 Chapter 2 Methodology .................................................................................................. 23 2.1 Data ............................................................................................................ 23 2.1.1 Selection of Lexical Material ............................................................... 23 2.1.2 Selection of Texts ................................................................................. 26 2.2 Challenges .................................................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Approach .............................................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Word Definitions .................................................................................. 28 2.2.2 Dating, Diachronic Change and Borrowings in Old English ............... 28 2.2.3 Stylistic Concerns ................................................................................. 29 2.2.4 Incomplete and Selective Data Set ....................................................... 30 2.3 How the Data was Approached .................................................................. 30 2.3.1 Corpus-driven Data-Mining and Family Overview ............................. 31 2.3.2 Lexicographic Data .............................................................................. 32 2.3.3 Diachronic Development ...................................................................... 33 2.3.4 Etymological Data ................................................................................ 33 2.3.5 Prose and Poetry – Distribution ............................................................ 34 2.3.6 Referents ............................................................................................... 35 2.3.7 Collocations, Co-occurrences, Near-synonyms and Antonyms ........... 35 2.3.8 Conceptualisations ................................................................................ 36 2.3.9 Case Studies ......................................................................................... 37 2.4 Advantages (and Disadvantages) of the Proposed Methodology ............... 37 Chapter 3 YRRE .............................................................................................................. 39 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 39 3.2 Lexicographic Data and Etymology ........................................................... 39 3.2.1 YRRE word family in Old English ........................................................ 39 3.2.2 YRRE word family in Middle English .................................................. 43 3.2.3 Etymology – Indo-European and Other Germanic Languages ............ 44 3.3 Discussion .................................................................................................. 45 3.3.1 Poetry .................................................................................................... 45 3.3.2 Prose ..................................................................................................... 61 3.3.3 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 82 Chapter 4 GRAM ............................................................................................................. 83 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 83 4.2 Lexicographic Data and Etymology ........................................................... 83 4.2.1 GRAM word family in Old English ...................................................... 83 4.2.2 GRAM word family in Middle English and Early Modern English ..... 88 4.2.3 Etymology – Indo-European and Other Germanic Languages ............ 89 4.3 Discussion .................................................................................................. 91 4.3.1 Poetry .................................................................................................... 91 4.3.2 Prose ..................................................................................................... 96 4.3.3 Conclusions ........................................................................................ 113 Chapter 5 BELGAN ....................................................................................................... 115 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................
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