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Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Vortex Trains in the Luzon Strait Quanan Zheng,1,2 Hui Lin,2 Junmin Meng,2,3 Xiaomin Hu,3 Y

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Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Vortex Trains in the Luzon Strait Quanan Zheng,1,2 Hui Lin,2 Junmin Meng,2,3 Xiaomin Hu,3 Y JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 113, C04032, doi:10.1029/2007JC004362, 2008 Click Here for Full Article Sub-mesoscale ocean vortex trains in the Luzon Strait Quanan Zheng,1,2 Hui Lin,2 Junmin Meng,2,3 Xiaomin Hu,3 Y. Tony Song,4 Yuanzhi Zhang,2 and Chunyan Li5 Received 30 May 2007; revised 21 August 2007; accepted 25 January 2008; published 25 April 2008. [1] This study uses the Argos satellite-tracked surface drifter trajectory data and ENVISAT (European satellite) ASAR (advanced synthetic aperture radar) images to illustrate the ocean vortex trains (OVT) in the Luzon Strait. Two cases that occurred in the northwest of Babuyan Island are observed. The first train of three cyclonic vortices showed up on drifter trajectories from 20° to 20.5°N and from 120° to 121°E, and the second, consisting of five pairs of cyclonic-anticyclonic vortices, occurred on the upstream side of the first one from 19.5° to 20.0°N and from 121.0° to 122.0°E and showed up on the ASAR images acquired on 19 November 2006. The total length of the vortex train axis reaches about 250 km. All vortices propagate northwestward (315° TN). The mean angular velocity is (2.07 ± 0.18) Â 10À5 sÀ1. Theoretical models of ocean vortex radar image derived from radar imaging theories are used to extract dynamical parameters from ASAR imagery signatures, which include the distance between two consecutive vortices and that between two rows of vortices of (22.6 ± 1.9) km and (8.2 ± 1.2) km, respectively, the maximum rotational velocity radius as 4.70 km, and the vortex rotational angular velocity 3 Â 10À5sÀ1. Dynamical analyses give the mean velocity of the current of 0.65 msÀ1, and the propagation velocity of the vortex 0.58 msÀ1. The vortex shedding rate is estimated as 2.57 Â 10À5 sÀ1. The Reynolds number is estimated as 50 to 500. For the individual vortex and the vortex train, the Rossby numbers are O(0.4), and O(0.5), respectively, implying that both vortex and vortex train observed in the Luzon Strait have a sub-mesoscale nature. This study also reveals a strong current with an average surface current velocity of around 0.7 msÀ1 and the direction of around 315° TN flowing directly from the Pacific to SCS passing through the southern Luzon Strait. The mean flow velocity can be calculated using methods developed in this study and OVT dynamical models. This information may provide more insight to the circulation systems in the area including the origin of Kuroshio. Citation: Zheng, Q., H. Lin, J. Meng, X. Hu, Y. T. Song, Y. Zhang, and C. Li (2008), Sub-mesoscale ocean vortex trains in the Luzon Strait, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C04032, doi:10.1029/2007JC004362. 1. Introduction unstable. Once the flow speed U and the body width D satisfy a certain relation (Reynolds number UD/n 10, in [2] The vortex train is a phenomenon well documented in which n is the viscosity of fluid), two parallel rows of classical text books of fluid dynamics [e.g., Kundu, 1990]. alternating vortices with opposite rotations will be generated. Field observations and laboratory simulations indicate that This kind of vortex train is commonly called a Ka´rma´n when an object is placed in a steadily flowing fluid, the vortex street (KVS) [Von Ka´rma´n, 1954; Chopra and object will form a source of disturbance to the fluid flow. Hubert, 1964; Taneda, 1965; Kundu, 1990]. The downstream flow behind this obstacle will become [3] In recent years, the KVS in the lower atmosphere occurring on the lee side of the separate mountain peaks or 1Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of islands has been studied using the satellite images. On Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA. visible band images, the atmospheric KVS shows up through 2Institute of Space and Earth Information Sciences, The Chinese modulated cloud patterns [Tsuchiya, 1969; Thomson et al., University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong. 1977; Turner and Warren, 1988]. While on synthetic 3The Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, aperture radar (SAR) images, the atmospheric KVS shows China. up through modulation to the spatial distribution of ocean 4Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, surface small waves [Li et al., 2000]. These satellite images Pasadena, California, USA. can provide a two-dimensional, plane-view of KVS. By 5Coastal Studies Institute, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. interpreting the satellite images, the fine structures and dynamic parameters of KVS can be obtained [Li et al., 2000]. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union. 0148-0227/08/2007JC004362$09.00 C04032 1of12 C04032 ZHENG ET AL.: OCEAN VORTEX TRAINS IN LUZON STRAIT C04032 [6] The Luzon Strait serves as a major channel for water exchange between the SCS and the Pacific. The Kuroshio flows along the east side of the Strait. Without topographic blockage, part of the Kuroshio water branches into the Strait forming the Kuroshio intrusion and the loop current [Centurioni et al., 2004; Ho et al., 2004]. Recent investiga- tions reveal that the Luzon Strait is a source region for large amplitude ocean internal waves propagating westward into SCS [Liu et al., 2004; Yuan et al., 2006; Zheng et al., 2007]. [7] The vortex trains to be studied in this paper were observed on the northwest side of Babuyan Island, the northernmost island of the Babuyan Islands. The Babuyan Claro Volcano is a major geological feature on the islands. The vent of volcano is 1180 m high above the sea level. The location of San Dionisio, the largest town on Babuyan Island, 19.5°N 121.9°E, may serve as reference coordinates for the islands. 2.2. Satellite-Tracked Drifter Trajectory Data Figure 1. A map of study area. Lines with arrows are Argos [8] During the period from 1979 to 2003, a great number satellite-tracked surface drifter trajectories in November. The of Argos satellite-tracked surface drifters were released in trajectories show a train of three cyclonic vortices northwest the Kuroshio and adjacent waters by the Tropical Ocean of Babuyan Island and another one just behind Camiguin Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program, the World Ocean Island. The drifters were released during the period from Circulation Experiment-Surface Velocity Program (WOCE- 1979 to 2003. SVP), and Chinese oceanographic research programs. Figure 1 shows trajectories in and near the study area in November only. The drifter drogue was placed at a water [4] This study deals with the vortex trains in the ocean. depth of 15 m, so that the direct effects of atmospheric The vortex trains are observed in the Luzon Strait by the processes through sea surface winds on the drifter move- Argos satellite-tracked surface drifters and ENVISAT ment and current velocity calculation were ignorable [Niiler ASAR images acquired at the nearby Hong Kong Satellite et al., 1995]. The temporal resolution of drifter positioning Remote Sensing Ground Receiving Station. The signifi- for the data used in this study was one day [Hansen and cance of this study is not only to report the observed Poulain, 1996]. phenomenon, but also to develop methods for deriving of [9] From Figure 1, one can see that there are six trajec- the dynamical parameters of OVT and mean flow. The next tories passing through the southern Luzon Strait. In partic- section gives a brief description of the geographic and ular, the two trajectories passing through Babuyan Islands hydrographic features of the study area. Section 3 contains show a train of three cyclonic vortices distributed from 20° satellite observations of the phenomenon and air-sea bound- to 20.5°N and from 120° to 121°E, and another one just ary conditions. Section 4 derives theoretical models of vortex behind Camiguin Island. The average distance between two radar image. On the basis of the models and radar backscatter centers of consecutive cyclonic vortices in the train is 50 km. section data taken from the ASAR images, the dynamical The vortices occurred in the wake of Babuyan Islands, parameters of the vortex and vortex train are measured or which serves as blunt obstacles in the ocean flow, and calculated. Section 4 analyzes dynamical features of the OVT formed a vortex train in a line behind the islands. These observed in the Luzon Strait. Sections 5 and Sections 6 give striking features evidence their nature of OVT. The trajec- discussion and conclusions, respectively. tories show that all the drifters moved northwestward (315° TN), implying that a northwestward ocean current 2. Study Area flows from the Pacific into the SCS. The daily average 2.1. Brief Geography current velocities derived from the trajectories are 1.3 msÀ1 5 at the east border of the Strait (19° to 20.5°N, 121.5°E) and [ ] The Luzon Strait, a study area of this paper, lies À1 between Taiwan Island and Luzon Island as shown in 0.6 ms at the locations of vortex train (20° to 20.5°N, Figure 1. The strait is approximately 386 km wide from 120° to 121°E), respectively. The same features once again south to north. The average depth is 1400 m [Guo et al., show up on the ENVISAT ASAR images of 19 November 2004]. The strait connects the South China Sea (SCS) on the 2006 as shown in Figures 3a and Figures 3b and will be west and the Philippine Sea on the east. On the east side of analyzed in details.
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