DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comparison of Rating Systems for Dwarf Mistletoe-Induced Witches' Brooms in Ponderosa Pine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Comparison of Rating Systems for Dwarf Mistletoe-Induced Witches' Brooms in Ponderosa Pine A Comparison of Rating Systems for Dwarf Mistletoe-Induced Witches’ Brooms in Ponderosa Pine Thomas J. Parker, Camp Navajo, ATTN: AZIA-GC-DE-E, P.O. Box 16123, Bellemont, AZ 86015, and Robert L. Mathiasen, School of Forestry, Box 15018, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/wjaf/article/19/1/54/4717678 by guest on 30 September 2021 ABSTRACT: We compared four methods of assessing dwarf mistletoe infection and estimating volume of dwarf mistletoe-induced witches’ brooms in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Witches’ brooms can provide important wildlife habitat and can influence fire behavior. We used Hawksworth’s dwarf mistletoe rating system (DMR), Tinnin’s broom volume rating system (BVR), an estimate of the percentage of live crown occupied by witches’ brooms (PCB), and a new system, total broom volume (TBV). We rated 12,536 trees for southwestern dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum) infection and broom volume. Using Hawksworth’s DMR and Tinnin’s BVR systems, we were not able to distinguish trees with different witches’ broom volumes at all sample sizes. At all sample sizes, TBV ratings accurately and precisely identified amount of witches’ broom volume. We recommend that TBV be used to quantify witches’ broom volume in ponderosa pine where wildlife habitat and fire ecology are primary concerns. West. J. Appl. For. 19(1):54–59. Key Words: Arceuthobium vaginatum, ponderosa pine, dwarf mistletoe, witches’ broom, infection rating, broom volume rating. Many species of dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp., The six-class dwarf mistletoe rating (DMR) system was Viscaceae) induce dense, profuse masses of branches known originally developed to quantify southwestern dwarf mistletoe as witches’ brooms (Hawksworth and Wiens 1996). Witches’ infection (Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum) in brooms are valuable to wildlife (Hawksworth and Wiens ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe infection (A. 1996, Mathiasen 1996, Parks et al. 1999, Hedwall 2000, douglasii) in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Garnett 2002). At least eight raptor species are known to nest (Hawksworth and Lusher 1956, Hawksworth 1977). However, in witches’ brooms, including federally threatened species in the DMR system, witches’ brooms are not a criterion for such as the Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) rating. Although dwarf mistletoe infection is commonly (Hawksworth and Wiens 1996). Witches’ brooms may also associated with the development of witches’ brooms, severely increase crown scorching and decrease tree survival in infested infected ponderosa pines frequently do not have witches’ stands that are burned by prescribed fire (Alexander and brooms (Hawksworth 1961). Because the DMR system regards Hawksworth 1975, Harrington and Hawksworth 1990, Conklin infected branches as the criterion for developing its rating, and Armstrong 2001). In order to evaluate broom volume for rather than the number of brooms or broom volume, it can be fire management and assessment of wildlife habitat, a method applied to trees with or without witches’ brooms. The six- of quantifying broom volume is necessary; however, no class DMR system has become the standard for quantifying broom rating system has been developed for ponderosa pine the severity of dwarf mistletoe infection (technically DMR is (Pinus ponderosa) in the Southwest. a seven-class system, since the zero given for uninfected trees is also a class) (Hawksworth 1977). NOTE: Thomas Parker can be reached at (928) 773-3318; Fax: (928) 773- Tinnin (1998) proposed the broom volume rating (BVR) 3271; E-mail: [email protected]. The authors wish to extend their appreciation to Gregg Garnett, Janine McCabe, and system to quickly provide an infection rating that approximated Hendrick Herlyn for their assistance with data collection. Brian DMR in Douglas-fir with large witches’ brooms. Dwarf Howell assisted with the development of the total broom volume mistletoe infection in Douglas-fir typically results in witches’ rating system. Michelle Corse provided comments on the manuscript, and Carol Chambers and Bill Block provided guidance broom formation (Tinnin and Knutson 1980). The BVR on the thesis. This research was supported in part by funds system does not require counting branches. This makes it an provided by the USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mountain Research excellent system to use when trees have dense brooms that Station and the School of Forestry Mission Research Board, Northern Arizona University. Copyright © 2004 by the Society of make branches difficult to see. Because Tinnin (1998) intended American Foresters. the BVR system to result in a rating similar to DMR, crown 54 WJAF 19(1) 2004 thirds with at least one infection but without brooms receive infected, the third was rated as 1. If a crown third a rating of one on a 0–2 scale. As a result, trees without brooms was uninfected, it was rated as 0. The ratings for but with infections in each crown third receive a BVR of three each third were added, for a possible rating of 0–6. on a 0–6 scale. Conversely, because the BVR system gives the If the bole had an infection but no portion of the live same rating to a portion of the crown that is less than half canopy did, the tree was rated as 1. occupied by brooms, up to 48% of the live crown could be occupied by brooms and the tree would still receive a BVR of 2. Broom volume rating (BVR, Tinnin 1998). The three. Broom volume rating, therefore, is not sensitive to small BVR system incorporates both broom volume and broom volumes, but witches’ broom volume may not need to infection. The live crown of each tree was visually encompass half of the live crown of the tree in order to affect divided into thirds. If more than one half the volume fire behavior (Brown 1975, Koonce and Roth 1985, Conklin of a crown third was occupied by brooms, it was and Armstrong 2001) or to provide wildlife habitat (Hedwall rated as 2. If one half or less of the volume of a 2000, Garnett 2002). crown third was occupied by brooms, but it had at A further limitation of both the DMR and BVR systems least one dwarf mistletoe infection, it was rated as is that they only rate the live crown of trees. Live crown 1. If a third was uninfected, it was rated as 0. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/wjaf/article/19/1/54/4717678 by guest on 30 September 2021 ratios vary widely; therefore, a rating of two in the lower Ratings for each third were added together for a portion of the crown may refer to infections or brooms possible rating of 0–6. For BVR and all broom either near the ground or high in the canopy. Brooms ratings, we considered a witches’ broom to be an occurring near the ground are more important to fire abnormal cluster of branches associated with dwarf behavior than brooms above the scorch height because mistletoe infection that was at least 20 cm in all they can become ladder fuels (Koonce and Roth 1985). three dimensions (depth, height, and width). In Conversely, brooms occurring higher in the crown will addition, when viewed directly below the broom usually survive low intensity surface fires and may thus be without binoculars, needles, twigs, and branches of more valuable to wildlife. Therefore, a witches’ broom the broom structure had to occupy at least 70% of rating system should distinguish broom locations. the horizontal plane in order for a structure to be A dwarf mistletoe rating system that effectively uses considered a broom. witches’ brooms has not been developed for ponderosa pine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of three 3. Total Broom Volume (TBV, Parker 2001). The rating systems—DMR, BVR, and a new rating system known entire height of the tree from ground level to treetop as the total broom volume rating system, or TBV—to accurately (not only the height of live crown as in the other two quantify the extent of tree canopy that was occupied by systems) was visually divided into thirds. The witches’ brooms in ponderosa pine in northern Arizona. bottom third of ponderosa pines in our study were frequently not occupied by live crown. In these Methods cases, in order to visualize a crown volume for the bottom third, the existing live crown (in some cases We examined ponderosa pines for infection by southwestern several meters above ground level) was visually dwarf mistletoe in 16 dwarf mistletoe-infested ponderosa pine projected to the ground from the lowest live branches stands (32–73 ha) in northern Arizona. Stands were at least 1 parallel to the bole. In other words, the width of the km distant from one another and ≥99% ponderosa pine by bottom third was the width of the dripline of the basal area. Stands were located on the Coconino and Kaibab tree. If a third of the tree had no brooms, it was rated National Forests west of the San Francisco Peaks. We as 0. If the volume of a tree third was 1–33% established 40 circular plots (radius 11.3 m, 0.04 ha) per stand occupied by brooms, it was rated as 1. If the relative from a random starting point on a 200 m grid. We examined volume was 34–66% occupied by brooms, it was all trees larger than 12.7 cm in diameter at 1.4 m above the rated as 2. If it was ≥67%, it was rated as 3. The sum ground (dbh), and used binoculars to look for dwarf mistletoe of the ratings of the tree thirds had a maximum of shoots in all examined trees. Binoculars were especially 9 in order to more precisely quantify different useful to locate dwarf mistletoe shoots high in the crown and broom volumes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pinus Ponderosa Dougl. Ex Laws. Family: Pinaceae Ponderosa Pine
    Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Ex Laws. Family: Pinaceae Ponderosa Pine Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is known also as western soft pine, western yellow pine, bull pine, and blackjack pine. Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi), which grows in close association with ponderosa pine in California and Oregon, is usually marketed with ponderosa pine and sold under that name. The name ponderosa refers to ponderous, or heavy, referring to the wood. Other Common Names: Arizona pijn, Arizona pine, Arizona ponderosa pine, Arizona white pine, Arizona yellow pine, Arizona-tall, big pine, bird's-eye pine, blackjack pine, British soft pine, British Colombia soft pine, British Columbia pine, bull pine, California white pine, California yellow pine, foothills yellow pine, gelb kiefer, gul-tall, heavy pine, heavy-wooded pine, knotty pine, longleaf pine, Pacific ponderosa pine, pin a bois lourd, pin d'Arizona, pin de Bentham, pinabete, pino, pino blanco, pino cenizo, pino chino, pino de Arizona, pino di Arizona, pino giallo, pino ponderosa, pino ponderoso, pino real, pitch pine, ponderosa pine, ponderosa pijn, pondosa, pondosa pine, red pine, rock pine, vastamerikansk langbarri tall, western pitch pine, western yellow pine, westerse gele pijn, yellow pine. Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the Rocky Mountains and mountains of the Pacific coast. Also grows from North Dakota and Montana west to British Colombia and south through Washington, Oregon and southern California east through Arizona and the trans-Pecos area of Texas, north through New Mexico, Oklahoma, Colorado, Nebraska and South Dakota. It also grows in northern Mexico. Major producing areas are in Oregon, Washington, and California. Other important producing areas are in Idaho and Montana; lesser amounts come from the southern Rocky Mountain region and the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming.
    [Show full text]
  • Douglas- Fir Limber Pine Lodgepole Pine Ponderosa Pine Blue Spruce
    NAME ORIGIN BARK FEMALE CONES NEEDLES WHERE USES TRIVIA Named by Smooth gray bark To 4ÂÂ long, Soft, flat, 2-sided, Found on north or Railroad crossties, State tree of Scottish botanist on young trees yellowish to light 1¼″ long and south-facing slopes, mine timbers, for Oregon. David Douglas. with numerous brown hanging cones rounded at the tip. in shady ravines and building ships and The Latin name DOUGLAS- Fir is from the resin scars. with uniquely 3- Dark yellow green or on rocky slopes boats, construction psuedotsuga Middle English pointed bracts blue green. Shortly where the soil is lumber, plywood, means FIR firre and Old protruding from cone stalked spreading fairly deep. telephone poles, ÂÂfalse Psuedotsuga English fyrh. scales like a snakes- mostly in two rows. fencing, railroad-car fir.ÂÂ menziesii tongue. Single small groove construction, boxes Can drop 2 on topside of needles and crates, flooring, million seeds in and single white line furniture, ladders a good year. on underside of and pulpwood. needles. Pine is from the Light gray to Big (to 9ÂÂ long) Stout in clusters of 5 Found on rocky, Lumber, railroad Cones start to LIMBER Latin pinus and blackish brown. cylindrical, greenish needles, to 3″ long. gravelly slopes, cross ties, poles, appear after the the Old English Smooth and silvery brown, with thick, Straight or slightly ridges and peaks. turpentine, tar and tree reaches 20 PINE pin. gray on young broad scales. Cone curved, not sticky to fuel. years of age. Pinus flexilis trees. scales lack prickles. the touch. Dark green. Pine is from the Bark is grayish or Light yellow brown, Stout, twisted Found in well Lumber, knotty Many Plains Latin pinus and light brown, thin reddish or dark green, needles, mostly in drained soils, dry pine paneling, Indian tribes the Old English and with many lopsided cones to pairs, to 2½″ long.
    [Show full text]
  • Ponderosa Pine
    Ponderosa Pine Ponderosa Pine Its dry and spacious groves invite you to camp among them. Its shade is never too thin and never too dense. Its great boles and boughs frame many of the grandest views, of snow-capped cones, Indian-faced cliffs, nostalgic mesas, and all that bring the world to the West's wide door.... If you have been long away from the sound of the Western Yellow Pine, you may, when at last you hear it again, close your eyes and simply listen, with what deep satisfaction you cannot explain, to the whispered plain-song of this elemental congregation. - Donald Culross Peattie Ponderosa pine is one of the best-known trees of the American West, and covers a larger area than any other American conifer. Ponderosa grows from Mexico to British Columbia, and from the Pacific Coast to South Dakota. In the southern Rockies it grows in sunny and fairly dry locations at 5500 to 8000 feet (1680 to 2400 m) elevation, and occasionally to 10,000 feet (3050 m) elevation. Ponderosa pine can endure drought and high temperatures, suiting it to locations where many other kinds of conifers could not survive, including south-facing and west-facing slopes. In such cases it has a stout and rounded form. In a very dry setting a Ponderosa 10 inches (25 cm) thick may be 120 years old. Ponderosa has the longest needle of all types of conifer trees in the southern Rockies, and the needles make a musical sighing when the wind blows. On warm summer days the resin in bark and twigs gives forth a delightful odor.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Plants for Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve
    Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve Plant Checklist DRAFT as of 29 November 2005 FERNS AND FERN ALLIES Equisetaceae (Horsetail Family) Vascular Plant Equisetales Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense Present in Park Rare Native Field horsetail Vascular Plant Equisetales Equisetaceae Equisetum laevigatum Present in Park Unknown Native Scouring-rush Polypodiaceae (Fern Family) Vascular Plant Polypodiales Dryopteridaceae Cystopteris fragilis Present in Park Uncommon Native Brittle bladderfern Vascular Plant Polypodiales Dryopteridaceae Woodsia oregana Present in Park Uncommon Native Oregon woodsia Pteridaceae (Maidenhair Fern Family) Vascular Plant Polypodiales Pteridaceae Argyrochosma fendleri Present in Park Unknown Native Zigzag fern Vascular Plant Polypodiales Pteridaceae Cheilanthes feei Present in Park Uncommon Native Slender lip fern Vascular Plant Polypodiales Pteridaceae Cryptogramma acrostichoides Present in Park Unknown Native American rockbrake Selaginellaceae (Spikemoss Family) Vascular Plant Selaginellales Selaginellaceae Selaginella densa Present in Park Rare Native Lesser spikemoss Vascular Plant Selaginellales Selaginellaceae Selaginella weatherbiana Present in Park Unknown Native Weatherby's clubmoss CONIFERS Cupressaceae (Cypress family) Vascular Plant Pinales Cupressaceae Juniperus scopulorum Present in Park Unknown Native Rocky Mountain juniper Pinaceae (Pine Family) Vascular Plant Pinales Pinaceae Abies concolor var. concolor Present in Park Rare Native White fir Vascular Plant Pinales Pinaceae Abies lasiocarpa Present
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Materials Technical Note Ponderosa Pine
    United States Department of Agriculture NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE Plant Materials Technical Note No. MT-73 September 2011 PLANT MATERIALS TECHNICAL NOTE PONDEROSA PINE Pinus ponderosa A Native Conservation Tree for Use in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains Joseph D. Scianna, Manager, NRCS Bridger Plant Materials Center Figure 1. Hunter Germplasm ponderosa pine General Description Ponderosa pine is a native, perennial, evergreen tree found over broad expanses of Montana and Wyoming. It is a long-lived, deep-rooted; drought-tolerant species with an average mature height of 35 to 45 feet, although it can attain heights near 200 feet on ideal sites. It has long dark green needles varying in length from 4 to 7 inches and borne in fascicles (bundles) of 2 or 3 needles per fascicle. Two naturally occurring races of ponderosa pine exist in Montana, one native to locations east of the Continental Divide, and the other native to locations west of the Divide. Ideally, each respective race should be planted where it naturally occurs. Adaptation/Range Locations: Grows well under proper cultivation in most of northwest and west-central Montana; central, south-central, and southeastern Montana, north-central and northeastern Wyoming. It grows best in Montana and Wyoming at elevations below 5,500 feet given other favorable site conditions. It is currently not recommended for the western-half of NRCS−Montana−Technical Note−Plant Materials−MT-73 1 MLRA 52 (Montana Plant Adaptation Zone e) based on the poor survival of the species in this area, possibly due to Chinook winds or winter desiccation.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Look at Pines
    How to Look at Pines Species name: __________________________________________ Growth habit: multi-branched shrub single-stemmed tree Leaves: Can you fnd both scale leaves and needle leaves? Number of needles per bundle: 1 2 3 4 5 Needle length: __________ Foliage: drooping or not drooping Female Cones: Persistent on tree?: yes or no Cone symmetry: asymmetrical symmetrical Cone prickle: present absent Cone length: __________ Seeds: wing longer than seed or wing shorter than seed Other Notable Features: Key to California’s Commonly Cultivated Pines 1. Most bundles (fascicles) with 2 needles (occasionally with 3 needles) 2. Mature plant a shrub or multi branched small tree—Mugo Pine (P. mugo) 2’ Mature plant a large, single-stemmed tree 3. Bark on old trunk breaking into large plates, some orangish in color, seed wing shorter than seed, tree crown rounded, umbrella-like—Italian Stone Pine (P. pinea) 3’ Bark on old trunk breaking into small or elongated plate, all brown or gray in color, seed wing longer than seed, tree shape varying 4. Cones persisting for years (old branches with many cones) 5. Needles mostly less than 3 inches long, cones recurved on stems—Aleppo Pine (P. halepensis) 5’ Needles mostly 3 inches long or more, cones erect to forward pointing on stems— Mondell Pine (P. eldarica) 4’ Cones falling at maturity (old cones not found on branches) 6. Twigs ofen glaucous, buds chestnut brown, bark in upper part of tree orangish- red, faky—Japanese Red Pine (P. densifora) 6’ Twigs not glaucous, buds conspicuously white, bark dark brown with deep longitudinal fssures—Japanese Black Pine (P.
    [Show full text]
  • Gray Flycatcher: a New Breeding Bird for Canada
    BREEDING RECORD GrayFlycatcher: a new breeding bird for Canada Richard J. Cannings nax wrightiOis the Empidonax the HEGreatGRAY Basin, FLYCATCHER breeding in (EMPIDO- pinyon- juniperwoodland, sagebrush, and open, arid PonderosaPine woods (A.O.U. 1983). In the early 1970sit extendedits rangenorth into southernWashington (Fig. 1), where it was first found breed- ing at WenasPark, Yakima County,in 1972 (Larrison, 1971; Yaich and Lar- rison 1973). By 1974 Gray Flycatchers 'N:ewp•t:!:.' '.'.':.:'-::::::'::::'::' werevery commonin Klickitat County and the WenasPark area (Lavers 1975) and were alsopresent at Robinson Can- yon, a few kilometers north of Wenas =:IDAHO --. Park (D.R. Paulson,pers. comm.).This Othello ,::.:.:::.::-::.?::-:::.:: . northwardmovement continued and by 1980Gray Flycatcherswere breeding in OkanoganCounty, Washington,within 75 kilometers of the Canadian border (empty nestfound and femalewith egg in oviduct collectednear Twisp, June 23, 1980,by S. Rohwer,Burke Museum, University of Washington#32868; 3 birds at Leader L., Omak, August20, .. ...:=.:: 1980, Rogers 1981). This note docu- ments the first breeding record of the Gray Flycatcherin Canada. The first Gray Flycatcher reported from Canadawas a vagrantmist-netted and photographedat Toronto, Ontario, on September 11, 1981 (Goodwin 1982). On June 19, 1984, Hue and Jo Ann MacKenzie observed a probable Gray Flycatcheralong Camp McKinney Road, 10 kilometerseast of Oliver, Brit- ishColumbia. Their detaileddescription of the bird, includingthe characteristic Figure1. GrayFlycatcher records (closed circles) and breedingsites (starred circles) Jkom tail-pumping,is quite convincing,but Washingtonand British Columbia, taken Jkom American Birds and othersources mentioned unfortunatelythe bird did not call and in the text. Yearsgiven are thefirst yearsGray Flycatchers were recorded Jkom each site; was not photographed.
    [Show full text]
  • Birds of Davis Creek Regional Park Western Tanager (Piranga Ludoviciana)
    Birds of Davis Creek Regional Park Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana) ID: Orange-red head, yellow body and coal-black wings, back and tail. Short, thick-based bill and medium-length tail. Size: Between sparrow and robin. Fun Fact: While most red birds owe their redness to a variety of plant pigments known as carotenoids, the Western Tanager gets its scarlet head feathers from a rare pigment called rhodoxanthin. Unable to make this substance in their own bodies, Western Tanagers probably obtain it from insects in their diet. (allaboutbirds.org) Thank You to the following photographers who supplied pictures taken at Davis Creek Regional Park: Jeff Bleam, Ernest A. Ross, Steven Siegel, Tim Torell, Taylor James, Jon Becknell & Jane Thompson Future picture submissions can be sent to: [email protected] Thank You! Bird ID, Range Info. and Fun Facts from www.allaboutbirds.org Pacific Wren (Troglodytes pacificus) ID: Brown overall with darker brownish- black barring on the wings, tail and belly. Face is also brown with a slight pale mark over the eyebrow. Short wings, stubby tail and a thin bill. Size: Sparrow-sized or smaller. Fun Fact: Male Pacific Wrens build multiple nests within their territory. During courtship, males lead the female around to each nest and the female chooses which nest to use. (allaboutbirds.org) House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) ID: Small and compact, with a flat head and fairly long, curved beak. Short- winged; longish tail. Subdued brown overall with darker barring on the wings and tail. The pale eyebrow that is characteristic of so many wren species is much fainter in House Wrens.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinus Ponderosa : a Checkered Past Obscured Four Species1
    RESEARCH ARTICLE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY Pinus ponderosa : A checkered past obscured four species 1 Ann Willyard2,10 , David S. Gernandt 3 , Kevin Potter 4 , Valerie Hipkins 5 , Paula Marquardt 6 , Mary Frances Mahalovich 7 , Stephen K. Langer 8 , Frank W. Telewski9 , Blake Cooper 2 , Connor Douglas 2 , Kristen Finch 2 , Hassani H. Karemera 2 , Julia Lefl er 2 , Payton Lea 2 , and Austin Woff ord 2 PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Molecular genetic evidence can help delineate taxa in species complexes that lack diagnostic morphological characters. Pinus ponderosa (Pinaceae; subsection Ponderosae ) is recognized as a problematic taxon: plastid phylogenies of exemplars were paraphyletic, and mitochon- drial phylogeography suggested at least four subdivisions of P. ponderosa . These patterns have not been examined in the context of other Ponderosae species. We hypothesized that putative intraspecifi c subdivisions might each represent a separate taxon. METHODS: We genotyped six highly variable plastid simple sequence repeats in 1903 individuals from 88 populations of P. ponderosa and related Pondero- sae ( P. arizonica , P. engelmannii , and P. jeff reyi ). We used multilocus haplotype networks and discriminant analysis of principal components to test cluster- ing of individuals into genetically and geographically meaningful taxonomic units. KEY RESULTS: There are at least four distinct plastid clusters within P. ponderosa that roughly correspond to the geographic distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes. Some geographic regions have intermixed plastid lineages, and some mitochondrial and plastid boundaries do not coincide. Based on rela- tive distances to other species of Ponderosae , these clusters diagnose four distinct taxa. CONCLUSIONS: Newly revealed geographic boundaries of four distinct taxa ( P.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinus Ponderosa: Research Paper PSW-RP-264 a Taxonomic Review September 2013 with Five Subspecies in the United States Robert Z
    D E E P R A U R T LT MENT OF AGRICU United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station Pinus ponderosa: Research Paper PSW-RP-264 A Taxonomic Review September 2013 With Five Subspecies in the United States Robert Z. Callaham The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination against its customers, employees, and applicants for employment on the bases of race, color, national origin, age, disability, sex, gender identity, religion, reprisal, and where applicable, political beliefs, marital status, familial or parental status, sexual orientation, or all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program, or protected genetic information in employment or in any program or activity conducted or funded by the Department. (Not all prohibited bases will apply to all programs and/or employment activities.) If you wish to file an employment complaint, you must contact your agency’s EEO Counselor (PDF) within 45 days of the date of the alleged discriminatory act, event, or in the case of a personnel action. Additional information can be found online at http:// www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_file.html. If you wish to file a Civil Rights program complaint of discrimination, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form (PDF), found online at http://www.ascr.usda. gov/complaint_filing_cust.html, or at any USDA office, or call (866) 632-9992 to request the form. You may also write a letter containing all of the information requested in the form. Send your completed complaint form or letter to us by mail at U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinus Ponderosa Var. Washoensis, Washoe Pine 2018
    Fire Effects Information System Pinus ponderosa var. washoensis,LOW Washoe-ELEVATION pine 2018 Abstract Introduction Distribution and plant communities Botanical and ecological characteristics Fire effects and management Management considerations Appendix References Figure 1—Washoe pine on Mt. Rose, Nevada. ©2012 image by Gary A. Monroe, hosted by CalPhotos. Citation: Fryer, Janet L. 2018. Pinus ponderosa var. washoensis, Washoe pine. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinponw/all.html 1 ABSTRACT Washoe pine is a variety of ponderosa pine with a limited distribution in eastern California and western Nevada. It grows on all aspects in the upper mixed-conifer and lower subalpine zones. Presettlement stand structure of Washoe pine communities is unknown. Washoe pine tends to be shorter and have thicker, more glaucous needles than other varieties of ponderosa pine. Washoe pines of all age classes are shade intolerant. Washoe pine maintains dominance on high-elevation, harsh sites with or without fire. On other sites, it generally succeeds to shade-tolerant species such as white fir without fire. Although little information was available on the fire ecology of Washoe pine in particular, there is a great deal of information on the fire ecology of ponderosa pine at the species level. Ponderosa pine’s adaptations to fire include thick bark; a high, open crown; self- and fire-pruned branches; large, scale- protected buds; high foliar moisture content; deep roots; and rapid root growth of seedlings. Crown- stored ponderosa pine seeds generally survive low- and moderate-severity fire but are killed if scorched.
    [Show full text]
  • Pines of Arizona
    Pines of Arizona AZ1584 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCES COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Illustration front cover: Common Name: Ponderosa pine Scientific Name: Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Pines of Arizona Christopher Jones Associate Agent, Agriculture and Natural Resources Jack Kelly Former Associate Agent, Pima County Cooperative Extension Illustrations by Lois Monarrez June 2013 This information has been reviewed by university faculty. cals.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/az1584 Other titles from Arizona Cooperative Extension can be found at: cals.arizona.edu COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCES COOPERATIVE EXTENSION 4 The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Pines of Arizona The pine (Pinus species) is an important group of trees within winter temperature, frost, maximum summer temperature, the “conifers” designation. There are many different species, precipitation, humidity and the sun’s intensity are all important. each having its own physical characteristics and cultural The primary factor influencing frost hardiness is usually the requirements. Identifying features of different species include expected minimum winter temperature influenced by elevation. cone size and shape, and the number of long, slender needles Sites at elevations bordering the climate zones will often have in each bundle. Various pine species are very well suited to temperatures that grade into each zone. Species that overlap these environments from the low deserts to the mountains. They are zones will be best adapted. The climate zones are: tolerant of many types of soils and temperature ranges, and are Zone 1A: Coldest mountain and intermountain areas of the relatively pest free. contiguous states; i.e., Greer (-25º to 40º F). A pine tree is a classic form for many home landscapes.
    [Show full text]