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Should Academic Unions Get Involved in Governance?

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Should Academic Unions Get Involved in Governance? STANLEY ARONOWITZ Should Academic Unions Get Involved in Governance? THE STEADY CORPORATIZATION of American the signs that some administrators are prepared higher education has threatened to relegate to use political and ideological criteria in tenure faculty governance, never strong, to the his- cases, and the thorny question of who owns torical archive. In the twentieth century, many the intellectual property generated by faculty scholars—notably Thorstein Veblen, Robert S. innovations? In short, how can we defend the FEATURED TOPIC Lynd, C. Wright Mills, and Richard Hofstadter— fragile institutions of academic freedom? The deplored the tendency conventional answer is faculty senates and for boards of trustees councils, of course. Didn’t the Harvard faculty and high-level administrators to concentrate succeed in driving its sitting president from The past quarter power in their own hands and for corporations office? Haven’t faculty assemblies and repre- century has and corporate foundations to play a more sentative bodies voted “no confidence” in errant prominent role in governance of some institu- and arrogant administrators who, when the witnessed a tions of higher learning. Nonetheless, this has pressure has been unbearable, occasionally powerful trend already come to pass. The past quarter century have chosen retirement or resignation rather toward the has witnessed a powerful trend toward the dis- than risking a costly and embarrassing struggle disenfranchisement enfranchisement of faculty. The introduction to keep their jobs? of online degrees in public and private colleges A close examination of these relatively rare of faculty and universities, the reshaping of curricula to instances of the exercise of faculty prerogatives meet particular corporate needs, the systematic through the senates’ collective action would starving of the liberal and fine arts amid the show that most of these occurred in research expansion of technical and business programs, universities and elite private colleges. But of and the increasing importance of competitive the more than four thousand institutions of sports are just some of the elements of the higher education in the United States, only vast transformation that has spared few insti- about three hundred fall into these categories. tutions. Added to these are the openly sanc- The rest are public colleges and universities tioned comparison between college presidents controlled directly by the state legislatures and corporate CEOs and the unembarrassed that appropriate budgets and must approve justification of paying academic presidents the appointment of all top administrators; high six-figure salaries. community colleges that often are subsumed Where are the forces that are prepared to under county legislatures, and sometimes are defend true higher learning? Who will address accountable to the state as well; and second- the new challenges to academic autonomy and third-tier private institutions that, in posed by proposals for periodic tenure review, some parts of the country, operate as fiefdoms often subject to the will of their respective STANLEY ARONOWITZ is Distinguished Professor boards of trustees and presidents. In these of Sociology at the Graduate Center of the City schools, academic freedom is sometimes a University of New York. state of being devoutly to be wished. 22 L IBERAL E DUCATION F ALL 2006 Graduate Center of the City University of New York At the overwhelming At the overwhelming ma- majority of schools, often against departmental jority of schools, the problem the problem and campus-wide committees of faculty governance is of faculty governance that recommend tenure and rooted in the institutional, promotion of the candidate, quasi-juridical limits of the is rooted in or seek to implement program powers of faculty senates. At the institutional, innovations. best, they have a degree of quasi-juridical limits Underlying these conflicts moral authority stemming from of the powers is the fact that in the private endangered tradition. On the academic sector boards of whole, faculty councils and of faculty senates trustees and top administrators FEATURED TOPIC senates are advisory bodies to have absolute control of the the administration; they possess no formal budget. But there is another factor influencing institutional power and, in many cases, are the decline of faculty governance: so-called ex- controlled by administrators who sit on their ecutive pay plans set middle and top adminis- executive bodies on the fiction that they are trators’ pay and perks at levels significantly faculty on leave to perform the necessary tasks above those of faculty, creating an unbridge- of administration, but intend to return to the able gulf between faculty and administration. ranks. That senates and councils are elected Although it is still true that most institutions and appoint committees that review curricula recruit their top and middle administrators and tenure and promotion decisions barely from the ranks of faculty, once in positions disguises the reality that the president and her such as dean, provost, and president, few top or his administrations have final authority. administrators return to the ranks of the pro- Where once this authority was regarded as fessoriate after their term(s) of office. Instead, little more than a “rubber stamp” of decisions when their term is over, in preference to re- made by faculty, it is no longer uncommon for suming their duties as a professor they enter the president to overturn the decision of a the executive job market and trust their fu- professional and budget committee, sometimes tures to headhunting firms. Administration in behalf of an aggrieved candidate, but most becomes for most, if not all, a career that Graduate Center of the City University of New York 24 L IBERAL E DUCATION F ALL 2006 brings with it substantial financial rewards professors in most of the leading private and compared to faculty salaries. Broadly speaking public research universities, and private four- it may be argued that, in keeping with the year liberal arts colleges, although clerical, pro- corporate nature of the institution, academic fessional, and graduate student employees have administrators have become a part of the pro- significant union density in these institutions. fessional/managerial class. While it is still Prior to the 1980 Yeshiva decision of the convenient to pay lip service to what is now Supreme Court, which ruled that college pro- termed “shared governance,” since the bound- fessors in private institutions were managers ary between faculty and administration has because they participated in the governance continued to harden, it is no longer in their in- of the university or college and, for this reason, terest to empower faculty. were ineligible to receive the protections un- FEATURED TOPIC In public institutions, faculty disempower- der Labor Relations Act, union growth in the ment has been codified by law; legislatures, private academic sector was quite healthy. In the governor or county executive and their the 1960s and 1970s, faculty at Long Island staffs, or state boards of higher education re- University, St. John’s, Hofstra, Adelphi, and serve all rights, except those that have been other large universities won union recognition wrested by academic unions that, alone in the and continue to maintain their contracts. Un- academic community, still possess formal if til 2005, the National Labor Relations Board not substantive autonomy. The relative power- (NLRB) had ruled that graduate assistants at lessness of most faculty senates and the inde- private institutions of higher education were pendence of unions suggest that the time may not managers and that, in research and teach- be propitious to raise the possibility that, if ing tasks, they were employees, not students. unions choose on behalf of their members to Graduate assistants at Columbia, University become involved in governance issues, there of Pennsylvania, Brown, Yale, and New York is a chance to reverse the long-term trend University (NYU) joined thousands of gradu- toward faculty disempowerment. It is a long ate student employees in leading public uni- shot for a number of reasons, not the least of versities such as the Universities of California which is that private-sector faculty remain and Michigan to secure union organization. largely outside unions. Except for NYU, which initially recognized and bargained with the union, the other uni- The growth and consolidation versity administrations have declined to rec- of academic unionism ognize the graduate assistant unions, and have It is a little known fact that, since the 1970s, successfully resisted several strikes. But graduate academic unions have been among the few teaching and research assistant unionization sectors of the labor movement that have expe- suffered a blow in 2005 when the NLRB ruled rienced significant growth. As large sections of that they were students and not employees, the unionized manufacturing workplaces dis- even though they taught a fairly sizeable por- appeared, academic labor began to stir and to tion of the undergraduate courses and were unionize. In the past thirty-five years, the three paid. In 2005–6, graduate assistants at NYU major academic unions—the National Educa- conducted a losing strike when the adminis- tion Association (NEA), the American Feder- tration took advantage of the NLRB ruling ation of Teachers (AFT), and the American and refused to recognize the union unless
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