2ND WORLD CONGRESS OF CYCLING SCIENCE 2nd & 3rd July 2014, Leeds, UK Delegate Programme

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WELCOME

Dear Delegates, It is a great pleasure to welcome you all to the 2nd World Congress of Cycling Science. We are pleased to see so many of you joining us from all parts of the UK, as well as mainland Europe and from further afield. We are situated at the magnificent Rose Bowl in Leeds, The Congress has been organized and sponsored by the School of Sport and Exercise Sciences at the University of Kent. Over the past 10 years we have established a national and international reputation for the quality of our academic programmes and applied research on endurance exercise performance. Many staff and students are involved with Dr James Hopker applied sport science, both as researchers and practitioners both in the UK and around the world. As the Congress coincides with the Grand Depart, the theme is the science behind the Tour de France. The conference is endorsed by the Union Cycliste International (UCI) and aims to bring together coaches, sports scientists, medical practitioners, students and researchers to share knowledge from the world of cycling science. The conference will integrate the various aspects of coaching, sports science, medicine, technology and performance to provide a forum for the discussion of performance enhancement with a focus on the Tour de France.

We hope you have a wonderful time and that you find the Professor Louis Passfield Congress challenging, thought provoking and inspiring.

Conference Organising Team: Dr James Hopker Professor Louis Passfield Dr John Dickinson Sarah Coakley

Scientific Committee: Dr Professor Richard Davison – Chair of WCSS Cycling Science Steering Group (UK) Professor Greg Atkinson – Teeside University (UK) Professor Olaf Schumacher – ASPETAR & UCI Medical Commission member (Qatar) Dr Iñigo Mujika – USP Araba Sport Clinic (Spain) Dr Kevin Currell – English Institute of Sport (UK) Dr Mikel Zabala – University of Granada & Movistar Professional Cycling Team (Spain) Jon Mills – British Cycling (UK) 2 University of Kent / 2nd World Congress of Cycling Science

USEFUL INFORMATION

Registration Wi-Fi access Public symposium The registration desk will be located on the Wi-Fi access is available throughout the On the 3rd July we are hosting a free public Ground Floor of the Rose Bowl. It will be open Rose Bowl. To gain Wi-Fi access, search for open symposium titled “The Science of from 08.00-9.30 on both Wednesday 2nd and available wireless networks within range, Cycling Performance 2014: The Tour de Thursday 3rd July. select “Visitor Wi-Fi”and click connect. The France.”Professor Louis Passfield hosts an network will issue a network address to your evening of debate that looks at the research Congress catering laptop or mobile device. It should then say that lies behind success at the Tour de France. connected. Next, open your web browser, you Recently retired world-class cyclist Marco All catering provided as part of the Congress should then be directed to a University Pinotti will join panellists, Dr Mikel Zabala on site (not including breakfasts) will be on the Wireless Portal. Enter your email address in (Movistar Professional Cycling Team) in Ground Floor of the Rose Bowl near the food the top left of the page, accept the terms and discussing how to enhance elite cycling court area, on production of your Congress conditions then click ‘Login’. You will be performance, and Professor Yannis Pitsiladis name badge. Congress catering includes directed to the www.leedsmet.ac.uk/wireless in exploring the question as to whether Tour coffee and lunch on both Wednesday and webpage. You should now have internet de France riders are born or made. Dirk Friel Thursday. connectivity. from TraningPeaks will discuss evolution of power measurement in cycling and look at Congress dinner Fire alarms where developments are still be made. Finally, The Congress dinner is at 7pm on Wednesday Dr Simon Choppin will lead discussions on the There is a short alarm test that lasts about 5- 2nd July. If you would like to attend the dinner role of biomechanics and aerodynamics are 10 seconds every Thursday in the Rose Bowl and have not yet booked a place, please used in the quest to develop the ultimate time any time between 1-3pm, but does not require contact the Congress Registration Desk. trial performance. If you would like to attend an evacuation unless it is prolonged. If you this event and have not registered in advance, hear a fire alarm sound for a prolonged please enquire at the Congress Registration Speaker Ready Room period, please leave the building in a calm desk. The Speaker Room is located in Rm 216 so and orderly fashion, and you will be guided to the nearest Fire Assembly Point which is that presenters can check their slides prior to Other queries their presentation. This can be done between located in the car park on Level 2. 8 and 10am on both days of the Congress. If you have any queries or questions related to Social media the Congress that are not answered by the Taxis During the Congress we would encourage information in this delegate pack please ask at Registration Desk. If you need to hire a Taxi whilst in Leeds delegates to connect via Twitter using the there are two main companies; Amber Taxis: hashtag #wcss2014. There will also be a 0113 231 1366 and Arrow Taxis: Twitter feed board in the Exhibition hall for 0113 258 0606. Congress information.

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CONGRESS MAIN SPONSOR

The Congress is organized by the University’s School of Sport and endurance exercise, training and performance, not just for traditional Exercise Sciences, which was established in 2001. The School is the endurance sports such as road cycling and distance running, but also University’s fastest-growing research school with an international for any aspects of human performance in which resistance to fatigue is reputation, in particular for its research on endurance. Our research is important. Members of this research group have conducted research grouped into two areas: the Endurance Research Group, and the on the psychobiological, neuromuscular, thermoregulatory and Sports Therapy, Physical Activity and Health Research Group. Both of bioenergetics aspects of exercise tolerance, pacing, cycling efficiency, these research groups are multi- and interdisciplinary, and include and sport nutrition. They have also developed innovative training PhD students, research staff, and technical staff as well as academic methods to reduce mental fatigue in soldiers and endurance athletes, staff. The endurance Research Group advances knowledge on and novel testing protocols to measure maximal oxygen consumption.

Sponsors and exhibitors We are grateful to the sponsors and exhibitors who have supported us with the conference. All exhibitor stands can be found in the Exhibition area on the Ground Floor of the Rose Bowl for the duration of the conference. Sponsors

L'Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) Bloomsbury Publishing represents British Cycling is the national Sport Service Mapei was founded to is cycling’s International Federation the best in cycling books. From the governing body for cycling as support the athletes of the MAPEI recognised by the International iconoclastic training programmes of recognised by the UCI – the professional cycling team, through Olympic Committee (IOC). The UCI Graeme Obree to our step by step international federation for the sport. scientific reason and a precise administers and promotes the road bike manuals, we cover all forms ethical approach. development of the eight disciplines of cycling. We are proud publishers of cycling. The UCI’s mission is to of Rouleur books. develop and promote cycling, in close collaboration with National Federations.

Publisher of over 1,800 journals and TrainingPeaks provides the 2,500 new books each year in complete web, mobile and desktop association with 500 society and solution for enabling smart and university partners worldwide, from effective endurance training. 20 global offices.

Exhibitors

HaB Direct personally select POWERbreathe is an Inspiratory Premier suppliers of medical The industry leader and Gold suppliers of bestselling and cutting- Muscle Trainer, exercising and diagnostic and physiological testing Standard in power measurement for edge products, devices and strengthening the muscles we use to equipment. Sole UK agents for cyclists around the world. equipment from across the world. breathe. Woodway Treadmills.

For more than 40 years sports PowerBar is one of the world's Cadence is a cycling performance The secret to ultimately improving medical scientists, sports leading manufacturers of high- centre located in South London and performance, health, and development physicians and top-class athletes quality sports nutrition. we offer a range of services to help lies within our ability to collect data rely on the innovative strength of the riders perform more effectively. Our which is relevant, analyse it effectively, Cyclus2 in performance diagnostics services include bike fit, pedal and use it to guide our actions and and training. stroke analysis, fitness testing and decisions in the future. In SMARTBASE coaching and we work with a range you can store all of your data, and of clients from complete beginner to bring it to life with simple yet powerful competing athletes. reports which truly explain the whole story. 4 University of Kent / 2nd World Congress of Cycling Science www.wcss2014.co.uk 5

PRESENTATIONS

Oral presentations Please introduce yourself to the Chair in your Poster presentations presentation room at least 5 minutes before Before the session the session starts. There will also be a Poster sessions will take place in the main Exhibition area on the Ground Floor of the Please locate the room where you are will Congress volunteer in the lecture room to help Rose Bowl from 12.45-13.30 on both days of present well in advance of your session (see you with logistics, IT and timing of your the Congress. On the day of presentation, detailed presentation information below) and presentation. please be present at your poster board for the familiarise yourself with the layout. The oral During the session whole 45-minute period. Please ensure that presentation file format will be Microsoft your poster is displayed in its location from PowerPoint. The Chair will introduce you and call you to 9am on the day of your presentation. speak. Please be aware that your PowerPoint All poster boards are numbered, and presentation needs a 4:3 slide format to use Please practice beforehand to ensure that you presenters should ensure that their poster the full screen capacity available onsite. The do not exceed the maximum time available for goes on the correspondingly numbered board 16:9 slide ratio format should be perfectly your session of 10 minutes. There will be time (check information in the detailed programme acceptable but may not fill the entire screen. for a brief discussion of up to 5 min after your on page 18). talk. Please upload your presentation prior to the Presentations should be taken down at the Congress, which will be on the Congress A Congress Volunteer will show a yellow card end of the day if you do not want it to be server ready for you to present. If you have not at 8 minutes and a red card at 9 minutes, in discarded. done this, please notify a Congress Volunteer order to guide you with the timing of your as soon as possible prior to your presentation. presentation. In order to be fair to all presenters and the audience the chair will Once at your presentation room please check follow the specified timetable strictly. that the file is available on the PC and that it is showing correctly. Note that you will not be Presenters are asked to remain in the able to present using your own laptop room for the duration of the session. computer. 6 University of Kent / 2nd World Congress of Cycling Science

KEYNOTE PRESENTATIONS

Charly Wegelius (Garmin-Sharp Ross Tucker (University of Cape Peter Hespel (Exercise Sporting Director) Town, Cape Town, South Africa) Physiology Research Group, Can Sport Science help make Fatigue, pacing strategy and the limits Department of Kinesiology, KU race-winning decisions? to performance Leuven, Belgium) Wednesday 2nd July Wednesday 2nd July Extreme Nutrition: Grand Tour Lecture Theatre A: 9.30-10.00 Lecture Theatre A: 10.30-11.00 Cycling Wednesday 2nd July Pacing strategies, defined as the allocation of Science has become a key component in Lecture Theatre A: 11.30-12.00 physiological resources during self-paced professional cycling, from the development exercise (Foster et al 1993: Med Sci Sports of training methods and monitoring of Exerc, 25, 383-388), reveal the underlying In one-day races high-dose carbohydrate physical condition, to directly influencing mechanisms of fatigue and thus the limits of intake before and during the event is race tactics. human performance. sufficient to support optimal race performance. Energy (kcal) intake per se is As a sports director Garmin Sharp*, one of In this regard, pacing strategy can be thought not a critical issue. Conversely, the extreme the world’s most innovative and advanced of as a budgeting decision, by means of physiological stress induced by grand tour professional cycling teams, I am constantly which an exercising athlete makes decisions cycling is a permanent challenge to the looking for the advantages that can be about how best to ‘spend’ physiological energy status of the riders. They risk to found through the use of science and capital while accumulating the ‘costs’ of the develop a growing energy deficit, which technology. In my presentation I will outline exercise exertions. The optimal pacing eventually translates into a catabolic state the ways in which I use sports science in strategy is influenced by exercise modality and body weight loss from day to day. Even this role. These topics will include: How we and exercise duration, with all-out, positive if carbohydrate intake during (90g per hr) gather power data from training tools to strategies optimal for short duration exercise, and between (12g/kg b.w. per day) stages accurately gauge riders’ condition before while longer durations are characterized by is maximized, this will deliver no more than events, and how this allows me to make even or negative splits, and an endspurt which 5.000 – 5.500 kcal per day at best, which is informed tactical decisions prior to the reveals the presence of a motor unit reserve still far below the daily energy expenditure event. For example, weather and wind (Tucker & Noakes, 2009: Br J Sports Med, 43, (6.000 – 9.000 kcal per stage). Hence analysis, and how the collation of this data e1. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.057562). In this besides carbohydrates, high-rate protein can help us predict with reasonable regard, performance under various conditions intake (2-3g/kg b.w. per day) and even extra accuracy the influence that weather has been shown to be limited or regulated by fat intake are needed to maintain sufficient conditions are likely to have on events such factors including, but not limited to: the energy availability. In addition, during as time trials, where changing conditions depletion of energy reserves, the strenuous mountain stages in the heat, over a period of a number of hours can accumulation and storage of heat, euhydration often requires to consume have a major effect on race outcome. I will accumulation of metabolites and resultant >10L of water per day. Taken together, the also discuss how we analyse a rider’s afferent feedback, cerebral oxygen delivery, nutritional challenge inherent to grand tour position to ensure they are set up in the anticipation of exercise duration, and a range cycling is enormous, and especially the optimum position for maximal power output of psychosocial factors related to motivation, initial 4-6 hours following each stage are and aerodynamics. I will highlight the use of mental performance and reward (cost-benefit crucial to recovery. Well-structured sports science to gauge the correct choice decisions) (Amann et al 2006: J Physiol, 575, nutritional interventions must be installed to of materials in any one given event, where 937-952; Tucker, 2009: Br J Sports Med, 43, adequately promote muscle glycogen we use data based on a riders power and 392-400; Billaut et al 2010: Acta Physiol, 198, reloading and protein synthesis, restore the weight, and the particulars of the race route 477-486; St Clair Gibson et al 2013: Sports body fluid and electrolyte balance, and to determine which type of bike and wheels Med, 43, 413-424). Fatigue, and therefore the stimulate energy intake per se. However, will be best suited to the rider on the day. regulation of pacing strategy, are thus eating comfort is often impaired due to Finally, I will conclude by explaining the complex phenomena that include both central post-arrival press and commercial events, importance that I put on an ability to (neural), peripheral and psychological factors. travelling between stages, and last but not combine this sports science knowledge Appropriate pacing strategies require the least loss of appetite due to physical and with other non-sports science skills such as integration of various afferent information to mental exhaustion and incidence of personal insight, and acquired knowledge regulate efferent motor command, with gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, (or instinct), to make sure that the benefits knowledge of the endpoint of exercise an dietary programs designed for grand tour of sports science can be applied on a anchor against which pacing strategy cyclists must be functional and delicious at practical level. “decisions”can be made. the same, which makes ‘The Kitchen’ to be a key-factor in team success. This presentation will explore these complex interactions, introducing the broad and somewhat unnecessarily polarized models for fatigue, and expanding these into a practical understanding for the limits to performance, including discussion of the two-hour marathon and the extent to which human performance can continue to evolve and improve. www.wcss2014.co.uk 7

Ulrich Schroberer (SRM) positive benefits of using a PowerMeter as a serious training tool spread among cycling Dr Mario Zorzoli (Union Cycliste Nicolas Roche (Tinkoff-Saxo Internationale (UCI), Aigle, Professional Cycling Team) professionals who believed in serious training. Some of the first well known users of the Switzerland) The Use of Power Meters in PowerMeter were Greg Lemond, Chris Riders’ health protection Professional Cycling Boardman, Gianni Bugno, Team Telekom and programme many national cycling federations. Session Sponsored by SRM Thursday 3rd July Lecture Theatre A: 9.30-10.00 Thursday 3rd July Currently, there are many rival companies that Lecture Theatre A: 9.00-9.30 produce power meters, however, I am very fortunate to possess more than 27 years of Health protection of athletes has been a knowledge and experience. It is these assets, priority for the Union Cycliste Internationale As a junior and amateur cyclist since the age along with my passion, that led me to create (UCI). Its actions in this regard have relied of 15, I always focused to make my training the very first PowerMeter, are the basis upon on three main pillars: prevention, education and race preparation as perfect as possible. which each new product is developed. Now, if and fight against doping. Already in 1997, At the age of 19, I started an engineering a cyclist is serious about training and UCI and cycling stake-holders have degree at Fachhoschule Aachen focused on optimizing performance, achieving one’s best decided to introduce two innovative Biomedical Engineering. With bike races every without a PowerMeter is not possible. preventive measures to protect riders’ weekend and not too much spare time during health: the health blood tests and the the week to spend all day training on the bike, medical monitoring program. I wanted to make the training as efficient as possible. With the knowledge I had reading all The former consisted in collecting blood the training books available at the time, I came samples on the morning of a race day, to the conclusion that to improve my analyzing them on site and preventing form performance, I would have to measure my competing those riders whose blood Power output on my bicycle during my daily parameters were beyond the established training. limits. From 2008, this program has been replaced by the Athlete Biological Passport. I had the idea in 1986 to create a PowerMeter The latter, which is still in force and for my bicycle. After testing and analyzing concerns the professional road riders and various locations, I determined the optimal the top athletes of the Olympic disciplines, location to measure Power was between the is based on annual health checks, with axle and chainrings. Torque was measured cardiac and biological evaluations. UCI is with the help of strainguages measuring the also going to publish in 2015 new medical deflection of bending elements between the rules that where special emphasis will be axle and chainrings. Cadence was measured put on the medical assistance to provide in with reedswitches, and the signal from the competition. turning crank was transmitted to the frame inductively. This enabled me to measure the In terms of education, the efforts have total Power (Angular velocity x Torque) of both consisted in informing athletes on the risks legs without loss. The bigger challenge for me of taking nutritional supplements and after this was to have a device on the bike that injections of iron, when it was realized that displays and stores this data. In addition, the riders abused of it and showed extremely heart rate, cadence and speed needed to be high values of ferritine. Another significant in a format that allowed a later evaluation on a educative measure has been the personal computer. introduction of the No-needle Policy in 2011. Finally, concerned by the large use of In 1988, I finally had a bike computer ready Tramadol by some athletes, in 2011 UCI that allowed me to display and store all the had requested WADA to add this substance relelvant data while training outdoors. I named to the Prohibited List. As a consequence of this computer the PowerControl. In 1990 I had this, WADA agreed to add Tramadol to the the priveledge of working with the German 2012 Monitoring List. Federation, whereby, I was responsible for collecting training data for their endurance track athletes, analyzing and interpreting the data to develop and monitor their training. As an engineer, the feedback I received at this time was priceless. I was working with the world’s best athletes, trying to make the best training tool for them, and in exchange, I got very good feedback. Not so long after this, the

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KEYNOTE PRESENTATIONS (CONT)

Iñigo Mujika (University of the David Martin (Australian Basque Country, Spain) Institute of Sport) A scientific approach to training and Winning the Tour de France: Does it tapering for road cycling events need a sport science perspective? Thursday 3rd July Thursday 3rd July Lecture Theatre A: 13.30-14.00 Lecture Theatre A: 17.00-17.30

Road cyclists use various periodized training Numerous scientific papers have approaches to achieve fitness and addressed important aspects of “elite performance peaks. Traditional periodization cycling performance”. Popular questions imposes the impossibility to achieve multiple underpinning practice tend to address performance peaks. Alternative periodization topics such as demands of competition, models such as integrated macrocycles and environmental physiology, ergogenic aids, block periodization can be used, but generic recovery and resistance training. Creating training methodologies may not be an environment where professional cyclists appropriate for road cyclists and a sensitive and their directors believe winning is and responsive learning systems should be inevitable is not an easy job, especially implemented to optimize performance. when elite cyclists are required to frequently cope with significant losses. Many cycling High training volumes and a polarized intensity teams believe that employing sport distribution contribute to success in road scientists is a pre-requisite for success. As cycling, but optimal performances are usually sport scientists work to establish program attained by intertwining lengthy phases of direction and training methodology that is intensive training and shorter phases of considered “state-of-the-art”and “evidence- tapered training before a major race. The based”interesting aspects of this relatively taper should diminish residual fatigue induced new profession (elite sport advisor) are by intensive training and maximize being discussed. For those scientists lucky physiological adaptations and performance. enough to work with a Tour de France Performance is usually maximized by a taper champion it can be useful to reflect on lasting two weeks, where the training volume relationships, emotions and belief as well as is exponentially decreased by 41-60%, but the technical aspects of training training intensity and frequency are composition and cycling equipment maintained, but sport specific and individual choices. Our laboratory has presented variability exist. physiological data from a Tour de France Champion documenting that peak oxygen Mathematical models of the effects of training uptake and corresponding power output on performance have contributed to establish expressed per kg body mass were the optimal taper duration and the suitability of exceptional in this cyclist. However, absolute progressive versus step tapers, and to assess oxygen uptake (L.min -1 ), corresponding optimal taper characteristics, predict power output in Watts and cycling efficiency performance outcomes of functional were not unique compared to other national overreaching prior to the taper and design team cyclists. When compared to another innovative tapering strategies. Tapering- popular 7-time winner of the Tour de induced performance gains, attributed to France, neither gross efficiency (%) or delta increased muscular force and power, efficiency (%) improved from age 18-24yr. improvements in neuromuscular, Implementing scientifically supported hematological, and hormonal function, and strategies may be most effective when psychological status of the athletes, are financial status, political support and team usually in the range of 0.5-6.0% for culture are considered. Interestingly, good competition performance measures. Nutrition coaches often display many of the and environmental factors like travel across attributes of a good scientist as they work in time zones, heat and altitude may interfere an environment where understanding what with an athlete’s taper in preparation for is required to win is highly valued. international level competition. www.wcss2014.co.uk 9

SYMPOSIA PRESENTATIONS

The limits to exercise tolerance: Are Tour de France champions Current Perspectives on Anti- mind or muscle? born or trained? doping in Cycling 1 2 3 SM Marcora & M Burnley CP Earnest, CN Moran, Yannis P Pitsiladis YO Schumacher 1 & Yannis P Pitsiladis 2 1 Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK. Endurance Research Group, School of 1 Aspetar Orthopedic & Sports Medicine 2 School of Sport, University of Stirling; Stirling, UK. Hospital, Doha, Qatar. Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of 3 School of Sport and Service Management, 2 School of Sport and Service Management, Kent, UK. University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK. University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK. Wednesday 2nd July Wednesday 2nd July Wednesday 2nd July Lecture Theatre A: 10.30-11.30 Lecture Theatre C: 10.30-11.30 Lecture Theatre A: 13.00-14.00 Sponsored by University of Kent. It is commonly held that ~50% the variance in Like no other sport, cycling has been performance measures can be explained by The ability to sustain aerobic exercise for affected by doping and its consequences in genetics. However, research into common prolonged periods of time (exercise the public image involving changes in genetic variants only explains a fraction of that tolerance) is an important determinant of media and sponsorship interest. performance in cycling and other belief. Thus, a gap in our understanding of the relationship between genetics and endurance sports. For over a century, The session will attempt to explain some the performance still exists. physiologists have tried to understand what most advanced methods used for the fight limits exercise tolerance. However, no single against doping in cycling and also try to In this symposium, Dr Colin Moran will physiological factor has yet been identified give a perspective on future developments examine the heritability of endurance as the cardinal “exercise stopper”in healthy in the area. humans [Gandevia, 2001: Physiological performance based on twin studies examining the variance in performance that can be Reviews, 81(4), 1725-1789]. The first topic will be the athletes biological explained by genetics. He will also discuss passport (ABP), a longitudinal monitoring how different genes are responsible for Mark Burnley will argue that during tool of selected biomarkers that are training response from ones native baseline voluntary exercise in humans, no single influenced by doping and where the athlete ability and how natural talent is in fact your limitation to exercise tolerance can be is compared to himself to unmask baseline genetics. His discussion will be identified. He will demonstrate that muscle suspicious variations. This technique has supported by epigenetic work showing how energy supply and utilization plays a major been introduced in 2008 and since has microRNA profiles differ between athletes and role in determining the relationship between made its proof both as a sanctioning non-athletes and how these profiles could aid power output and tolerable exercise instrument (more than 40 athletes have coaches in identifying which athletes will duration in a variety of exercise models. been suspended) and a targeting tool respond to training and those who will not. Dr Exhaustion, or more specifically task failure, improving the efficiency of conventional Moran will also discuss data on rare variants, can occur because the neuromuscular doping tests (the number of athletes found with large effects, to help fill the gap between system fails to provide the required power positive for erythropoietic stimulating agents heritability and performance response. output even though the subject is motivated in normal doping tests has increased by to continue the task. 300% since the introduction of the ABP). Professor Yannis Pitsiladis researches the importance of lifestyle and genetics in human Samuele Marcora will argue that In the second part, new state-of-the-art health and performance and will summarise neuromuscular fatigue does not cause molecular (called “omics”) – based the genetic literature surrounding elite athletic exhaustion during aerobic exercise in solutions are being developed that have the cohorts. He will propose that apart from the humans, and that there is a single factor potential to improve the analytical alpha actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X and limiting exercise tolerance in highly performance of the ABP. In particular, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) motivated individuals (Marcora & Staiano, studies to identify a “molecular signature”of insertion/deletion (I/D), the majority of the 2010: European Journal of Applied recombinant Epo (RhEpo) doping show candidate genes identified for sport Physiology, 109(4), 763-770). This factor is promising preliminary results. The performance may be false positives, thus perception of effort and it has been identification of a blood “molecular having limited utility. Based on his research in overlooked by physiologists because of its signature”of RhEpo administration is the world-class athletes (ie Genathlete, Russian, psychological nature. This new theoretical strongest evidence to date that gene Spanish, Japanese, USA and Jamaican model of exercise tolerance based on biomarkers have the potential to cohorts) he will further discuss preliminary perception of effort has important practical substantially improve the analytical research findings from whole genome implications for training and performance of performance of current anti-doping technology studies in these unique athlete cyclists and other endurance athletes. This methods such as the ABP. With these new cohorts. symposium and the ensuing debate will analytical methods providing multiple, provide sport scientists, coaches and indirect pieces of evidence for doping cyclists with the latest thinking on what limits offences, anti-doping will progressively and determines exercise tolerance and adopt a forensic approach, where the direct endurance performance. detection of the substance becomes obsolete.

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SYMPOSIA PRESENTATIONS (CONT)

Pacing in a broader perspective: Anti-Doping and Cycling – Muscle activity and pedal forces: How can current views on pacing Where from here? do they matter in cycling and decision-making in sports performance? YO Schumacher 1, R Tucker 2, C Wegelius 3, sciences assist athletes in making 1 3 2 2 4 5 6 F Grappe , , W Bertucci , S Duc the right decisions in advance and M Pinotti , M Hutchinson , M Zorzoli 1 Aspetar Orthopedic & Sports Medicine Hospital, 1 Département Santé et APS, Equipe Culture Sport during the race? Doha, Qatar. Santé Société, UFR UPFR-Sports, Besançon, France. FJ Hettinga 1; E Otten 2; L Mauger 3 2 Institute of Sports Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa. 2 Faculty of Sciences, Universite de Reims, 1 University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, 3 Garmin-Sharp Pro Cycling Team. Champagne-Adrenne, Reims, France. Centre of Sport and Exercise Science, UK. 4 BMC Pro Cycling Team. 3 Professional Cycling Team FDJ.fr. 2 Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of 5 Cycling Journalist. Groningen, The Netherlands. 6 Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), Aigle, Wednesday 2nd July 3 Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Switzerland. Lecture Theatre A: 15.30-16.30 Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, UK. Wednesday 2nd July Dr Duc, will discuss the use of muscular Wednesday 2nd July activity during cycling and how it is generally Lecture Theatre C: 13.00-14.00 Lecture Theatre A: 14.00-15.00 assessed by surface electromyography In literature, research on the complex skill of In the past decades, cycling has had a recordings. Many factors related to the body pacing has expanded over the last decades. number of large doping scandals which position, the road cycling conditions and the The first studies were applied and practically have sustainably damaged the image of the characteristics of the chainring have been relevant, aiming to determine the fasted final sport and affected its credibility for the reported to change the muscular recruitment times associated with different strategies. public, the media and sponsors. In order to and therefore potentially could alter cycling Besides these experimental studies, optimal regain the lost credits, many stakeholders in performance. Moreover, recent works have pacing was also further explored using the sport have developed different shown that the pedalling muscular modelling techniques, such as by using an approaches. This symposium brings coordination depend on the level of cycling energy flow model. Both experimental and together representatives from the major experience and the pedalling technique. The modelling studies have led to an increased players in the sport to discuss about current aim of this short talk is to perform a review of understanding of performance determining and future challenges and opportunities of the main recent studies and to purpose new factors in pacing, relevant for performance. In anti-doping in cycling. Under the perspectives for future EMG works in cycling. addition, pacing has also been of interest moderation of Ross Tucker, former from a theoretical point of view and its professional riders and Sports directors Dr Bertucci will discuss the effect of cyclists’ occurrence stresses the importance of the (C Wegelius and M Pinotti), experts from regular exposure to vibrations, which are brain in sports. Recently, underlying the media (M Hutchinson), experts in generated by the road profile (not only on the mechanisms have been explored in Anti-Doping (YO Schumacher) and road with cobbles). This vibration exposure psychology, neurophysiology and decision- representatives from the governing body can play a role in the onset of the fatigue and making contexts, placing pacing in the (M Zorzoli) will discuss various anti-doping have several effects for the cyclists for broader perspective of decision making. topics such as the role of pro-teams, the example on the energy expenditure, on the athlete’s biological passport, the role of gross efficiency, on the muscular activation, on For this World Conference of Cycling Science, performance monitoring, sanctioning and the articular strain and on the rate of it is of course important how these theoretical others. The round table will also provide the perceived exertion. These alterations can contributions feed into practice. Therefore, the audience the opportunity to interact and decrease significantly the performance. The present symposium will aim to place pacing in actively participate in the discussion. vibration exposure depends on several a broader perspective, and answer the mechanical and biomechanical variables. This question: How can current views on pacing exposure can be measured in the laboratory and decision-making in sports sciences assist and in the field conditions. It can be modified athletes in making the right decisions in and possibly minimised using specific frames advance and during the race? Focus will lie on or components of the bicycle, using specific how modelling can be assistive for cyclists tyre types and inflated pressure, with and the decisions they make in advance of modification of the handlebar, and optimizing the race, and on the importance of bodily the posture. sensations (such as pain) and their effect on pacing and fatigue during the race. www.wcss2014.co.uk 11

Dr Artuso will discuss the effects of a very low Cycling in the extremes Training and physiological assessment in cycling: the Mapei versus high cadence interval training session SS Cheung 1, C Lundby 2 Sport experience on the physiological response to exercise and 1 Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, neuromuscular function. A particular kind of Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St A Morelli, A Bosio, P Artuso low cadence interval training has been Catharines, Canada. Mapei Sport, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy. developed over the last 25 years. Contrasting 2 University of Zürich, Institute of Physiology. results are present in the literature regarding Thursday 3rd July its effects on performance (Kristoffersen et al., Wednesday 2nd July Lecture Theatre A: 10.00-11.00 2014 5 34 Frontiers In Physiology; Lecture Theatre C: 15.30-16.30 Sponsored by Mapei Sport Service Nimmerichter et al.,2012: Eur J Appl Physiol, Cycling is an outdoor sport that can be 112 (1), 69-78).To compare two different forms Dr Bosio will discuss seasonal variation of conducted in extreme altitudes and of training (that is low cadence versus high total haemoglobin mass in professional temperatures. Dr Cheung will outline that cadence) we looked at the physiological and cyclists. Seasonal variation of total while hot weather clearly impairs perceptual responses (HR, VO2, Lactate, RPE, haemoglobin mass and the influence that performance, the underlying mechanisms tissues oxygenation and de-oxygenation) to training load can have has been investigated may comprise both physiological and cycling exercise and monitored the post in elite athletes from different sports psychological factors, and their relative exercise acute effects on the neuromuscular (Eastwood et al., 2012: Med Sci Sports Exerc, contributions remain contentious. functions. Both central and peripheral asses (44), 725-732). Nevertheless, it is not clear Hyperthermia can lead to impairment by trans-cutaneous electrical stimulations. A whether a similar trend is valid for a specific across multiple physiological systems, from group of cyclists performed, in two separate group of professional cyclists who ride several cardiovascular through to neuromuscular occasions, either a low (35 rpm, SFR) thousands of kilometres during the season. and neurohumoral. Furthermore, a cadence or high (115 rpm, HC) cadence tHb-mass (optimised CO re-breathing psychobiological paradigm of fatigue interval training (IT) sessions consisting of 8x4 method) (Schmdit and Prommer, 2005: Eur J suggests that heat stress may alter a min with 2 min of recovery. The two training Appl Physiol, (95), 486-495), VO2max and cyclist’s pre-planned performance template, sessions were completed at the same relative endurance capacity (Sassi et al., 2006: Eur J along with their overall perception of workload (W). SFR determined lower (p<0.05) Appl Physiol, (97),174-80) were monitored in a exercise and voluntary exercise capacity. physiological responses to exercise than HC group of professional male cyclists (UCI Pro Progressive adaptation to heat can improve but with the similar RPE. However, despite the Team) during a period of one year. The within- performance in hot weather, but the transfer neuromuscular function elicited by the two subject variability of haemoglobin mass was of these adaptations to cycling in more conditions being similar, few parameters quantified. The seasonal variations of tHb- temperate environments is unclear. A regarding the peripheral neuromuscular mass, VO2max and endurance capacity were number of additional countermeasures to properties did not fully recover 20 min after the determined. The coefficient of variation for all combat acute heat stress and delay the end of the exercise in SFR. In particular the haemoglobin mass measures (n=171) in 19 onset of hyperthermia-induced peak torque of the evoked single twitch cyclists was 3.3% (90% confidence limits: 2.9- performance impairment will be surveyed. remained lower at 20 min post training. In 3.8%) with a maximal and minimal absolute conclusion the SFR training induce lower variation of 153 and 1 g respectively. The Dr Lundby will outline that the general physiological stress of HC but SFR may cause coefficient of variation for haemoglobin mass, practice of altitude training is widely more neuromuscular fatigue than HC. VO2max and performance capacity measures accepted as a means to enhance sport (n=70) in a sub sample of 15 cyclists were performance despite a lack of rigorous 3.5, 4.3, 63.1% respectively. Seasonal variation scientific studies. For example, the scientific of haemoglobin mass in male professional gold-standard design of a double-blind, cyclists seems to be similar to those found in placebo-controlled, cross-over trial has elite athletes from different sports. never been conducted on altitude training. Interestingly, at an individual level very large Given that few studies have utilized changes are present. It has been suggested appropriate controls, there should be more that training can affect haemoglobin mass skepticism concerning the effects of variation throughout the season however the altitude training methodologies. In this talk present data suggests that training impacts he will aim to point out weaknesses in upon endurance capacity to a much greater theories and methodologies of the various extent than haemoglobin mass and VO2max. altitude training paradigms and to highlight the few well-designed studies to give athletes, coaches and sports medicine professionals the current scientific state of knowledge on common forms of altitude training. He will furthermore highlight acclimatization strategies that play a key role in optimal performance at low to moderate altitudes.

CONTINUED OVERLEAF 12 University of Kent / 2nd World Congress of Cycling Science

SYMPOSIA PRESENTATIONS (CONT)

Contemporary sports nutrition Using power meters to improve Nutrition for elite cycling; from in elite cycling training and performance the lab to the musette 1 2 3 K Currell 1, J Morton 2, A Philp 3, N Mitchell 4 L Passfield , M Zabala , D Friel D M Bailey 1, LM Burke 2 1 Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and 1 English Institute of Sport. 1 Performance Nutrition, Nestle Research Centre, Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, UK. 2 Liverpool John Moores University. Lausanne, Switzerland. 2 University of Granada, Spain & Movistar Pro 4 University of Birmingham. 2 Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Cycling Team. 4 Team Sky/British Cycling. Belconnen, Australia. 3 TrainingPeaks, Denver, USA. Thursday 3rd July Thursday 3rd July Thursday 3rd July Lecture Theatre C: 10.00-11.00 Lecture Theatre C: 11.30-12.30 Lecture Theatre A: 11.30-12.30 Sponsored by PowerBar The symposium will aim to discuss the In the last decade the cycling power meter molecular adaptation to endurance training, has become a ubiquitous training and Considerable scientific evidence exists that and how nutrients interact with the training competition tool. The continued development underlines the importance of effective response at a molecular level to enhance of new power meters and their falling cost sports nutrition to maximise elite cycling adaptation. An overview of the nutrient brings this technology within the reach of most performance. The challenge for elite cyclists training interaction for endurance athletes. serious cyclists. In turn the proliferation of and their sports nutrition practitioners is to Traditional nutritional approaches for cycling power meters and their related data translate this body of scientific research into endurance training have typically promoted provides significant challenges to the rider, strategies that; i) are based on sound high CHO availability before, during and coach and professional team management. scientific concepts demonstrated in well after training sessions to ensure adequate At the same time, informed use of power designed clinical investigations, ii) can be muscle substrate to meet the demands of meter data provides the opportunity to practically achieved during training and high daily training intensities and volumes. develop competitive advantages. Recent competition, and iii) impact on performance However, during the past decade, it has developments in website and software design in combination with other “non- been demonstrated that deliberately mean that the management and analysis of nutritional”factors. In order to achieve this training in conditions of reduced CHO power meter data can be performed simply cyclist and their support teams should availability can promote training-induced and yet with more detail and sophistication consider the accumulated evidence for any adaptations of human skeletal muscle (ie, than ever before. given nutritional strategy, to practice it increased maximal mitochondrial enzyme during training prior to competition and activities and/or mitochondrial content, In training the power meter is used to plan, acknowledge the aggregation of any increased rates of lipid oxidation and in monitor and evaluate riders’ progress and performance gains from the combination of some instances, improved exercise preparation for competition. Additionally, nutritional strategies alongside other capacity). Such data have led to the professional cycling teams and serious riders technical, tactical and psychological concept of ‘training-low, but competing- regularly use power meters to develop and interventions. Thus, the support teams high’ whereby selected training sessions evaluate racing and training strategies as well working with elite cyclists can achieve are completed in conditions of reduced as equipment and clothing selection. optimal performance by assembling the CHO availability (so as to promote training equivalents of “Science + Practice + adaptation) but CHO reserves are restored This symposium is lead by three of the world’s Performance effect”into nutrition strategies. immediately prior to competition. The Tour most experienced practitioners in working with de France is considered one of the most cycling power meter data. Their three different A selection of nutritional strategies based physically demanding of sporting events, it perspectives provide examples of best on established as well as emerging can be considered sequential multi day day practice in the use of power meters. The scientific research will be discussed. ultra endurance event. Not only do athletes examples focus on the use and analysis of Specifically, the application of current need to contend with racing unto seven power meter data for training and competition recommendations for pre- and during hours there is long transfers between for both the individual rider and in a competition energy provision with stages as well. Effective diet and nutrition professional cycling team setting. carbohydrate supplementation. Namely, the are essential for the optimum performance practicality of achieving intake rates >60g/h of the riders during elite cycling events by drawing on current scientific understanding of gut adaptability to as well as alternative methods to facilitate high carbohydrate intakes during competition without impairing performance. The periodization of strategies to manipulate carbohydrate availability within the training program requires a careful understanding of the physiology and psychology involved with these practices. The application of the www.wcss2014.co.uk 13

recently well documented ergogenic Aerodynamics in Professional British Cycling: Developing a properties of carbohydrate mouth rinsing Cycling winning culture provides another example where a scientific 1 2 3 R Ketchell , A Froncioni , M Patton , VP Webb, A Kirkland, D Readle findings can be implemented in different A Wooles 3 British Cycling, Manchester, UK. settings (eg late feeding in a long road 1 Garmin-Sharp Pro Cycling Team. stage, or “hands free feeding”during a 2 Alphamantis Technologies Inc, Montreal, Canada. shorter time-trial). An evidence-based 3 Cycling Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Thursday 3rd July approach to the layered use of various Lecture Theatre C: 14.00-15.00 Sponsored by British Cycling ergogenic aids for a specific event and Thursday 3rd July according to the responsiveness of the Lecture Theatre A: 14.00-15.00 This symposium consists of two individual rider is also important. Finally, the Aerodynamics in cycling has been studied in presentations “The Dichotomy Between importance of post-event nutritional both laboratory settings and in the field. Applied Sport Science and Coaching strategies to maximise recovery during Robby Ketchell will discuss how recently, Practice”and “A Behavioural Approach to multi-day stage races will be reviewed with equipment decisions in races such as the Tour Winning”to consider how we can develop a a focus on protein type, amount and timing. de France have been up for debate due to the winning culture within cycle sport in the UK. conflicting view on the influence of wind There is a common perception in coaching To emphasise the transition of nutritional resistance. An on-board device called The that there is dichotomy between applied strategies from original scientific research to BAT Box has been proposed to measure in sport science and coaching practice. While applied practice, the journey from the field wind speed and direction as well as other both disciplines have a common aim, to research laboratory to the competition techniques such as weather forecasting and enhance sporting performance, there is a venue will be told from the perspective of data mining. In addition, the plethora of power, tendency to move in mutually exclusive individuals responsible for each aspect of heart rate, and GPS data acquired during the directions. Many coaches are interested in this fundamental process. professional racing season have shown the ‘the why’s’ of sporting performance, but contributing factors in bicycle racing under questions such as ‘does it work in the real different circumstances. This presentation will world?’ and ‘how do I apply this theory to list the influential factors in bicycle racing and my coaching practice?’ are far more how they differ among athlete and important. For sports scientists to answer environment, the role of aerodynamics, and such questions, they must consider the methods of making in field aerodynamic adoption of models such as the Applied measurements. Research Model for Sport Sciences (Bishop, D, 2008. Sports Medicine, 38(3) Andy Froncioni will then present a short history 253-263). Barriers to uptake and on the development of a Track Aerodynamic consideration of how findings could be System (TAS), and how the symbiosis of a implemented in a sporting setting should be private R&D company and a national sports considered when defining the research organization has worked. He will present the problem. This should be done, not only TAS, with specific attention to the physics of through review of literature, but by velodrome bicycle dynamics and real-world engaging with expert coaches. This type of measurement techniques. The system is used approach may challenge the perception to measure the aerodynamic drag area of that research findings rarely impact on cyclists individually and in teams. A coaching practice. Therefore, it is comparison of aero testing methods is recommended that applied sports science presented. Sample data from a team pursuit researchers and coaches engage with each team will be used to demonstrate the more other to prioritise research questions, while complex abilities of the system. This will be considering how the answers may result in followed by a discussion about our changed practice and performance experiences integrating scientific test enhancement. protocols and information into the daily training environment of an Olympic cycling The efficacy of any performance team. Lessons learned (timing, personalities, programme is ultimately judged on the buy-in from leadership, potential for harm, performance of its athletes. In this regard, potential for benefit). How aero testing can be the Great Britain Cycling Team has the key to discovering and unlocking other delivered one of the most successful performance potential in athletes (ie bike programmes in sport. At the London 2012 maintenance, position). Olympics and Paralympics, the team won a total of 27 medals. Riders supported by the Great Britain Cycling Team have also won several Grand Tours and numerous medals at world championships. Success on such 14 University of Kent / 2nd World Congress of Cycling Science

SYMPOSIA PRESENTATIONS (CONT)

an unprecedented scale is only possible The role of strength training Respiratory muscle training for when leaders have a clear understanding within endurance cycling endurance cycling: past, present of human behaviour and behaviour I Mujika 1, B Rønnestad 2, DT Martin 3 and future management within both a team 1 University of the Basque Country, Spain. 1 2 environment and on an individual basis. It 2 Lillehammer University College, Norway. P Brown , JW Dickinson requires a clear vision of ‘what the dream is’ 3 Australian Institute of Sport. 1 English Institute of Sport, Loughborough, UK. and then brings science and coaching 2 Endurance Research Group, School of Sport together to deliver it. Developing such a Thursday 3rd July and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, UK. winning culture requires all members of the Lecture Theatre A: 15.00-16.00 Thursday 3rd July team to ‘share the dream’, in which a The interest of strength training for endurance Lecture Theatre C: 15.00-16.00 detailed understanding of what it takes to Sponsored by PowerBreathe win is required. Interventions that benefit cycling performance is the subject of debate among athletes, coaches and sport scientists. rather than detract from performance are Respiratory muscle training (RMT) has been considered. The dream is underpinned by It is likely that resistance training for the endurance cyclist can be tolerated, promotes used in some form or another since the an adoption of the core principles of 1960s although its adoption by mainstream commitment; ownership; responsibility and desired adaptations that support training and can directly improve performance. Lower endurance cyclists is far more recent due to excellence. Psychological support within significant advances in commercial the Great Britain Cycling Team is provided body heavy strength training programmes performed in addition to endurance cycling technologies. Over the past 25 years the by performance psychologists, using a respiratory muscles have demonstrated a behavioural model developed by Prof Steve training have been shown to improve both short-term and long-term endurance considerable influence over our exercise Peters. This model is underpinned by tolerance through their signaling of the science emanating from neurology, performance. Possible mechanisms for improved long-term performance include perceptions of breathing and whole body psychiatry and psychology. Whilst very discomfort and also through respiratory complex, the success of the model is likely postponed activation of less efficient type II muscle fibres and improved blood flow in muscle fatigue. Both of these effects are to be the result of theory and interventions attenuated following short periods of RMT being presented to team members in an working muscles. Importantly, strength maintenance training is essential to maintain (typically 4 to 6+ weeks) due to the easily understandable way, using structural and functional adaptations in this memorable analogies. This facilitates strength gains during the competition season. Recent studies show that competitive female muscle group. Importantly, there is now a adoption of psychological interventions that large body of evidence that this improves are easily adopted within day-to-day life and cyclists with greater lower body lean mass (LBLM) tend to have higher maximum mean endurance exercise performance. This when performing at the very highest level in presentation will address the historical sport. power (MMP) over durations ranging from 1 s to 10 min (1 kg LBLM = ~9% increase in context of RMT, the current state of play for MMP1s and ~4% increase for MMP10min). the application of RMT with endurance These relationships enable optimal body athletes and where the future lies for this composition to be modelled. Eccentric cycling ergogenic training mode. may also represent an effective technique for promoting cycling specific skeletal muscle remodeling, and ergometers that promote this stimulus are becoming easier to access. Single-leg cycling with a counter weight can facilitate “normal”cycling biomechanics and promotes adaptations in cycling-specific muscles with a reduced cardiovascular load. Resistance training off the bike may be particularly useful for modifying LBLM. Unique training interventions on the bike may then be used to ensure the cyclist enjoys full functionality of available muscle mass. www.wcss2014.co.uk 15

ORAL PRESENTATION SCHEDULE

Physiology 1 Physiology 2 Biomechanics 1 Wednesday 2nd July 16.30-17.45 Wednesday 2nd July 16.30-17.45 Wednesday 2nd July 16.30-17.45 Lecture Theatre A Lecture Theatre C Lecture Theatre B

16.30-16.45 16.30-16.45 16.30-16.45 Reliability of power meter calibration by Comparison of physiological and Field tests with an instrumented bicycle for mathematical modelling of treadmill cycling. perceptual responses to a maximal comfort measurements 1 1 2 T Maier, T Steiner, S Trösch; B Müller, exhaustive test performed on the SRM and J Vanwalleghem , I De Baere , M Loccufier , 1 JP Wehrlin. the Cyclus2 ergometer W Van Paepegem . 1 Ghent University, Faculty of Engineering and Section for Elite Sports, Swiss Federal Institute B Karsten, A Peterson, M Champion. of Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland. Architecture, Department Materials Science, Centre for Sports Science and Human Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Zwijnaarde, Performances, University of Greenwich, 16.45-17.00 Belgium, Chatham Maritime, UK. 2 Ghent University, Faculty of Engineering and Increased physical effort overrides the Architecture, Department of Electrical energy, potentially deleterious effects of resource 16.45-17.00 systems and automation, Zwijnaarde, Belgium. depletion following self-control Potentiation of sprint cycling performance: C Fullerton, AM Lane, TJ Devonport. the effects of a high-inertia ergometer 16.45-17.00 University of Wolverhampton. warm-up Application to cycling of a bioenergetic L Munro, S Stannard, P Fink, A Foskett. model: Towards a multi-level biomechanical 17.00-17.15 School of Sport and Exercise, Massey model for global cyclist performance analysis Differences in power output between national University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. A Zignoli 1, A Savoldelli 1, F Biral 2, B Pellegrini 1, and club level cyclists during a new variable F Schena 1. power cycling test 17.00-17.15 1 CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and 1 2 3 3 A Sharma , , A Sparks , LR McNaughton , Oxygen uptake kinetics during uphill and Health) University of Verona, Verona, Italy. A Govus 2,4, DJ Bentley 1. 2 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of flat cycling in laboratory and field Trento, Trento, Italy. 1 Human Exercise Performance Laboratory, conditions School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia. A Nimmerichter, K Haselsberger, B Prinz. 17.00-17.15 Department of Sport and Exercise 2 Discipline of Physiology, Australian Institute of Multisensor monitoring cycle ergometer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Sport. H Lugo, N Chakravorti, LK Philpott, 3 Dept of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill Wiener Neustadt, Austria. PP Conway, AA West. University, UK. 1 Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing 4 Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, 17.15-17.30 Engineering, Loughborough University, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia. Two-parameter power analysis of the Loughborough, UK. performances of grand tour winners 17.15-17.30 C Dauwe. 17.15-17.30 Effects of induced changes in acid-base Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent Incorporating internal mechanical power into balance on mitochondrial adaptation to six- University, Gent, Belgium. performance models in cycling weeks of high-intensity cycle training H Giorgi 1,2,4, M Andrews 2, A Gray 3, E Hawke 1, D Hammarström 1, K Sahlin 2, 17.30-17.45 M Osborne 1,2. M Tonkonogi 1. Comparing time-trial and time to 1 The University of Queensland, School of Human 1 Dalarna University (Falun, Sweden), Movement Studies, Brisbane, Queensland, 2 GIH (Stockholm, Sweden). exhaustion performance L Passfield, S Coakley. Australia. 2 Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Endurance Research Group, School of 17.30-17.45 Queensland, Australia. Gross efficiency is improved in standing Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of 3 University of New England, School of Science and position with an increase of the power output Kent, UK. Technology, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. A Bouillod 1, J Pinot 1,2, A Valade 3, J 4 Winner Track Co, Ltd, Fo Tan, New Territories, Hong Cassirame 1, G Soto Romero 3, F Grappe 1,2. Kong. 1 EA4660, C3S Health – Sport Department, 17.30-17.45 Sports University, Besancon, France. Acute effects of small changes in crank 2 Professional Cycling Team FDJ.fr. length on gross efficiency and pedaling 3 LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse, France. technique during submaximal cycling V Ferrer-Roca 2, V Rivero Palomo 1, A Ogueta-Alday 1, JA Rodríguez-Marroyo 1, J García-López 1. 1 Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences. Department of Physical Education. Institute of Biomedicine. University of León, Spain. 2 High Performance Sport Centre (CAR), Sant Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain.

CONTINUED OVERLEAF 16 University of Kent / 2nd World Congress of Cycling Science

ORAL PRESENTATION SCHEDULE (CONT)

Training Physiology 3 Physiology 4 Wednesday 2nd July 16.30-17.45 Thursday 3rd July 16.00-17.00 Thursday 3rd July 16.00-17.00 Lecture Theatre A Room 412 Lecture Theatre B

16.30-17.00 16.00-16.15 16.00-16.15 Measures of training stress in cyclists do Acute Cycling sport causes Upper The physical, mental and hormonal not usefully predict maximum mean power Respiratory Tract infections and lung function responses to short-term intensified training in competitions loss among male recreational cyclists of in well-trained cyclists with a high different age groups HA Ferguson 1, CD Paton 2, WG Hopkins 1. carbohydrate nutritional intervention KV Rajasekhar. 1 Auckland Institute of Technology, Auckland, New SC Killer 1, IS Svendsen 1, JM Carter 2, Centre for Physical Fitness and Sports Zealand. RK Randell 2, AE Jeukendrup 1,2, M Gleeson 1. 2 Eastern Institute of Technology, Napier, New Sciences, University of Hyderabad India. 1 School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences. Zealand. Loughborough University, Loughborough. UK. 16.15-16.30 2 Gatorade Sport Science Institute, Loughborough 17.00-17.15 Power output and affective load change University, Loughborough. UK. The effects of different strength training during time trial according to environmental regimes on cycling performance conditions 16.15-16.30 A Smit 1,2, CW Hameetman 1, T Peters 3, A Abel 1, F Grappe 1,2. The effect of exercise mode on salivary IgA GWM Heijboer 4, JJ Bastiaans 5. 1 C3S, EA4660, Health-Sport Department, University secretion in high level triathletes 1 Elite Sports Unit, NOC*NSF, Arnhem, the of Franche Comte, France. S Barrett, A Storey, M Harrison. Netherlands. 2 Professional Cycling Team FDJ.fr. Waterford Institute of Technology, 2 InnoSportLab Papendal, Arnhem, the Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Netherlands. 16.30-16.45 Science. Ireland. 3 Vitesse, Arnhem, the Netherlands; Quantification of vibrations during mountain 4 Belkin Pro Cycling Team, Amsterdam, the biking Netherlands. 16.30-16.45 5 KNWU, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands. P Macdermid, PW Fink, S Stannard. Low dose fish oil increases the omega-3 School of Sport and Exercise, Massey index improving cycling efficiency and 17.15-17.30 University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. heart rate recovery Effects of different training protocols on the L Hingley, M Macartney, M Brown, heart rate variability of trained cyclists 16.45-17.00 P McLennan, G Peoples. F Reichert, L Picanço. Do 3-min all-out test parameters accurately School of Medicine, University of Post-Graduate Program in Physical predict competitive cyclist performance in the Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. Education – Federal University of Pelotas, severe intensity domain? Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A Nicolò, M Sacchetti. 16.45-17.00 Department of Movement, Human and Health Within-individual haemoglobin variation 17.30-17.45 Sciences, “Foro Italico”University, Rome, Italy. and the athlete biological passport: a Individualised training duration induces longitudinal investigation of 13,887 similar physiological and performance haemoglobin concentration readings in benefits at different intensities. elite athletes. 1 2 1 S Coakley, L Passfield. LM Lobigs , EJ Knight , YO Schumacher , 2 Endurance Research Group, School of CJ Gore . Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of 1 Aspetar Sports Medicine and Orthopedic Hospital, Doha, Qatar. Kent, UK. 2 Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia. www.wcss2014.co.uk 17

Biomechanics 2 Biomechanics 3 Thursday 3rd July 16.00-17.00 Thursday 3rd July 16.00-17.00 Lecture Theatre C Room 412

16.00-16.15 16.00-16.15 Wearable multi-sensor system for embedded A depth camera-based system for body position and motion analysis during estimating cyclist-bike projected frontal cycling. area A Valade 1, G Soto Romero 1, C Escriba 1, JS Wheat, S Clarkson, D Higham, A Bouillod 2, J Pinot 2,3, J Cassirame 2, S Choppin. Jean-Yves Fourniols 1, F Grappe 2,3. Centre for Sports Engineering Research, 1 LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse, France. Sheffield Hallam University. 2 EA4660, C3S Health – Sport Department, Sports University, Besancon, France. 3 Professional Cycling Team FDJ.fr. 16.15-16.30 Effects of changing seat height on bike 16.15-16.30 handling Development of a multi-directional rating test B Fonda 1,2, N. Sarabon 2, R Blacklock 1, method for bicycle frame stiffness F-X. Li 1. J Vanwalleghem 1, I De Baere 1, M Loccufier 2, 1 School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation W Van Paepegem 1. Sciences, University of Birmingham, 1 Faculity of Engineering and Architecture, Birmingham, UK. Department Materials Science, Mechanics of 2 S2P, Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Materials and Structures, Ghent University, Behaviour, Science to Practice, Ltd, Ljubljana, Zwijnaarde, Belgium. Slovenia. 2 Faculity of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Electrical energy, systems and 16.30-16.45 automation, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium. Three ways of assessing the forces at the knee and ankle while cycling 16.30-16.45 EF Rios Soltero 1, HHCM Savelberg 2. Relationship between lower limb leg length 1 TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands, and trunk orientation in cycling 2 Maastricht University, Maastricht, The A Brooke 1,2. Netherlands. 1 Bike Science Derby, Derby UK . 2 Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Clifton 16.45-17.00 Lane, Nottingham, UK. Efficiency index of a pedaling monitor system depend on load power, cadence 16.45-17.00 and body weight. The influence of hamstring extensibility on T Kitawaki 1, T Tokuyasu 2, H Oka 1. preselected saddle height within experienced 1 Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama competitive cyclists University, Shikata, Okayama, Japan. J Hynd, D Crowle, C Stephenson. 2 Faculty of Information Engineering, Fukuoka Sports and Exercise, Teesside University, institute of technology, Fukuoka, Japan. Middlesbrough, UK. 18 University of Kent / 2nd World Congress of Cycling Science

POSTER PRESENTATION SCHEDULE

Exhibition Area Board 6 Board 11 Wednesday 2nd July The effect of beetroot juice dosage on high Muscular fatigue of the lower limb and intensity intermittent cycling performance. subsequent joint angle adaptations during a G Byrne, B Wardrop, A Storey 16.1km cycling time trial. Board 1 Waterford Institute of Technology, Ireland. I Willitt, N Smith, P Hudson Optimal pacing strategy for a race of two Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, competing cyclists Board 7 University of Chichester, Chichester, UK. T Dahmen, D Saupe Differences in static and dynamic bike fit with University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany. 3d motion capture Board 12 M Corbett, J Bevins A new test battery to assess bike handling Board 2 Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, skills of experienced and inexperienced The relationship between vertical leg stiffness University of Worcester, UK. cyclists and gross mechanical efficiency in cyclists B Fonda 1,2, N. Sarabon2, F-X. Li 1. JD Hughes, G Pitchers, SC How, M Cole Board 8 1 School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, Exercise & Sport Research Centre, University An online survey using social media UK. of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK investigating the use of kinesiology type tape 2 S2P, Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor and McConnell type tape with clinicians who Behaviour, Science to Practice, Ltd., Ljubljana, Board 3 treat cycling related knee pain. Slovenia. Treadmill-based cycling time trial better G Theobald 1, J Selfe 2, J Richards 2, predicts seasonal cross-country mountain H Roddam 2. Board 13 bike performance than traditional parameters 1 The Body Rehab Injury Clinic, Staveley, Cumbria, Effect of hand cooling on body temperature, in laboratory tests. UK. cardiovascular and perceptual responses 2 School of Sport, Tourism & the Outdoors, UCLan, 1 2 1 1 during recumbent cycling in a hot B Müller , , T Steiner , T Maier1 & JP Wehrlin . Preston, UK. 1 Section for Elite Sports, Swiss Federal Institute of environment 1 2 2 Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland. Board 9 AD Ruddock , , K Chatziopoulos , 2 Swiss Cycling Federation, Grenchen, Switzerland. T Parkington 2, GA Tew 3, A Purvis 2. A contiguous ramp and all-out exercise test 1 Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Sheffield Board 4 to determine critical power in competitive Hallam University, UK. Influence of positional biomechanics on cyclists 2 Department of Sport, Sheffield Hallam University, 1 2 3 gross efficiency within cycling. MS Wells , G Atkinson , HB Rossiter , UK. 1 3 Department of Health Sciences, University of York, J Bateman S Marwood . 1 Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool Hope UK. University of Sunderland, UK. University, UK. 2 Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside Board 5 University, UK. Laboratory predictors of uphill cycling time 3 Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at trial performance Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, USA. AH Bossi 1, P Lima 1, J Hopker 2, JRP Lima 1. 1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Federal Board 10 University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas The effect of wheel diameter on vertical and Gerais, Brazil. horizontal mountain bike position 2 School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University S Phillips 1, M Levy 2, B Alumbaugh 1, of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, G Smith3, G Smith 1. England. 1 Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA. 2 University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA. 3 Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA www.wcss2014.co.uk 19

Exhibition Area Board 6 Board 11 Thursday 3rd July The influence of aerobic fitness on the Track Tales: A Narrative Exploration Of oxygen uptake kinetics of trained cyclists Within-career Transition In Sprint Cycling G Rose. W McConn. Board 1 School of Health, Sport & Professional School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Relation between lactic acid steady-state and Practice, University of South Wales, Newport, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, muscle oxygenation in elite cyclists UK. UK. M Mantovani 1,2, M Bongi 1, A Bandera 3. 1 University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. Board 7 Board 12 2 Team Colombia, Adro, Italy. 3Nirox srl, Brescia, Italy. The analysis & forecasting of British cycling The reliability and validity of the 3-minute time trial records critical power test Board 2 BTJ Dyer 1, H Hossani 2, M Shadi 2 J Wright 1, S Jobson 2, S Bruce-Low 1. Do core stabilization exercises enhance 1 Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth 1 Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Southampton cycling efficiency? University, UK. Solent University, UK. EJ Weijmans, S van Berkel. 2 The Business School, Bournemouth University, UK. 2 Department of Sports Studies, University of Department of Sports Medicine, Isala, Zwolle, Winchester, UK. the Netherlands. Board 8 Board 13 Effect of environmental temperature on Board 3 pacing during a simulated 16 km cycling time Changes in whole body and local muscle A multidisciplinary team immunity trial oxygen consumption during prolonged intervention and well-being monitoring with S Bailey, C O’Hagan cycling female track riders in preparation for the Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, C O’Grady, B Pageaux, JG Hopker. 2013/14 UCI world cup season Sheffield Hallam University, UK. Endurance Research Group, School of Sport OC Busby, V Davies and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, UK. Sport Wales, Cardiff, UK . Board 9 The Effect of IMT on Cycling Time-Trial Board 14 Board 4 Performance at ~16°C (Cool) and ~26°C (Hot) Modelling of Critical Power from Road Data Temperatures. An investigation of the biomechanical B Karsten 1, S Jobson 2, J Hopker 3, L Stevens 1, C Sharp, M Faghy efficacy and clinical effectiveness of patello- C Beedie 4. femoral taping in elite and experienced Sport and Exercise Science, University of 1 Centre for Sports Science and Human cyclists Derby, Derby, UK. Performances, University of Greenwich, Chatham G Theobald 1, J Selfe 2, J Richards 2, Maritime, UK. H Roddam 2. Board 10 2 Department of Sport Studies, University of 1 The Body Rehab Injury Clinic, Staveley, Cumbria, Optimisation of cycling training Winchester, Winchester, UK. UK. 3 School for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University P Scarf 1, M Shrahili 1, SA Jobson 2, 2 School of Sport, Tourism & the Outdoors, UCLan, of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK. 3 Preston, UK. L Passfield . 4 Department of Sport and Exercise Science, ABER, 1 Centre for Sports Business, Salford Business Aberystwyth, UK. Board 5 School, University of Salford, UK. 2 Department of Sports Studies, University of Comparison of power output demands for a Winchester, UK. top-10 ranking between Tour de France and 3 School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University Vuelta a Espana of Kent, UK. J Pinot 1,2, F Grappe 1,2. 1 EA4660, C3S Health – Sport Department, University of Franche Comte, Besançon, France. 2 FDJ.fr Pro Cycling Team, Moussy le Vieux, France. 20 University of Kent / 2nd World Congress of Cycling Science

PROGRAMME DAY 1

2nd July 2014

8.00- 9.15 Registration and refreshments – Foyer

9.15-9.30 Welcome – Lecture A Dr James Hopker, Roger Harrington (Leeds Council Cycling Ambassador), Brian Robinson

9.30-10.00 Charly Wegelius (Garmin-Sharp Sporting Director) “Can sports science help to make race-winning decisions?” – Lecture A

10.00-10.30 Dr. Ross Tucker (University of Cape Town) “Fatigue and limitations to endurance cycling performance” – Lecture A

Lecture A Lecture C

10.30-11.30 Symposium Symposium The limits to exercise tolerance: mind or muscle? TdF champions: born or trained? Prof Samuele Marcora (University of Kent) “Genomics of elite sporting performance: Dr Mark Burnley (University of Kent) What little we know” Sponsored by the University of Kent Prof Yannis Pitsalidis (University of Brighton) “Genetics and epigenetics contribution elite athletic performance” Dr Colin Moran (Unversity of Stirling)

11.30-12.00 Peter Hespel (Omega Pharma Quick-Step) “Extreme Nutrition: Grand Tour Cycling” – Lecture A

12.00-13.00 Lunch/Posters/Exhibition – Foyer

13.00-14.00 Symposium Symposium Current Perspectives on Anti-Doping in Cycling Pacing strategies, perceived effort and cycling performance “The Athlete’s Biological Passport – Past, Present, Future” Dr F Hettinga (University of Essex) Dr Olaf Schumacher (ASPETAR) “Highly accurate computer simulations of individual time trials in competitive cycling” “An Integrative 'Omics' Solution to the Detection of Prof Bert Otten (University of Groningen) Recombinant Human Erythropoietin and Blood Doping” Prof Yannis Pitsiladis (University of Brighton) “How to use pain to pace” Dr Lex Mauger (University of Kent)

14.00-15.00 “Anti Doping and Cycling: Where from here ?” – Lecture A Chair: Dr Ross Tucker (University of Cape Town) Dr Olaf Schumacher (ASPETAR), Dr Mario Zorzoli (UCI) Charly Wegelius (Garmin-Sharp Pro Cycling Team), Dr Michael Hutchinson (Cycling Journalist) Marco Pinotti (BMC Pro Cycling Team)

15.00-15.30 Refreshments/Posters/Exhibition – Foyer

15.30-16.30 Symposium Symposium Muscle activity and pedal forces: do they matter in Cycling in the Extremes cycling performance “Heat effects on cycling: physiology, perception, and Dr Fred Grappe (FDJ) performance” “Effects of vibration on the cycling biomechanics” Prof Stephen Cheung (Brock University) Dr William Bertucci (University of Reims) “Interest of studying muscular activity to improve “Can altitude training be recommended to elite athletes?” cycling performance” Dr Carsten Lundby (University of Zurich) Dr Sébastien Duc (University of Reims)

16.30-17.45 Open Short Communications Open Short Communications Lecture Theatre A, B, C, and room 412 Lecture Theatre A, B, C, and room 412

End of Day 1

19.00-.00 Conference Dinner – Rose Bowl Marco Pinotti, Michael Hutchinson, Tim Moore www.wcss2014.co.uk 21

PROGRAMME DAY 2

3rd July 2014

8.00-8.50 Registration and refreshments – Foyer

8.50-9.00 Welcome – Lecture A

9.00-9.30 Ulrich Schroberer (SRM), Nicolas Roche (Tinkoff-Saxo Professional Cycling Team) “The use of Power Meters in Professional Cycling” – Lecture A Sponsored by SRM

9.30-10.00 Dr Mario Zorzoli (UCI Medical Director) “Maintaining rider health”– Lecture A

Lecture A Lecture C

10.00-11.00 Symposium Symposium Training and physiological assessment in cycling: Contemporary sports nutrition in elite cycling the Mapei Sport experience, Prof Andrea Morelli Dr Kevin Currell (English Institute of Sport) “Seasonal variations of total haemoglobin mass and “Role of muscle glycogen in adaptation to training ” aerobic endurance capacities in professional road cyclists” , Dr James Morton (Liverpool John Moores University) Dr Andrea Bosio “Nutrient interactions in mitochondrial biogene sis” “Physiological and neuromuscular difference between Dr Andy Philp (Birmingham University) training at low and high pedal frequencies” , Paolo Artuso “Practical aspects of maximising adaptation with nutrition” Sponsored by Mapei SportService Nigel Mitchell (Team Sky)

11.00-11.30 Refreshments/Posters/Exhibition – Foyer

11.30-12.30 Symposium Symposium Using power meters to improve training and performance Nutrition for elite cycling, from the lab to the musette Prof Louis Passfield (University of Kent) Dr David Bailey (Nestlé Research Center) Dr Mikel Zabala (Movistar Pro Cycling Team) Dr Louise Burke (Australian Institue of Sport) Dirk Friel (Training Peaks) Sponsored by Powerbar

12.30-13.30 Lunch/Posters/Exhibition – Foyer

13.30-14.00 Dr Iñigo Mujika (University of the Basque Country) “A scientific approach to training and tapering for road cycling events”

14.00-15.00 Symposium Symposium Aerodynamics in Professional Cycling British Cycling: Developing a winning culture “Optimizing aerodynamics in road race cycling” “The dichotomy between applied sport science and Robby Ketchell (Garmin-Sharp Pro Cycling Team) coaching practice” “The development of a field-based platform for measuring Vinny Webb and Andrew Kirkland (British Cycling) aerodynamics incycling: from hair dryers to Rio” “A behavioural approach to winning” Andy Froncioni (Alphamantis Technologies) Dave Readle (British Cycling) Sponsored by British Cycling

15.00-16.00 Symposium Symposium The role of strength training within endurance cycling Inspriatory Muscle Training and Cycling Performance Dr Iñigo Mujika (University of the Basque Country) Dr John Dickinson (University of Kent) Dr Bent Ronnestad (Lillehammer University) Dr Peter Brown (English Institute of Sport) Dr David Martin (Australian Institute of Sport) Sponsored by Powerbreathe

16.00-17.00 Open Short Communications Open Short Communications Lecture Theatre A, B, C, and room 412 Lecture Theatre A, B, C, and room 412

17.00-17.30 Dr. David Martin (Australian Institute of Sport) “Winning the TdF: does it need a sport science perspective?” – Lecture A

End of Day 2

19.00-21.00 Open Public Engagement Event – Rose Bowl Chair: Prof Louis Passfield Dirk Friel – The evolution of power measurement in professional cycling Prof Yannis Pitsiladis – TdF champions born or made? Dr Mikel Zabala & Marco Pinotti – Physiology of the TdF rider Dr Simon Choppin – Biomechanics aspects of professional cycling Sponsored by TraningPeaks 4 1 /

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