1 INEQUALITIES AND WORLD (DIS)ORDER MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018

Launched in January 2016 by the Paris School of International Affairs at Sciences Po (PSIA), the Youth & Leaders Summit brings together today’s leading international affairs personalities with the next generation of world leaders and thinkers.

YOUTH & LEADERS: A UNIQUE CONCEPT Bringing a fresh perspective to university organised conferences, the Youth & Leaders Summit is an unparalleled event with an innovative underlying concept: fostering discussion and debate between leading global affairs actors and PSIA students on complex international issues. The impressive diversity and capacity of the PSIA student body provided the impetus for the Summit, and the idea has been met with great enthusiasm by over 60 of the world’s most prominent international actors for the first three editions. PSIA students are also at the heart of the organisation and execution of the Summit, working as a team of over 40 dedicated logistics and communications assistants, speaker escorts and on-the-day event assistants. Their engagement is testament to the #PSIASpirit so characteristic of the school, and fundamental to the success of the Youth & Leaders Summit.

INEQUALITIES – 2018 THEME The Youth & Leaders Summit took place on January 22nd 2018 at Sciences Po’s iconic Paris campus, as the third successful edition dedicated to exchange and dialogue on some of the most pressing global issues. The 2018 edition was dedicated to tackling the theme of Inequalities, through a series of keynote speeches, panel debates and discussions with students. The current report and is designed to showcase the major outcomes and recommendations made during the debates.

SCIENCES PO AND PSIA Sciences Po has been a pioneer of multidisciplinary education since 1872 and is constantly devising innovative approaches to tackling the most challenging global issues. Today, it is through PSIA that Sciences Po continues to play an active and important role in the international arena. PSIA is one of the most highly regarded International Affairs schools in the world (ranked #4 by the 2018 QS World Rankings), as well as the largest, with 1600 students from across 100 countries. Public debate is at the heart of PSIA life and, each year, the school hosts numerous high-level events and platforms for discussion. 2 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 1 #YLSummit18

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Sciences Po and PSIA would like to extend their gratitude to the sponsors, partners, faculty and students who were involved in making the 2018 edition of the Youth & Leaders a resounding success.

We would especially like to thank our main sponsor Engie for their generous support, and The New York Times, our media partner, for championing and featuring the Summit. TABLE OF CONTENTS A special word of appreciation must go to Lakhdar Brahimi for his intellectual contribution to designing the agenda for p. 3 Acknowledgements the 2018 edition of the Summit. Summit Program p. 4 Thanks go also to Sciences Po’s Department of Communi- p. 6 Keynote Speaker cations and to its Direction de la Stratégie et du Dévelop- Panel 1 Summary p. 12 pement for their indispensable support both in the lead-up Left behind: is someone listening? to and during the event. Panel 2 Summary p. 16 And, last but not least, a very warm thanks is reserved for Does inequality cause conflict? the 39 student members of the PSIA Youth & Leaders Team, Panel 3 Summary p. 20 who were all instrumental in the Summit’s success. Without Why are institutions failing ? them, the energy of the day simply would not have reflected the same that we hold dear and are so proud of. About the Paris School of International Affairs, Sciences Po p. 32 #PSIASpirit

2 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 3 INEQUALITIES AND WORLD (DIS)ORDER #YLSummit18 MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018

MORNING SESSION AFTERNOON SESSION

08:30 Welcome and registration 14:00 PANEL 2 DOES INEQUALITY CAUSE CONFLICT? 09:00 WELCOME Introduction: Serafine Dinkel PSIA Student, Master in International Security Frédéric Mion President, Sciences Po Chair: Christine Ockrent journalist • former Editor in chief, L’Express

With 09:10 OPENING SPEECH Mohamed ElBaradei Nobel Peace Prize laureate • Édouard Philippe Prime Minister, France former Director, International Atomic Energy Agency

09:30 KEYNOTE SPEECH Lakhdar Brahimi Elder • former UN Special Envoy for Syria • William J. Burns President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Algeria

Followed by a discussion with PSIA students and the audience Philippe Martin Professor of Economics, Sciences Po

10:00 Break Followed by a discussion with PSIA students and the audience

10:30 PANEL 1 15:30 Break LEFT BEHIND: IS SOMEONE LISTENING? Introduction: Daniela Dos Santos Quaresma PSIA Student, Master in International Security 16:00 PANEL 3 Chair: Chief Diplomatic Correspondent Europe, New York Times Steven Erlanger WHY ARE INSTITUTIONS FAILING? Introduction: Adam Fifield PSIA Student, Master in International Development With Chair: Steven Erlanger Chief Diplomatic Correspondent Europe, New York Times Donald Kaberuka former President of the African Development Bank • former Minister of Finance, Rwanda With Patrick Le Galès Professor of Political Science, Sciences Po • Maria Nowak Founder, ADIE (Association pour le Droit à l’Initiative Economique) Dean, Urban School, Sciences Po

Teresa Ribera Director of IDDRI, Sciences Po • former State Secretary Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Chair, GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines for Climate Change, Spain and Immunization) • former Managing Director, World Bank • former Minister of Finance, Nigeria Luca Visentini Secretary General, European Trade Union Commission Yanis Varoufakis founder, DiEM25 • former Minister of Finance, Greece Followed by a discussion with PSIA students and the audience Followed by a discussion with PSIA students and the audience 12:00 KEYNOTE SPEECH Cecilia Malmström European Commissioner for Trade 17:30 CONCLUDING REMARKS Enrico Letta Dean, PSIA, Sciences Po • former Prime Minister, Italy Followed by a discussion with PSIA students and the audience

12:30 Lunch break

4 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 5 #YLSummit18

You don’t need to travel to see inequality. You can see it in your own neighborhood.

New inequalities are also building: the digital divide is one of them, and those who are not connected will be left behind.

Edouard Philippe Prime Minister, France

6 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 7 Edouard Philippe 0.1 percent own more than speed Internet connections to see inequality. You can Prime Minister, France 20% of the country’s wealth… everywhere in France. see it in your own neighbour- But the new fortunes being hood. Inequality is in litera- made are not always clus- b/ Climate change is the great ture, read Hugo, Zola, Dickens Mr President, to put it politely, the people inequalities will build up, be tered where you would think. inequality: and Steinbeck. Inequality is a Dean, they are destined to meet. self-sustaining and widen. China now has more billion- The President of the French perpetual subject of inquiry Distinguished Professors, The famous decision-makers, aires than any other country. Republic stressed the point for economists, from Marx to Ladies and gentlemen, French of which, as I gather from the I saw as much in my former And last year, Beijing became in his speech at Xi’an in Chi- Rawls. Open any newspaper and international students, title of this event and from life, as the mayor of a large the global billionaire capital, na on 8 January 2018: “We and you will see inequality dear friends, your invitation to me, I am city. Obviously, as Prime Min- ahead of New York. know that the disruption hits in the photos, in the articles, one. Therefore, we are all fu- ister, this issue and this re- the poorest countries hardest showing us inequality that we It was a good idea to invite ture decision-makers or future sponsibility are on a different Such concentration of wealth (…). This is the double injus- would like to think of as from me, Mr President. You know, ex-decision-makers. It’s a very scale. undermines the cohesion tice of climate disruption. The another time. spending so many years in good thing. that our societies are built most vulnerable countries your company when I was I/ The fact is that on. This is true in the Unit- are the ones that are not yet There are several attitudes very young gave me a very It’s a very good thing, because the world today is facing a ed States, where everyone is developed and they are now possible for dealing with this: real experience of what ine- decision-making is a huge cruel paradox. talking about the collapse of afflicted by the consequences we can ignore it, saying that, quality is. I’m talking about responsibility. No pressure, the middle class. The same of damage from previous dec- after all, inequality has been the inequality between a man but the world, your world 1/ The world has hardly ever middle class –“the great mid- ades and even centuries. We around since the world began. like yourself: amiable, well and, more importantly, your been so prosperous and dle class” depicted by Ralph have a special responsibility in Or we can be sad about it, read, sharp, witty, elegant children’s world, will depend the prospects for economic Ellison, Saul Bellow, Flannery this matter.” without doing anything more. from birth or very soon there- more or less on the decisions development greater. O’Connor or Philip Roth - that Or we can be disheartened: after, and the ordinary garden you make. Big and little deci- was the driving force behind People who are much more where should we start, and variety of student, like myself sions. Conscious and less con- Global GDP grew by more America’s economic power qualified than I am will tell more especially, with whom? at the time. The students who scious decisions. That’s the than 3% in 2017. These trends after the Second World War you about it in greater detail. For what result? Or we can sweated blood, hitting the way it is: you cannot evade are not seen only in Asia or when small property owners In the French Government, we fight it. The right response, books and struggling with your responsibilities. You can the United States. Sub-Saha- turned to white collar employ- have a highly qualified person the right attitude, the one I essays to earn lower marks be sad or alarmed. Or else, ran Africa, for example, should ees. for this issue. I’m talking about choose, is the latter. than yours on the whole. And, you can be happy about it, see growth of more than 3% Nicolas Hulot. in contrast to your always im- because it means you can in 2018, according to the 3/ More worrying, new Once we have decided to peccable appearance, they take action. At every level. World Bank’s forecasts. causes of inequality have For those who are interested, fight inequality, we need to came out of the ordeal with When decisions are good, emerged: when I was about your age, do it the right way. I will not frantic gazes, wrinkled shirts when they are a step in the 2/ Yet, prosperity has hardly I read a book that was fasci- speak about the eternal com- and aching backs. right direction, there are no benefited to so few. a/ The digital divide: nating. It was a bit frightening bat of “freedom versus equal- small decisions, only helpful too. This book, which is really ity”, which you know by heart Since then I have done my decisions. Albert Camus put 27%. That is the percentage Less than 50 percent of the an essay, is called “Collapse”. in such a school. Let’s simply utmost to close the gap. For it in a way that I find quite of global growth captured by global population has Internet The author, as you undoubt- remember that history has example, I regularly come comforting: “Superhuman is the wealthiest 1% around the access. In 2017, the connec- edly know, is Jared Diamond. provided ample and sad proof back to the school you di- the term for tasks men take world. This is what has shown tion rate in Africa was 23%. It is difficult to sum up the that total freedom, and total rect, despite a schedule that a long time to accomplish, the first report by the World 600 dense pages of the book equality, both have tragic con- is somewhat busier than it that’s all”. (Speech at Brook- Inequality Lab launched by And yet, digital technology is in a few words. You simply sequences. was twenty years ago. It’s al- lyn College, New York, 1 May Thomas Piketty. to progress what electricity need to know that the author ways a good idea to go back 1946). was in the twentieth century makes an unflinching study II/ So, what are to school from time to time. The world has never had so or coal in the nineteenth cen- of how environmental dam- our solutions? Esapecially when it is a “free” Now, more than ever, there is many billionaires. At this rate, tury. Individuals, businesses age affects certain societies. school that teaches you to certainly no lack of challeng- the Forbes ranking will be as and territories that cannot And that reading the book 1/ First, at the national level. think freely about the world es, of “superhuman tasks”. But thick as a phone book! In the “connect” to the rest of the was enough to convince me you live in. Furthermore, be- when we take a closer look United States the wealth of world will be left behind. to change our behaviour rad- You’ll have to admit, Mr Pres- sides reading books, I can at these challenges, we see the super-rich has soared to ically. ident, that summing up will think of nothing that is more that they all have something levels not seen since the roar- That’s why, one of the first be a challenge. The subject invigorating than rubbing el- in common, they all have in- ing twenties when Jay Gatsby decisions that the President Nothing I just said is news would warrant a second bows with students. All the equality as a cause or a con- was still staring at the blinking of the French Republic and I to you. That is why I will not speech on general policy last- more so when these students sequence. Generally speaking, green light at the end of Dai- made was to ensure access talk more about the facts. ing about an hour and a half are getting ready to succeed, if we are not careful, these sy Buchanan’s dock: the top to high-speed and very high- You don’t need to travel far without a break. ... /... 9 Unfortunately, neither you - Reducing inequality means the last General Assembly of nor I have the time for it. So, providing every citizen with the United Nations. It means I will just mention a few ac- a safety net when things go encouraging the involvement tions. Here they are: wrong. After all, we are all po- of countries that have been tentially vulnerable. One day, more discreet until now. I’m - First of all, protecting every- we could find ourselves job- thinking of China, for example. one in France from absolute less, ill, bereaved or elderly. In Its participation in COP21 was poverty. For a Government, such situations, there must be absolutely crucial. this means raising minimum solidarity. social benefits, as we have - Recasting and increasing done, to keep pace with the So, in a few very brief words, our Official Development As- rising cost of living and en- there you have what a Gov- sistance, since global crises suring that those in need ernment can and should do. are fuelled by inequality and have real access to benefits. Imperfectly to be sure. I have feelings of injustice. The Pres- Very often, the people en- absolutely no pretention of ident of the French Republic titled to the benefits don’t solving the problem once has made a commitment to even know about them. and for all. In this area, as in increase this assistance to so many others, modesty is 0.55% of gross national in- - Second, reducing inequality required. Especially when you come by 2022. Supporting means ensuring that every- take action at the internation- equal opportunities for devel- one, everywhere in France, al level. opment: access to education, has access to essentials, such as well as to health, food and as medical care, public ser- 2/ Because we must energy. vices, transport solutions and also take action at the quality Internet connections. international level: I needed a conclusion wor- Of course, we cannot carpet thy of the subject and fitting the whole country with ma- As I said: the scope for action to the challenge. Some may jor amenities. But we can do is smaller. But that doesn’t find the challenge a bit over- some things that are both mean that a country, such as whelming. I found my closing very simple and very helpful, France, which is heard and words in the work of Camus. such as boosting telemed- sometimes admired, should Him again. You see, I love men icine, facilitating online ad- not take action. For France and women who love free- ministrative formalities and holds a special place among dom. developing different modes nations. And one of its great- of transport. est strengths, and a reason In a speech given in 1956, en- people listen to France, is that titled “Call for a civilian truce - Reducing inequality means it tries to provide solutions in Algeria”, Camus said: “A investing in our most pre- for global injustices. What are strong heart, intelligence, and cious assets: knowledge these solutions? courage are enough to over- and skills. Most importantly, come fate. All it takes is will: this means investing more in - An unwavering commitment will that is not blind, but firm those with the least, the least to defend common goods, es- and deliberate.” well off school children, drop- pecially the climate. Obvious- outs, jobseekers and workers ly, this means providing finan- So, this is what I wish for who need new skills to keep cial support for initiatives. It you, what I wish for all of us: their jobs. In a mobile and also means providing support firm and deliberate will. And rapidly changing world, this for what we call “adaptation”, I know of no better place to means providing better pro- in other words, projects aimed forge that will than right here tection for people through at fighting the already very at Sciences Po. school, apprenticeships and real effects of climate change. career training. Skills are the best protection and the most - The President of the French powerful means of advance- Republic called for a revital- ment. isation of multilateralism at 2/2 11 #YLSummit18

You see modern international order being shaped by very consequential disorders.

I do remain an optimist: I have faith in the resilience of statesmen in trying to face common challenges and insecurity in the world today, faith in us all to deal with these beyond States, faith in the resilience within States in democracy.

And I have faith in the next generation, in all of you, to embark on complicated careers in a complicated international landscape, but filled with opportunities.

William Burns President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

12 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 13 William Burns a relatively small number of regimes and societies don’t Al-Qaeda; but also the im- President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Russian hackers. deal with them. pact of powerful transform- ative forces like globalization That leads me to another set I think other areas of the and especially the techno- Thank you very much for I don’t think it is foreordained. in humility about my powers of regional disorders in the world, which often suf- logical revolution, which have that kind introduction excel- It is the challenge of state- of prediction with regard to Middle East, which many of fer from neglect, at least in produced progress in many lences, ladies and gentlemen. craft to build in US-China re- Russian behavior. But I think you are very well aware of. terms of US foreign policy, parts of the world with hun- Good morning. I am very glad lations a stable mechanism of it is a pretty safe prediction Seven years ago, the revolts include Africa and our own dreds of millions of people to be in Paris and very glad to cooperation and competition that Vladimir Putin will be of the Arab Spring began as hemisphere, the Western lifted out of poverty and into be at Sciences Po – an insti- and to take advantage of the reelected President of Russia a reaction against peoples’ Hemisphere. What you have the middle class, advances in tution which I greatly admire. reality that our economies in a couple of months. I think sense of indignity, the ab- seen from Washington over human health and life expec- I also have to admit that I am are increasingly entangled it is a pretty safe prediction sence of economic and polit- the course of this past year tancy which would have been very glad to escape Washing- with one and other and that that Russia’s foreign policy ical opportunities, and the in- are not only some deeply hard to even imagine a few ton DC for a little while and all a whole variety of states in is going to continue to be a equalities across many Arab objectionable statements decades ago. But that tech- the many dysfunctions of the Asia and the Pacific have a pretty combustible combi- societies. from the President about nological revolution has also era of Donald Trump. (…) stake in the construction of a nation of grievance and am- a whole continent in Africa created some pretty signifi- kind of order that allows for bition and insecurity. It’s not The Arab Spring produced a but also a sense of diffidence cant dilemmas as well: deep What I’ll try to do is simply of- security and prosperity for all that Russia is ten feet tall. In collapse of much of the old and almost dismissiveness inequalities in many parts of fer three or four observations and isn’t aimed so much at many ways it is handicapped Arab state systems and cre- about Africa’s significance. the world including my own on some of what I see as the containing China as at shap- by a one-dimensional econ- ated a vacuum over which The truth is that for all the society, huge growing gaps biggest sources of disorder ing its rise. omy, way too dependent on hangs a big question – what obvious challenges that Af- between rich and poor and on the international landscape hydrocarbons, and by demo- comes next? There is no ricans face, whether it is un- the challenge of producing today. (…) We have an opportunity, from graphic realities that have shortage of people across resolved regional conflicts or rules of the road to deal with the point of view at least of caused a long-term decline the Middle East who think corruption or problems of in- the technological revolution. First, challenges to order American foreign policy to in its population. they have answers to that equality, there are also huge With increased power of among states. I spent almost make common cause with question. Whether it is Sun- opportunities as well. The machines, AI and biotech- three and a half decades as rising powers like India and But in Vladimir Putin, you see ni extremist groups like ISIS, same is true in the Western nology – it will be essential an American diplomat and with our traditional trading a leader that has been agile whether its predatory re- Hemisphere too, where if the to try to adapt existing in- lived through some very dis- allies in Japan and South Ko- tactically, that has been will- gional powers like Iran, or United States would spend ternational institutions, insti- tinct eras in terms of the dis- rea, in dealing with and work- ing to play rough and who Sunni-Arab authoritarian re- less time focused on building tutions beyond states and tribution of power among ing with China on some quite tends to see a target rich en- gimes trying to recover their walls and more time on build- governments, which in truth states. (…) serious challenges such as vironment around him – op- grip on power. You see the ing connections, I think peo- oftentimes reflect the power North Korea’s nuclear missile portunities to take advantage resurgence of competition ple across our hemisphere in- realities of several decades It just seems to me that programs. of vulnerabilities. Whether in between Saudi Arabia and cluding Americans ourselves ago rather than the realities when you look at an era in the Ukraine several years ago Iran across the Middle East. would be much better off. of 2018 – whether it is finan- which great power rivalry I don’t need to tell anyone in where if he couldn’t have cial institutions or the United has returned, you also see this room that I think Europe what he wanted most, which And you see what I think is That leads me to my second Nations itself. international order shaped in- faces as many challenges to was a deferential govern- deeply unfortunately a sense observation, which is about creasingly by a series of very regional order as at any point ment in Kiev, he could have of neglect: whether it’s of challenges to order beyond My third observation is about consequential regional disor- since the end of the Cold the next best thing from the the terrible humanitarian ca- states. I continue to believe challenges to order within ders. One of the most obvi- War. Whether they are in- point of view of the Kremlin, tastrophe unfolding in the that the nation-state contin- states. Here you see political ous examples is in Asia where ternally generated, I think of which was a dysfunctional Yemen today; neglect of the ues to be at the core of the systems – whether they’re the rise of China is probably Britain’s deeply unfortunate Ukraine. Or in Syria, where Palestinian-Israeli issue which international system, but it democratic systems or au- the most consequential phe- decision to leave the Euro- he took advantage of a vac- is going to result in the long- is true that over the last few thoritarian systems – strug- nomenon on the international pean Union and the challeng- uum of external involvement term detriment of the Israe- decades, its monopoly on gling with some of those landscape today. As all of you es posed by nationalist and and deep and bloody cha- lis and the Palestinians; and power has been gradually transformative forces, which know, history is full of colli- nativist impulses in central os in Syria itself. Or in 2016 neglect of the deeper drivers eroded. I described earlier. In demo- sions between rising powers Europe; but also externally in terms of hacking and in- of disorder across the Middle cratic systems which put a and established powers and if generated as well. (…) terference in the American East today – the sense of in- What you have seen is not premium on openness and we are honest with ourselves, elections, which I have always dignity and inequalities which only a multiplication of respect for pluralism, you there is that risk in relations I served twice, over the been convinced is as much to produced the Arab Spring in non-state actors from the see a crisis of governance. In between the United States course of my checkered ca- do with the vulnerability of the first place and which will very benign like the Bill and Washington today, you see a and China but I don’t think reer, as a diplomat in Russia our own political system, as cause a rebirth of those kind Melinda Gates foundation to prime example of that as well that is inevitable. and that was a long exercise it was about the acumen of of upheavals in the future if the very malign like ISIS and – of societies are ... /... 15 struggling to deal with peo- don’t mean this to be a state- sense of commitment to mul- I spent three and a half dec- (…) I think tomorrow is going off a relatively open econom- ple left behind by globaliza- ment of American arrogance tilateralism and international ades. 30% of our embassies to be very challenging for all ic system from a very closed tion and fear increasing ine- – that we are still, or at least order that comes at great today don’t have ambassa- of us but I have considera- political system as well. qualities, but also people who we have the potential, to be peril to the US and also to dors. There is a 30% budget ble faith in the resilience of are retreating behind more the preeminent power in the the prospect of a more just cut that is being discussed in statesmen to try and build a I also have faith in the re- traditional kinds of cultural world. Whether it is in terms and inclusive international the State Department today better sense of order among silience of my own society, and ethnic identity in many of objective measures such order across the globe. That and being pushed forward states and to take advantage and our capacity beyond parts of the world as well. as military and economic detachment has already pro- by the administration. There of the economic interde- the Trump era, to renew our- Social media and the tech- strength, or demography – duced the American with- was a 50% decline this past pendence of states and the selves, because I have always nological revolution can tend we are a relatively young and drawal from the Paris Climate year in the number of appli- common challenges, whether thought that for the United to create echo-chambers and mobile society, if we can ever Treaty and I think it brings cants to enter the American of climate, or food, water and States, our influence in the reinforce that kind of narrow get immigration reform right the very real risk of the Unit- diplomatic service. There is a health inequalities and other world comes more through focus on cultural identity – and geography as a source ed States pulling away from hemorrhaging of talent today insecurities. our example rather than the rather than connect people, of strength for the United the Iran Nuclear agreement, in the State Department. That power of preaching. which is the huge possibility States. Our two liquid as- which I helped to negotiate tends to reinforce a kind of I have a lot of faith in the of technological change. sets, the Atlantic and Pacific many years ago. great inversion in the roles of capacity of all of us to deal Last but not least, I have a oceans, insulate us to some force and diplomacy where with some of those challeng- lot of faith in the resilience of And then you also see au- extent from forces that some But I think the deeper con- force becomes a tool of first es to order beyond states in the next generation – of all of thoritarian regimes which other states are more vulner- cern I have is not so much to resort simply because it is the sense of harnessing the you, as you embark on what in many respects are strug- able too. do with those decisions on the most powerful and effec- power and the promise of I am sure will be incredibly gling with those same kind the surface, dangerous and tive instrument that we have technology and mitigating promising careers in interna- of forces, trying on one hand When we have used our pow- reckless as they are, but with and diplomacy becomes a its downsides and inevitable tional affairs. (…) to take advantage of nation- er and our influence wisely, it what is happening beneath sort of under-resourced after dislocations. alist impulses, tribalism, sec- has been because of a sense the surface: the corrosion of thought. The inheritance that you are tarianism and mercantilism of enlightened self-interest the American idea, with all I have faith in the resilience going to get from my gen- in terms of closing off trade – a sense that our interests, our imperfections, the sense (…) I’ll try to end on an uplift- within states of open polit- eration is a very difficult one opportunities; but also trying American interests over time, to which at least at our best, ing note, which may sound a ical systems and of demo- in many respects but it is to take advantage of tech- are better served by creating we’ve embodied a sense of little strange after this litany cratic systems, as France has also filled with opportunities nological tools whether its in opportunities for other states possibility, mobility, a sense of challenges and disorders demonstrated since its last as well, so I wish you every China, to use new technology as well. That is what drove of respect for tolerance and that I described, because I election, to renew itself and good fortune in realizing the as a way of tightening politi- the Marshall plan 70 years human dignity. What we are do remain an optimist about to deal with these challenges. promise of those opportuni- cal control of a system, or in ago – the sense that Europe’s seeing runs across that and what is possible when deal- I wonder, to be honest, about ties. Thank you. Russia as I mentioned before, recovery, France’s recovery, corrodes it and undermines ing with inequalities and dis- the capacity of authoritari- taking advantage of tech- was enormously important to it as well. orders on the international an regimes such as China to nology to bring influence to long-term American interest. landscape. continue to be able to wall bear against other countries That is what drove the PEP- You are also seeing corrosion and other political systems FAR initiative – billions of dol- with regard to another source around the world as with the lars of US assistance to sup- of American strength, which hacking in our 2016 election. port committed leaders and is a sense of initiative – our committed civil society activ- willingness not just to invest My last observation is about ists in Africa and other parts in alliances and partnerships my own country. Americans, of the world to deal with the but to work to mobilize coali- as you may have noticed, scourge of HIV/AIDS, which tions of countries to deal with tend to be self-absorbed today has helped to bring the some of those significant ine- sometimes and think that entire planet to the verge of qualities and disorders on the the world revolves around us. an AIDS free generation. international landscape. That The truth is that increasingly is what sets us apart from it doesn’t – we are no longer But what I fear we’re seeing lonelier great powers like Chi- the dominant power that today, and have seen over na and Russia today. were during that two-decade the past year, has much more unipolar moment and that we emphasis on the ‘self’ part of There is also the corrosion of were to a large extent during that equation and far less on institutions beneath the sur- the Cold War. the ‘enlightened’ part. It is a face like my old institution, But I would still argue – and I kind of detachment from a the State Department, where 17 #YLSummit18

Fighting inequality is about doing what we can, when we can: a constant daily fight, even when, and maybe especially, when people don’t want to listen.

I want to see the power of Trade empowering women in a much greater manner than today.

Trade is, if used in the right way, a formidable tool for growth and can help the world develop sustainably and inclusively.

Cecilia Malmström Commissioner for Trade, European Union

18 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 19 Cecilia Malmström in export areas such as agri- ances to work in international trade to everyone. We do this Commissioner for Trade, European Union culture. Trade favours women fora. We want to defend the in several ways: working in service sectors as Climate agreement. We want At the multilateral level, we well. And EU trade agree- to set global rules. We want have secured agreements to Ladies and gentlemen, of our generation; Climate Trade matters to women; ments can support women in to trade fight distortions in agricultural Thank you Mr Dean for the change, racism, inequality. women matter to trade. 118 other ways too. Global trade is vital to the EU markets, to free up trade in in- kind introduction and for in- Fighting injustice is not al- WTO members recognised Getting people to accept economy. We are connected formation technology, and to viting me here today. It is al- ways as exciting as we expect. this in Argentina last year. equality on paper is one thing, to the world in an unprece- improve access to medicines ways nice to visit this distin- It is actually rare to experi- They adopted the Buenos but we must continue to push dented way. Every €1 billion in in the developing world. Last guished university,from where ence breakthrough moments. Aires Declaration on Women if we want to see it in practice. exports supports 14,000 extra year the Trade Facilitation so many notable alumni have More often, it is about doing and Trade. It seeks to remove We can do this in several jobs in Europe. 31 million jobs Agreement, a World Trade come. what we can, where we can, barriers and foster women’s ways: We could include gen- exist because of European ex- Organisation agreement, en- To begin our conversation tirelessly asserting the prin- participation in trade. der-specific provisions in our ports. tered into force. today, I would like to recall ciples, we believe to be right, Each woman who benefits bilateral free trade agree- And this is not just an abstract This modernises customs one particular alumna. She and building on the work of from trade, is a woman who ments, as we will do with number. That is 31 million procedures to help all busi- was a formidable politician those who came before us. can open new markets and Chile. We can listen to wom- more people at work. 31 mil- nesses, including small and and a great European. The Even when people don’t want new opportunities. Each en’s groups as we formulate lion more people contributing medium-sized ones, and the first President of the Europe- to listen. Especially when peo- woman who opens a new trade-related programmes, to social safety nets. 31 million poorest countries, benefit an Parliament. An Auschwitz ple don’t want to listen. market, is a woman who can and maximise the impact on more people with peace of from trade. survivor who remembered promote her ideas and sup- equality and empowerment. mind thanks to global trade. At home in Europe, almost Europe before we had peace. In the European Union we do port her community. Each We can get better statistical So we need more of these 40% of EU exports are now A proud Frenchwoman, one our outmost to contribute woman who can support her data – a practice we started jobs. covered by Free Trade Agree- of the 40 immortals of the to a better world, to protect community, is a woman who when we launched our first We need to make sure glo- ments. Académie française. And a our citizens, to create possi- can transform the status of quantitative assessment of balisation works at home too. This is good for trade and pioneer of women’s equali- bilities and a future for each women in that community, trade, jobs and gender last Domestic policies of EU Mem- good for businesses. This ty in her campaign for legal and every European. We use and beyond. year. ber States need to respond strengthens our place in glob- access to contraception and different tools to do that. Our research suggests that In our trade policies, we treat to challenges in education, al supply chains, and this in abortion. I work in trade, so that’s in the EU, the jobs of one in people equally, but just be- investment, fiscal and social turn strengthens businesses, I, of course, am talking about where I can make an impact. nine women in the workforce cause our policies are gen- domains. both big and small. Madame Simone Veil. Another Trade is a formidable tool for depend on exports. That’s a der-neutral doesn’t mean they The EU has already started Our free trade agreement notable alumnus of this insti- growth and it has lifted mil- lot of jobs. But it still points to are gender sensitive. I want to to provide some answers. with South Korea eliminat- tution, President Emmanuel lions of people out of pov- a huge gender disparity. For see the power of trade em- We proposed the European ed almost 99% of customs Macron, once called her, “The erty. Trade agreements are a men, the figure is one in six; powering women. Pillar of Social Rights. These duties. In the first five years best of France.” way to shape globalisation, to 50% higher. 20 principles, from the right after we implemented it, EU put up common rules and in- we talk about a gender pay Though trade can be used to to fair wages to the right to exports increased by 55%. Few people had an impact on crease transparency and pre- gap. There is also a gender empower people, many do health care, show the EU That means more business, France like she did. At just 17 dictability. gap in trade. We need to fill not feel that trade is working stands up for the rights of which means more jobs, years old, she was deported it, be it with trade and invest- for them. People have con- its citizens in a fast changing which means more people to a death camp. Her moth- But it is clear that our citizens ment, or other complementa- cerns about globalisation. world. with security and peace of er, her father and her brother want trade to be fair. To be ry policies. And some of their concerns The EU’s regional policy also mind. never returned. Only her two sustainable. To set high stand- are genuine and legitimate. improves the well-being of sisters survived with her. Af- ards on consumers’ rights, on Beyond Europe, trade and Populists and nationalists took citizens. It aims to remove And it does not stop with ter the liberation, she came to labour rights, environmental investment, when used cor- advantage of this by offering economic, social and territo- Korea. Last year, we have study at Sciences Po. Some- rights and human rights. rectly, can help the world de- easy answers, and they con- rial inequalities between re- provisionally applied a free how she found the strength The European Trade policy is velop sustainably and inclu- tinue to spread pseudo-solu- gions. We cannot rest as long trade agreement with Can- to overcome all past horrors, set up in the strategic docu- sively. We know that women tions in many places around as poverty and injustice exist ada. European companies and later used her strength ment “Trade for all”. It states are poorer than men, so wom- the world. They insist that we in Europe. This is not in line can already see the benefits. to fight for others and their that trade should be efficient, en and girls have less oppor- can hide behind borders and with our values. And it is our Another agreement is being rights. transparent and value based. tunities, less access to finance, walls. That there is protection values that have made the EU finalised with Japan. It is good to look back on the “Trade for all” means trade for education and information. in protectionism. But the EU the most equal place in the And we hope to submit free struggles of those who came the 99% as well as the 1%. That is why you can have such does not see things this way. world. trade agreements with Singa- before us. They inspire and For the 51% as well as the positive effects, if you en- pore and Vietnam for ratifica- guide us as we are struggling 49%. gage women in trade. Trade We want to build bridges, not Our “Trade for All” strategy tion very soon. We are close against the great injustices Trade for men and for women. has been positive for women walls. We want to create alli- aims to deliver the benefits of to finalising our ... /... 21 negotiations with Mexico and have to open their markets I am proud that Europe is Mercosur in Latin America, in the same way. We support leading the way on transpar- and we plan to open negoti- countries who sign up to UN ent trade negotiations. We ations with New Zealand and conventions on human rights, now publish all new trade and Australia this year. environmental cooperation investment negotiation texts With these countries we are and basic labour rights. We proposals, negotiation round creating a circle of friends work with them to help the reports and reader-friendly who share our values and conventions become a reality. material to explain the deals. want to shape globalisation We create partnerships be- And other countries are fol- with fair and sustainable tween business, trade unions, lowing that trend. trade. NGOs and authorities. In February we will set up an Some people have the im- After the terrible tragedy in Expert group with 14 NGOs pression that these deals only Bangladesh in 2013 when the and 14 business organisations work for big business. collapse of a building in Rana for consultations on our trade Plaza killed over 1000 women agreements, this way we will I would tell them to speak to and girls, we mobilised and make sure EU civil society the Mons family. created a compact for the is well informed, and differ- They are cheese producers improvement of labour rights ent voices are heard. So that from outside Lyon, here in and working conditions in the trade is more inclusive. France, their family company garments industry of Bang- can export more thanks to the ladesh. The work is far from And when the European Canadian trade agreement. over but the situation has im- Commission hears a concern, I would tell them to speak to proved. we respond. This is why our the staff of Kolbus. A small We want trade, but not at trade agreements have such German book making com- any price. Today you can buy high consumer standards, this pany, terrible things on the market. is why we have provisions to who managed to survive the Spiked clubs, lethal chemicals protect the environment, and global financial crisis through used for death penalty, elec- this is why we demand our their exports to South Korea. trocution, thumbscrews and partners respect core labour And I would tell them to talk even gas chambers. standards. to artists, whose intellectual These products have only property rights will be pro- one purpose – to torture and This is our own, modest con- tected by our deal with Mex- kill people. They should be tribution to the fight for a ico. banned. fairer world. Policies that pro- The European Union last year mote equality. A strong econ- Our agreements today are sharpened its legislation on omy that everyone benefits part of a new generation of banning of trade with goods from agreements that ensure trade agreements. That do that can be used for this in- standards and rights. not sacrifice our standards, humane treatment. They are I’m sure that you, being in this whether social, environmental, also banned from transiting room today, will have great consumer rights or otherwise. the EU through our ports or careers and contributions They are modern, val- territory. Last year, I created a ahead of you. Some of you ues-based agreements, with Global Alliance with 58 coun- will become the policy mak- transparency, high standards, tries across the world who are ers, advocates and leaders fairness at the core. willing to work together to of tomorrow. I would encour- We also use trade to fight stop trade in these products. age you to carry on a spirit of global inequalities and pro- In the country I come from, equality into whatever you do. mote our values across the Sweden, we value openness If each of us does that, little world. and transparency. We con- by little and building on the We help developing coun- sider them vital to democra- work of those who came be- tries to grow by giving them cy and freedom. I am proud fore,we will all contribute to a access to the European mar- of what the Commission has better world. ket on an asymmetrical ba- done to open up these nego- Thank you for your attention. sis, meaning that they do not tiations. Merci! 23 PANEL 1 #YLSummit18

> INEQUALITIES AND WORLD (DIS)ORDER LEFT BEHIND: IS SOMEONE LISTENING?

“If we are sitting in the Titanic, whether we are sitting first class or economic class, we all go to the same destination. This is where we are today. But I do believe that we can find a solution.” Donald Kaberuka

“Reducing inequalities not only has a positive effect on cohesion, but also on growth. Microcredit is a formidable tool for reducing inequality of opportunities.” Maria Nowak

“State institutions can use this moment to recover their role as deal-makers, and could find new ways of approaching inequalities to build a new social contract.” Teresa Ribera

“We need new values: the economy can be used as a tool for better lives. We also need a changed macroeconomic paradigm to reach the SDGs [Sustainable Development Goals]. We need sustainable growth, redistribution, just transition and a new social safety net.” Luca Visentini

24 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 25 PANEL 1 workers behind, and panelists agreed that Mr Visentini favoured a change in the the Left had failed to articulate convincing macroeconomic paradigm, as only this way counter-narratives to both neoliberalism and can “the economy be used as a tool for better > INEQUALITIES AND WORLD (DIS)ORDER isolationism. lives”. Responding to an audience question about the EU’s trade agenda in relation to LEFT BEHIND: IS SOMEONE LISTENING? Future prospects Africa, he specifically addressed Commissioner Malmström when advocating a shift from free Introduction In a context of globalisation and digitalisation, trade competition to economic cooperation. In Daniela Dos Santos Quaresma, PSIA student, Master in International Security Mrs Novak believed financial inclusion to be his view a new narrative and a new order of fundamental to the tackling of inequalities. values directly addressing the weaknesses of Moderator By improving equality of opportunities, the current economic system are needed. Steven Erlanger, Chief Diplomatic Correspondent Europe, New York Times microcredit initiatives and business Panelists development services should be expanded, As Mrs Ribera put it, “State institutions can Donald Kaberuka, former President of the African Development Bank • putting the left behind in a position to reap use this moment to recover their role as former Minister of Finance of Rwanda the benefits of the global market. She stressed deal-makers, and could find new ways of Maria Nowak, Founder of ADIE (Association pour le Droit à l’Initiative Economique) the importance of civil society in shaping approaching inequalities to build a new social Teresa Ribera, Director of IDDRI • former State Secretary for Climate Change of Spain Luca Visentini, Secretary General of the European Trade Union Confederation institutions and norms, promoting greater contract.” It is this willingness of states and inclusion and greater equality of opportunities. organisations to act that is vital to provide a fair deal for those left behind.

Who are the “left behind”? Free trade and sustainable development Panel Summary by Tullio Ambrosone, Michael Forte, Odysseas Konstantinakos PSIA Students, Master in European Affairs Inequality is one of the main challenges of The panel discussed the limits of global our times, producing detrimental effects and free trade in the post-Cold-War era. Teresa affecting people all over the globe. However, Ribera argued that while trade has enabled the institutional response appears still to be an unprecedented creation of wealth, it has insufficient. In the era of globalization and been accompanied by inadequate controls on intensified economic interdependence, the its distribution. Sustainable development was distribution of wealth has been characterized an afterthought, and as a result the benefits by extreme concentration, leading to radical of economic globalization did not live up to social and political transformations. expectations across the developing world. She framed the problem as one of allocation, not In a buzzing yet attentive lecture theatre, one scarcity. of the main axes of discussion was the nature of the “left behind”. While Luca Visentini and Mr Kaberuka acknowledged the progress Maria Nowak focused on those left behind that has been achieved over the past fifty within developed countries in recent years, years, both in terms of economic growth the debate revolved also around inequalities and of human development. The Sustainable between countries. Donald Kaberuka spoke Development Goals (SDGs) were referred to as in broader terms, notably addressing the a useful roadmap, and Mr Kaberuka identified unequal access to global decision-making the transition from “good design” to “good fora; as he reminded us, “migration doesn’t execution” as the next main policy challenge. know who’s ‘systemically important’”. He identified the European migration crisis as Mr Visentini highlighted the link between the most visible manifestation of this North/ inequality and unemployment, a major South fracture. challenge for Europe at the moment. The intensified economic interdependence resulting from free trade has left some

26 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 27 PANEL 2 #YLSummit18

> INEQUALITIES AND WORLD (DIS)ORDER DOES INEQUALITY CAUSE CONFLICT?

“When I read that there are 8 men who own as much as 3.6 billion people, there is something terribly wrong - let’s not kid ourselves.” Mohamed ElBaradei

“Inequality very seldom comes alone. It brings with it a lot of other ills, like corruption, humiliation and domination.” Lakhdar Brahimi

“Economics alone does not explain much. It’s always interacting with some original level of grievance.” Philippe Martin

28 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 29 PANEL 2 #YLSummit18

> INEQUALITIES AND WORLD (DIS)ORDER DOES INEQUALITY CAUSE CONFLICT?

Introduction Introduction Daniela Dos Santos Quaresma, PSIA student, Master in International Security Serafine Dinkel, Master in International Security, PSIA Moderator Moderator Steven Erlanger, Chief Diplomatic Correspondent Europe, New York Times Christine Ockrent, journalist, former Editor in chief of L’Express Panelists Panelists Donald Kaberuka, former President of the African Development Bank, Mohamed El-Baradei, Nobel Peace Prize laureate • former Director former Minister of Finance of Rwanda of the International Atomic Energy Agency Maria Nowak, Founder of ADIE (Association pour le droit à l’initiative économique) Lakhdar Brahimi, Elder, former UN Special Envoy for Syria • former Minister Teresa Ribera, Director of IDDRI, former State Secretary for Climate Change of Spain of Foreign Affairs of Algeria Luca Visentini, Secretary General of the European Trade Union Confederation Philippe Martin, Professor of Economics, Sciences Po

When economics is not the only answer it comes to horizontal inequalities. Indeed, South Africa’s struggle with apartheid, Brahimi have no access to sufficient food or water. Even studies concentrating on inequalities between placed attention on an often-unsung factor when these evident injustices are denounced It’s undeniable: in the past century, humankind different groups with a strong identity (may it that prevented cases of blatant inequality by NGOs or UN bodies, they are met with has progressed incredibly on its path to be linguistic, ethnic or religious) have shown to turn in full-fledged conflicts: enlightened eloquent silence. The reason, El Baradei claims, eradicating extreme poverty and many that disparity and perceived injustice does in leadership. Responsibility and perseverance in lies in a simple, yet embarrassing question: “If international conflicts have successfully been fact often lead to an escalation in violence. the face of a constant threat of escalation are, someone is dying in Congo, do we react the avoided. On the other hand, as prominent according to Brahimi, more relevant factors same as if they were dying in Vancouver or French journalist Christine Ockrent rightly Admitting the limits of economics in this than economic aspects when it comes to Paris?”. pointed out in her introduction, a paradox research field, Martin recalled that, even when what causes and what prevents conflict from seems to have emerged: the general decrease income inequalities play a part, they are always breaking out. This inequality in interest – or in neglect – in global poverty has been accompanied by intertwined with original, specific reasons of from the world is what worried the former a worrisome level of economic inequality and grievance that lie at the core of inter-group How inequality mirrors neglect Director of the International Atomic Energy wars have been replaced by local conflicts, conflict. Agency as he moved on to speak about with civilians as the main victims. After agreeing that, indeed, economic disparity his field of expertise: nuclear disarmament. The vital role of enlightened leadership is just a lateral aspect of what fuels inequality Although talks on disarmament have been Renowned economist Philippe Martin was and that a lack of leadership is at the root going on for decades and treaties have been called upon to explain this tendency through Martin’s words were soon echoed by Lakhdar of many unresolved contemporary conflicts, signed on the matter, nuclear proliferation still the hard lens of data and economic research. Brahimi, former UN Special Envoy for Syria, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Mohamed El seems a pressing topic as ever, as more and In analysing whether economic inequalities – member of the Elders and skilled diplomat. Baradei reminded the audience of the several, more nuclear-armed countries prove to be and, in particular, income shocks – are linked to “My hunch is that inequality alone does not ugly faces of inequality. unreliable. This, claimed El Baradei, is one of conflict escalation, the Sciences Po professor necessarily lead to conflict. But on the other the reasons behind the current anti-globalist made a distinction that is fundamental: that hand, inequality very seldom comes alone. Far from just pertaining to the economic field, trend, as many people fail to trust the State between vertical and horizontal inequalities. It brings a lot of other ills, like corruption, inequality touches gender relations, social enough and stop identifying with it, instead humiliation, domination…and the combination and political freedoms and living conditions. turning to smaller “families”. While researchers have consistently found that of that kind of inequality with this kind of ill is In 2018, one third of humanity lives under vertical inequalities – those existing among what creates conflict,” he said. authoritarian regimes and millions of people Panel Summary by individuals’ incomes – very rarely cause societal Viola Serena Stefanello conflict, the same is not always true when From the civil rights movement in the US to PSIA Student, Master in Journalism and International Affairs

30 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 31 PANEL 3 #YLSummit18

> INEQUALITIES AND WORLD (DIS)ORDER WHY ARE INSTITUTIONS FAILING?

“Territorial inequalities: your chance for social mobility depends greatly on where you live. The urban is becoming more and more important for limiting inequalities, but is becoming less and less accessible.” Patrick Le Galès

“Institutions that should be dealing with these inequalities are weak, both at an international and national level. This is particularly true in the case of aiding tax evasion.” Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala

“When powerful institutions have badly designed frameworks, we create a chain reaction that leads to inequality and to the diminishment of our democratic processes.” Yanis Varoufakis

32 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 33 PANEL 3 just international and national regulatory institutions to tackle inequality justify a change institutions that should bear responsibility for of our entire economic system? the spiraling inequality. Cooperation between > INEQUALITIES AND WORLD (DIS)ORDER global elites, using their combined influence Varoufakis certainly thinks so. Reflecting on to push through self-interested reforms, his own struggle and broader history, the WHY ARE INSTITUTIONS FAILING? continually fails to address inequality. A fall in former Greek finance minister reasoned that corporation tax across the EU is a sign of this our responses to economic crises should be Introduction according to the professor. democratic. He followed this by arguing that Adam Fifield, Master in International Development capitalism is inconsistent with democracy and that it will one day destroy itself. Moderator The role of Capitalism Steven Erlanger, Chief Diplomatic Correspondent Europe, New York Times The floor was eventually opened to the Revolution or not, all panelists agreed that a Panelists audience, who were bursting with questions, massive redistribution of wealth and improved Patrick Le Galès, Professor of Political Science, Sciences Po • even at the end of a long day. One student safety nets are necessary to address inequality. Dean, School of Urbanism, Sciences Po asked the panel to address the “elephant in the For this task, global institutions will be vital. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Chair, Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization • amphitheater” – capitalism. Could the failure of former Managing Director, World Bank • former Minister of Finance, Nigeria Yanis Varoufakis, Founder, DiEM25 • former Minister of Finance, Greece Panel Summary by Sam Bradpiece PSIA Student, Master in Journalism and International Affairs

An underlying presumption Woods system in 1971 has been substantial. There was a turn towards neoliberalism and In his opening remarks, Steven Erlanger noted financialization; new powers such as China that discussion would rest on the rather large and India have risen; and the steady march presumption that institutions were failing. As of automation continues. The global financial proceedings began, it became clear that such crisis in 2008 demonstrated the need for presumption was merited. strong institutions, with central banks having to bail out private financiers. The panelists showed that institutional failings had led to inequality in a number of areas. According to Okonjo-Iweala, the Yanis Varoufakis lambasted the “madness” of disproportionate influence of the United States Eurozone institutions in their handling of the at the World Bank, relative to the marginal Greek financial crisis; Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala voting share afforded to China undermines the pinned chronic underdevelopment in sub- legitimacy of the institution altogether. While Saharan Africa on failure to tackle the global admitting that her former employer was partly network of tax evasion; and Patrick Le Galès culpable for the spread of global inequality claimed that the housing crisis unraveling in the 70s and 80s, Okonjo-Iweala said that in cities across the world was another global institutions like the World Bank and IMF manifestation of institutional failure. are at least beginning to recognize inequality as a serious problem. Rigidity and reform Varoufakis highlighted the poor institutional A common theme throughout the panel design of the Eurozone, which he argued lacks discussion was the need for institutions the institutional capacity to absorb the shock to adapt to an ever-modernizing world. of bursting financial bubbles, inevitable in the Institutions are often too slow to keep modern era of capitalism. pace with change. Evolution of the global economy since the collapse of the Bretton For Le Galès on the other hand, it was not

34 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 35 YLS TEAM: STUDENT ASSISTANTS

Mikaela ARNSTEIN, Austria, Greeter Petra BEZDEKOVA, Czech Republic, Greeter Sam BRADPIECE, Great Britain, Editorial Assistant Federico DE LORENZO, Italy, Greeter Seliem EL SAYED, Germany, Greeter Michael FORTE, Greta Britain, Editorial Assistant Daeun HAN, South Korea, Greeter Friederike HARTZ, Germany, Escort Christina HAUSER, Germany, Greeter Liza HELIES, France, Greeter Roland HUBNER, Austria, Escort Sarah HULBERT, United States, Escort Milindee JEEWANDARA, Australia, Greeter Soojin KIM, South Korea, Greeter Hyojeong KIM, South Korea, Event Assistant Maitreyee KISHOR, India, Escort Shashwat KOIRALA, Canada, Event Assistant Odysseas KONSTANTINAKOS, Greece, Editorial Assistant Ruth KRANENBERG, Germany, Greeter Justas KYDIKAS, Lithuania, Greeter Jonathan LAETSCH, Germany, Escort Nadège LEGROUX, France, Escort Margaret LISTON, United States, Escort Lyse MAUVAIS, France, Greeter Galia MELENDEZ, Mexico, Greeter Laura MIRET, Spain, Greeter Giulia MOSCHETTA, Italy, Stage Manager Klaudie MRKUSOVA, Czech Republic, Greeter Aishwarya NAHATA, India, Escort Agnese PECORINI, Italy, Greeter Rachel PETIT, Canada, Escort Hana POSPISILIKOVA, Czech Republic, Greeter Héloïse RUEL, France, Greeter Ilana SCHWAEDERLE, France, Greeter Julia SKALOVA, Germany, Stage Manager Valentina SPINA, Italy, Greeter Viola-Serena STEFANELLO, Italy, Editorial Assistant Lennert VAN DER VELDE, Netherlands, Greeter Jeanne Marie ZAWEDDE, Uganda, Escort

36 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 37 PSIA PSIA excels at bridging the gap between theory and practice. In my experience, this is ideal for future leaders who aim to thrive as innovative and responsible actors of a challenging global world.

Enrico Letta, Dean of PSIA, former Prime Minister of Italy A WORLD-CLASS SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AT SCIENCES PO A UNIQUE CURRICULUM

“Among the grandest” schools in World-renowned professors PSIA offers a choice of 7 master’s programs Europe, according to The Economist, and leading practitioners teach in the most salient fields of international affairs, including: Sciences Po has cultivated the minds over 400 courses annually in the most International Security | International Public Management | International Economic of leading government officials, salient fields of international affairs. Policy | Environmental Policy | International Development | Human Rights and diplomats, and key international Humanitarian Action | International Energy PSIA is a bilingual (English- stakeholders for over a century. French) professional school with an The teaching of international Students can pursue a two-years Master’s in any of these fields international presence. Over 70% affairs has always been of strategic of PSIA courses are offered in English, in one of three ways: importance to Sciences Po. As early • Over two-years at PSIA; so students must be fluent in English as 1872, the Ecole libre des sciences • As part of a joint, two-year program in Journalism and International to be admitted. It also provides politiques created what would become Affairs with the School of Journalism at Sciences Po; students with the opportunity the “section internationale,” which • As part of a dual degree program with one of PSIA's university partners: to learn or improve their French skills, welcomed more than 30% of its International: Bocconi University | Columbia University | Freie Universitat | whilst pursuing their degree entirely students from abroad. Georgetown Law | King's College London | London School of Economics | in English. In-house language training MGIMO | Peking University | University of Saint-Gallen | Stockholm School Consolidating this tradition is available in ten languages. of Economics of excellence, the Paris School The PSIA curriculum interlaces French: UPMC-Sorbonne Université | St-Cyr Coëtquidan | AgroParisTech | of International Affairs (PSIA), conceptual foundations and current ISAE-Supaero established in 2010, offers future scholarship, with the most up-to-date global actors an innovative operational training and best practices. covering the and comprehensive grounding PSIA also offers one-year Master’s in Advanced Global Studies, Students frequently interact with same seven fields, for candidates with an undergraduate degree and at least five in international affairs. world leaders and scholars through years of professional work experience. At the forefront of global affairs PSIA’s extensive series of public education. PSIA is the only school events. Upon completion of their PSIA students also select one or two concentrations, depending on their program, of international affairs in France, degrees, which typically includes which enable them to chart their very own career path: and among the largest in the world. a full semester internship, graduates Regional | Africa | China and East Asia | Europe | Latin America | Middle East | are well-positioned to pursue high- North America | Russia | South and Central Asia PSIA attracts outstanding students, profile careers across the world. | Agriculture | Defense and Security Economics | Diplomacy with 70% of its 1,500 students coming Thematic | Emerging Economies | Environment | Global Economic Policy | Global Health | from 105 different countries. Global Risks | Human Rights | Intelligence | International Energy | Media and Writing | Methods | Migrations | Project Management | Research Track in Political Science www.sciencespo.fr/psia 38 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 39 #YLSummit18

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42 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 22 JANUARY 2018 43 NOTES

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