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NH Wildlife Action Plan Profile

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NH Wildlife Action Plan Profile Appendix B: Habitat Profiles HABITAT PROFILE Coastal Islands Associated Species: roseate tern (Sterna dou- 1.2 Justification gallii dougallii), common tern (Sterna hirundo), Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea), black guillemot Many species of colonial seabirds, water birds, wa- (Cepphus grylle), purple sandpiper (Calidris ma- terfowl, shorebirds, and marine mammals use coastal ritima) islands as breeding grounds (DeGraaf and Yamasaki Global Rank: Not Ranked 2001, Kushlan et al. 2002). The Isles of Shoals group State Rank: Not Ranked serves as a major premigratory staging area and mi- Author: Alina J. Pyzikiewicz, Steven G. Fuller, gratory stopover for many Neotropical birds and Diane L. De Luca, and John J. Kanter, New Hamp- provides wintering habitat for land birds (Borror and shire Fish and Game Holmes 1990). Numerous species of invertebrates (amphipod crustaceans, periwinkles, barnacles, mus- Element 1: Distribution and Habitat sels) and rockweeds reside in the rocky intertidal areas. 1.1 Habitat Description Several of these islands were home to large breed- ing colonies of terns (Sterna sp.), but a loss of habitat Off the New Hampshire coast, islands are exposed to and an increase in numbers of herring gull (Larus ar- and battered by the maritime environment. Natural gentatus) and great black-backed gulls (Larus marinus) disturbances such as severe storms affect the rocky preying on and displacing the terns resulted in their intertidal zones by causing mechanical weathering, decline (USFWS 1998). Since 1997, Seavey Island disrupting succession, and influencing local levels of has been the site of an intense tern restoration project. species diversity (Sousa 1979). Coastal islands have Efforts to restore breeding colonies of the federally rocky shores, are usually remote, undisturbed, and endangered roseate tern (Sterna dougallii dougallii), free of predators (Percy 1997). Coastal islands are state endangered common tern (Sterna hirundo), and vegetated by grasses, herbaceous plants, and shrub state threatened Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) have thickets that grow among rocky outcrops, and have been successful through gull control measures before few to no trees (Nichols 2004). Historical accounts and during the tern breeding seasons (NHFG 2004). of the Isles of Shoals describe the islands as rocky and Islands increase the productivity of waters by agitat- barren, and overgrown by grasses, herbaceous plants, ing currents, sediments, and nutrients, and increase and dense shrubs (Borror and Holmes 1990). The the amount of shoreline available for use by plant and rocky intertidal areas are dominated by blue-green animal species (Percy 1997). algae, lichens (Nichols 2004), and various mollusks and gastropods. The vegetation on mainland islands 1.3 Protection and Regulatory Status closely reflects the upland and wetland communities that are typical of the mainland near that island (B. Islands that serve as breeding grounds for federal and Nichols, NHNHB, personal communication.). state listed species are protected through the Endan- gered Species Act and the State Endangered Species Act respectively. Marine mammals are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Islands located in Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge are B-32 New Hampshire Wildlife Action Plan New Hampshire Wildlife Action Plan B-33 Appendix B: Habitat Profiles Appendix B: Habitat Profiles protected under the National Wildlife Refuge Sys- have been surveyed irregularly to determine presence tem, along with the Great Bay National Estuarine of nesting common terns. An ongoing island owner- Research Reserve (Short 1992). Various laws and ship debate between New Hampshire and Maine has agreements exist that protect marine waters such as added to the uncertainty of the number of coastal the Clean Water Act, the MARPOL Act, the Rivers islands that are under New Hampshire jurisdiction. and Harbors Act, Marine Mammal Protection Act, and the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries 1.9 Distribution Research Act (Boesch et al. 2001). A formal assessment and classification of New 1.4 Population and Habitat Distribution Hampshire coastal island natural communities and intertidal communities is needed. Within the Gulf of Maine watershed, New Hamp- shire has 40-60 coastal islands that are all located in Element 2: Species/Habitat Condition the southeast corner of the state (USGS 2001). They occur in four main waterbodies: Little Bay, Great Bay, 2.1 Scale Portsmouth Harbor, and the Atlantic Ocean. Off- shore islands include the Isles of Shoals group located The 48 islands were clustered into 15 conservation roughly 10 miles off the coast of New Hampshire. units based on geographic location. Mainland islands are scattered throughout Ports- mouth harbor, the Piscataqua River and its tributar- 2.2 Relative Health of Populations ies, and Little and Great bays in Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge. The Isles of Shoals have been identified as key habi- tats for nesting and migrating birds. The islands also 1.5 Town Distribution Map serve as haul-outs for harbor and other seal species. See attached. Historical habitats for nesting colonial birds include unnamed islands of Back Channel/New Castle, Col- 1.6 Habitat Map ony Cove and Hen Island in Little Bay, and Footman and Nannie islands in Great Bay (New Hampshire GRANIT was accessed to identify coastal islands. Audubon Society unpublished data). Little is known Very small islands were grouped to their nearest ad- about the health of other islands due to their remote- jacent neighboring island. In total, 96 polygons were ness or small size. grouped into 48 islands, 2.3 Population Management Status 1.7 Sources of Information N/A Information on habitat and distribution of coastal 2.4 Relative Quality of Habitat Patches islands in New Hampshire was taken from the New Hampshire natural communities guide, scientific The 9 islands (4 of which are in New Hampshire) literature, conservation plans, field guides, databases, that comprise the Isles of Shoals provide the highest and technical reports. quality of coastal habitat. Nevertheless, large colonies of herring and great black-backed gulls that were 1.8 Extent and Quality of Data established between 1950 and 1970 have reduced habitat values for other species. Gull management on There is no defined coastal island natural community White and Seavey Islands has restored their function type in New Hampshire. However, the presence of as tern nesting areas. The islands in the Portsmouth Shoals Marine Lab has led to extensive research on the Harbor and Great Bay have more limited habitat Isles of Shoals. Changes in bird species composition value because of their small size and proximity to the and abundance have periodically been documented mainland. (Borror and Holmes 1990). Other smaller islands B-34 New Hampshire Wildlife Action Plan New Hampshire Wildlife Action Plan B-35 Appendix B: Habitat Profiles Appendix B: Habitat Profiles 2.5 Habitat Patch Protection Status great horned owl, and human disturbance. • Islands in Great Bay National Wildlife • The Isles of Shoals have varying degrees of Refuge have protection under the National protection. White and Seavey Islands have Wildlife Refuge System and the Great Bay been under the ownership of the DRED National Estuarine Research Reserve. Parks Division as part of Odiorne State Park • The protection status of islands in Ports- since 1993 (Appledore Engineering 1999). mouth Harbor and Piscataqua Rivers is Seavey Island was deeded to the State of New unknown. Hampshire after the White Island Lighthouse was automated in 1987. A Memorandum of 2.6 Habitat Management Status Agreement between DRED Parks Division and NHFG exists relative to tern restora- A management program for Great Bay has been tion. Seavey Island is managed by NHFG established by the Great Bay National Estuarine as an endangered species nesting area and Research Reserve, the National Oceanic and Atmo- is afforded both state and federal protection spheric Administration, and the Marine Division of under endangered species law. the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department, • The Star Island Corporation privately owns whose goal is to preserve the estuarine resources for Appledore and Star Island, and both are research and education. There is no organization for open to the public through various touring management of Little Bay or Piscataqua River. An companies. MOA between the DRED and NHFG exists rela- • The Coastal Islands National Wildlife Ref- tive to tern restoration on White and Seavey Islands. uge purchased Duck Island in July 2003. The Marine Fisheries Division of NHFG has author- This island will be managed for its wildlife ity over management activities of coastal natural re- resources, protected as a seabird colony, post- sources. Various governmental and nongovernmental ed for closure during the breeding season, programs collaborate (e.g., Gulf of Maine Council on and evaluated for habitat management and the Marine Environment and Gulf of Maine Seabird restoration (B. Benedict, USFWS, personal Working Group) work to protect and restore coastal communication). island habitats. • Lunging, Malaga, and Cedar Islands are pri- vately owned. There is no protection status 2.7 Sources of Information at these islands beyond current shoreline and wetland regulations. Habitat maps were examined to identify key habitats. • Smuttynose Island is privately owned but Information on protection and management status was protected in August of 2001 by a conser- was found in management
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