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Trammel's Trace on Printed Maps of the 19Th Century CRHR Research Reports Volume 1 Article 2 2-18-2015 Trammel's Trace on Printed Maps of the 19th Century Kelley A. Snowden Stephen F. Austin State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/crhr_research_reports Part of the Geography Commons, and the History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation Snowden, Kelley A. (2015) "Trammel's Trace on Printed Maps of the 19th Century," CRHR Research Reports: Vol. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/crhr_research_reports/vol1/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in CRHR Research Reports by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Trammel’s Trace on Printed Maps of the 19th Century Kelley A. Snowden Center for Regional Heritage Research, Stephen F. Austin State University ____________________________________________________________________________________ Trammel’s Trace was a nineteenth century road that traversed East Texas. Recognized today as a historic cartographic feature, this road appeared in different ways on nineteenth century printed published maps over time, and in the mid-to-late nineteenth centu- ry was reduced from a route to a fragment. This study is the first to examine the portrayal of the Trace as a historic cartographic feature, how it was presented to the general public, how its portrayal changed over time, and why it appears on the maps at all. In addition, this study is the first to use geographic information systems (GIS) to analyze the presentation of the Trace on printed, published maps. ________________________________________________________________________ Introduction the portrayal of Trace as a historic car- summer of 2013 a general search was tographic feature, how it was presented conducted in the UNT Portal to Texas Named for Nicholas Trammel, Tram- to the general public, how its portrayal History and progressively refined. In mel’s Trace, Track, or Trail was a nine- changed over time, and why it appears all, 320 maps were examined for evi- teenth-century road that connected var- on the maps at all. In addition, this dence of Trammel’s Trace as a labeled ious towns in East Texas. As described study is the first to use GIS to analyze feature. Of those, fifteen editions of five on historical markers, the Trace was “ap- the presentation of the Trace on print- maps published from 1839 to 1872, proximately 180 miles long” beginning ed, published maps. included the Trace as a labeled feature. in “Fulton, Arkansas and continuing These maps are: Hunt, Richard S. and to Nacogdoches, Texas” (THC n.d.). This research is focused upon nine- Randel, Jesse F Map of Texas (1839, It joined with “the Spanish or Mexi- teenth-century printed maps of the Re- 1847, 1845); Arrowsmith, John Map of can Trace connecting early settlements public and State of Texas that include Texas (1841, 1843); Stempfle, G. Karte on the Red River with the El Camino Trammel’s Trace as a labeled feature. von Texas (1841); Wilson, James T. A Real near Nacogdoches” (THC 2008), These maps are significant because New and Correct Map of Texas (1845); ultimately extending “the great South- they assumed public authority by their and, Creuzbaur, R. J., De Cordova’s Map west Immigration Road from St. Louis very nature. Broadly distributed, these of the State of Texas (1849, 1851, 1853, (Missouri) into Texas” (THC 2008). maps were meant to educate members 1854, 1856, 1861, 1867, 1872) (Sup- The Trace first appeared as a labeled of the public about local geography. plementary Table 1). All of these maps feature on printed published maps with In addition, printed maps were an im- claim to be compiled from, or based Hunt and Randel’s 1839 Map of Texas. portant tool in the early promotion and on “the most recent surveys” (Wilson It is shown as a north-south route con- settlement of the Republic, and later 1845) or “records from the General necting Nacogdoches and Jonesboro, the State of Texas. Through these doc- Land Office of Texas” (Creuzbauer Texas. This depiction remained consis- uments the geography of Texas became 1849). To identify the potential sourc- tent on maps between 1839 and 1845. known in the United States and abroad, es for these maps, the digital map col- However, beginning in 1845, the Trace and served as advertisements to poten- lection of the General Land Office of began to change. Instead of a north- tial immigrants. Texas was explored for maps contain- south route, it is depicted as a segment, ing Trammel’s Trace as a labeled fea- Methods and its path can no longer be followed ture. Twenty one maps were identified with any degree of certainty. The tem- This study is based on maps identified (Supplementary Table 2). poral and spatial analysis herein illus- exclusively through the use of digital ar- trates that the portrayal of the Trace The labeled routes of Trammel’s Trace chives, using map collections available changed over time as a result of its role from both sets of maps were synthe- through the University of North Texas as a feature in the development of the sized in GIS. Data points along each (UNT) Portal to Texas History and the cartographic identity of the new Re- route were georeferenced and digitized Texas General Land Office. To locate public of Texas (ca. 1836-1845). This resulting in two compilations. The first nineteenth century printed maps of study contributes to the literature on compilation includes the routes la- the Republic and State of Texas, in the Trammel’s Trace as the first to examine beled as Trammel’s Trace on the fifteen Published by SFA ScholarWorks, 2015 1 printed maps from the Republic and tions. The map is invaluable, as This map is nearly identical to the Hunt State of Texas (Figure 1). The second it is the first map of Texas ever and Randel 1839 map, with only minor compilation employs maps from the published, making pretensions changes, such as extending the route Texas General Land Office (Figure 2). to accuracy. This has been made beyond Lost Prairie to the Red River. A comparison of these compilations from actual surveys of the coun- However, these may be evidence of makes it possible to identify divergence try, so far as surveys have been printing or copying errors rather than between the fifteen nineteenth-century completed. Bound with the map changes to route. This map continued printed published maps and their pos- are some sixty pages of reading to be copied and republished in con- sible sources. matter affording more valuable junction with German immigrants’ information than can be ob- guides into the mid-1840s. The following discussion focuses upon tained elsewhere in ten times the the fifteen printed maps that contain space. In short, an emigrant to In 1841, John Arrowsmith published Trammel’s Trace as a labeled feature. Texas, if he knew its value would a new edition of his London Atlas of These maps, including original and sub- not do without it and any citizen Universal Geography, including, for sequent editions (where applicable), who often examines it will be al- the first time, a map of the Republic are discussed in chronological order. most sure to purchase. It can be of Texas. This map bears a similar title Many were published in conjunction had at the book store of Wm. W. to the Hunt and Randle map, Map of with guide books to the Republic and Allen, on Main Street in this city Texas compiled from Surveys recorded State of Texas and in atlases published (Houston Telegraph and Texas in the Land Office of Texas and other in the United States and abroad. Register 1840). Official Surveys. It was reissued with the Atlas in 1843 with minor changes. Results This map was the first that claimed to While Arrowsmith’s map shares several be based on original surveys from the similarities with the Hunt and Randel In 1839, Richard S. Hunt and Jesse F. General Land Office bears the seal of map of 1839, it was not published for Randel published a Map of Texas, Com- the Land Office and the Republic of promotional purposes, but to provide piled from Surveys. This map was pub- Texas, and is signed by multiple digni- new geographic information to a large lished with their Guide to the Republic taries (facsimile signatures). audience. While the Hunt and Randel of Texas: Consisting of a brief Outline of and Arrowsmith maps bear the seals of the History of Its Settlement: A General Trammel’s Trace appears on this map the Republic of Texas and the General View of the Surface of the Country; Its as Trammel’s Trail. This label appears Land Office, Arrowsmith’s map does Climate, Soil, Productions; Rivers, Coun- north of Nacogdoches, between Nacog- not include signatures. However, like ties, Towns and Internal Improvements; doches and Cherokee Cross and forms on the Hunt and Randel map, the label The Colonization and Land Laws; List part of the border between Nacogdo- Trammel’s Trail appears only between of Courts and Judicial Officers; Tariff ches and Harrison counties. The label Nacogdoches and Cherokee Cross, and Ports of Entry &c. Accompanied by appears only once, and beyond Cher- with a northern connection to Jones- a New and Correct Map. Their efforts okee Cross the trail continues north boro, on the Arrowsmith map. This were supported by the General Land from Nacogdoches in a slightly sinuous route is consistent on the 1843 edition, Office and the guide was revised and route to Jonesboro.
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