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Revegetation Guidelines for the Great Basin: Considering Invasive Weeds 2 United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service ARS–168

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Revegetation Guidelines for the Great Basin: Considering Invasive Weeds 2 United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service ARS–168 United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service ARS–168 October 2008 Revegetation Guidelines for the Great Basin: Considering Invasive Weeds 2 United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service ARS–168 October 2008 Revegetation Guidelines for the Great Basin: Considering Invasive Weeds Sheley, R., J. Mangold, K. Goodwin, and J. Marks Sheley is a rangeland weed ecologist with USDA-ARS, Burns, OR; Mangold is an ecologist with USDA-ARS, Burns, OR; Goodwin is a weed prevention coordinator with the Montana State University, Bozeman, MT; and Marks is an extension agent with the Montana State University, Missoula, MT. Revegetation Guidelines for the Great Basin was adapted from the Revegetation Guidelines for Western Montana, Montana State University Extension Service. 3 Abstract there is danger of drift when honey bees or other pollinating insects are visiting plants or in ways Sheley, R., J. Mangold, K. Goodwin, and J. Marks. that may contaminate water or leave illegal 2008. Revegetation Guidelines for the Great Basin: residues. Considering Invasive Weeds. ARS–168. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Avoid prolonged inhalation of pesticide sprays or Service, Washington, D.C., 60 pp. dusts; wear protective clothing and equipment, if specified on the label. Large portions of the Great Basin become degraded and disturbed every day due to natural If your hands become contaminated with a and human-induced causes. Some disturbed areas pesticide, do not eat or drink until you have may recover naturally in time, but other areas washed. In case a pesticide is swallowed or gets may never recover naturally because invasive in the eyes, follow the first aid treatment given weeds establish quickly and prevent native plants on the label and get prompt medical attention. from establishing. Invasive weeds can potentially If a pesticide is spilled on your skin or clothing, spread into adjacent, healthy landscapes where remove clothing immediately and wash skin they can threaten local biodiversity, alter nutrient thoroughly. and water cycling, diminish wildlife and livestock forage, and increase soil erosion and stream Note: Some States have restrictions on the use sedimentation. This publication provides an of certain pesticides. Check your State and indepth, step-by-step guide to the processes and local regulations. Also, because registrations of procedures of establishing desired plant species in pesticides are under constant review by the U.S. the Great Basin ecosystem. Environmental Protection Agency, consult your local county agriculture agent or State extension Keywords: invasive weeds, mulch, native plants, specialist to be sure the intended use is still plant community, revegetation, seedbed, soil registered. erosion. Use only pesticides that bear the EPA registration Mention of trade names, commercial products, number and carry appropriate directions. or companies in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does While supplies last, single copies of this not imply recommendation or endorsement by the publication may be obtained at no cost from Roger U.S. Department of Agriculture over others not Sheley, USDA-ARS, Oregon State University, mentioned. Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Room 203, 67826-A, Highway 205, Burns, OR Caution: Pesticides used improperly can harm 97720; or by e-mail at roger.sheley@oregonstate. humans, domestic animals, beneficial insects, edu. desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife. Follow the directions and heed all precautions on labels. Copies of this publication may be purchased in Store pesticides in original containers under various formats (microfiche, photocopy, CD, lock and key—out of the reach of children and print on demand) from the National Technical animals—and away from food and feed. Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, (800) 553-6847, www.ntis. Apply pesticides so that they do not endanger gov. humans, livestock, crops, beneficial insects, fish, and wildlife. Do not apply pesticides where ii ARS Mission As the principal in-house research arm of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS conducts research to develop and transfer solutions to agricultural problems of high national priority and provide information access and dissemination to: ensure high-quality, safe food, and other agricultural products, assess the nutritional needs of Americans, sustain a competitive agricultural economy, enhance the natural resource base and the environment, and provide economic opportunities for rural citizens, communities, and society as a whole. For more information about ARS, visit the website at www.ars.usda.gov/. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. October 2008 iii iv Preface components, preparing the site appropriately, reducing weed interference, designing a proper Major portions of the Great Basin become seed mix, and seeding using the most effective degraded and disturbed every day. Disturbances method. Establishment should be monitored to can be natural, such as floods and fires, or strictly quickly identify problems that could prevent or human induced, such as roads and construction interfere with successful revegetation. Following sites, utility line trenches, or improper grazing. establishment, proper vegetation management These disturbed areas may recover naturally, but favoring the seeded species will be necessary. in some cases it may be many years before desired This includes maintaining the desired plant plants become established or recover. Conversely, community for the long-term and deterring some areas may never recover naturally because establishment of invasive weeds. invasive weeds may become established and prevent native plants from establishing, growing, and reseeding. Furthermore, invasive weeds can potentially spread into adjacent, healthy landscapes where they threaten local biodiversity, alter nutrient and water cycling, diminish wildlife and livestock forage, and increase soil erosion and stream sedimentation. Natural revegetation can be slow. Artificial revegetation of degraded or disturbed areas can speed or direct recovery and prevent soil erosion. Revegetation can also mitigate weed invasion or reestablishment and be useful where rangeland improvement is desired. Revegetation should only occur when necessary, as determined by the abundance of desired plants and seeds at the site. This publication provides an indepth, step-by- step guide to the processes and procedures of establishing desired plant species in the Great Basin ecosystem. Detailed information for every situation is beyond the scope of this publication. Site-specific or expert advice should be obtained for species selection, establishment methods, and maintenance. The authors’ objective is to help improve the chances of revegetation success by providing practical and effective revegetation concepts and methods for establishing a desired plant community or returning sites to conditions as similar as practicable to the predegraded or predisturbed state. Depending on the situation, this process may entail many steps: salvaging resources, protecting key plant-community v vi Contents Step 1—Make a Goal Statement ............................................................................................................. 1 Step 2—Determine Necessity of Revegetation ....................................................................................... 1 Step 3—Assess Soil and Site Properties ................................................................................................. 5 Step 4—Salvage Resources Prior to Planned Disturbances .................................................................... 6 Step 5—Site Preparation ......................................................................................................................... 8 Step 6—Reduce Weed Interference ...................................................................................................... 10 Step 7—Design a Seed Mix .................................................................................................................. 14 Step 8—Determine Seeding or Planting Method .................................................................................. 20 Step 9—Calculate Seeding Rate ........................................................................................................... 23 Step 10—Planting Mature Plants .......................................................................................................... 25 Step 11—Determine the Best Time to Revegetate ...............................................................................
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