Como Os Nêgos Dos Palmares: Uma Nova História De Resistência Na Serra Da Barriga-Al

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Como Os Nêgos Dos Palmares: Uma Nova História De Resistência Na Serra Da Barriga-Al P á g i n a | 1 COMO OS NÊGOS DOS PALMARES: UMA NOVA HISTÓRIA DE RESISTÊNCIA NA SERRA DA BARRIGA-AL P á g i n a | 2 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIẼNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SOCIOLOGIA E ANTROPOLOGIA Rosa Lucia Lima da Silva Correia COMO OS NÊGOS DOS PALMARES: UMA NOVA HISTÓRIA DE RESISTÊNCIA NA SERRA DA BARRIGA- AL Belém-PA Março de 2016 P á g i n a | 3 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SOCIOLOGIA E ANTROPOLOGIA Rosa Lucia Lima da Silva Correia COMO OS NÊGOS DOS PALMARES: UMA NOVA HISTÓRIA DE RESISTÊNCIA NA SERRA DA BARRIGA-AL Tese apresentada como requisito para obtenção do título de doutora em Antropologia no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia e Antropologia da Universidade Federal do Pará. Orientadora: Dra. Edna Ferreira Alencar Coorientador: Dr. Flávio Leonel Abreu da Silveira Belém-PA Março de 2016 P á g i n a | 4 Ficha Catalográfica P á g i n a | 5 COMO OS NÊGOS DOS PALMARES: UMA NOVA HISTÓRIA DE RESISTÊNCIA NA SERRA DA BARRIGA-AL Este exemplar corresponde ao documento final do Doutorado, defendido e aprovado pela banca examinadora em 18 de março de 2016. Banca Examinadora ________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Edna Ferreira Alencar Orientadora, Presidente: PPGSA/UFPA ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Flávio Leonel Silveira Co-Orientador: PPGSA/UFPA ________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Carmen Izabel Rodrigues Examinadora interna, PPGSA/UFPA ________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Sônia Maria Magalhães Examinadora interna: PPGSA/UFPA ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Aldrin Moura Figueiredo Examinador externo, PPGH/UFPA ________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Marcia Bezerra Examinadora externa, PPGA/UFPA ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Agenor Sarraf Suplente externo, PPGA/UFPA ________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Luciana Carvalho Suplente interna , PPGSA/UFPA P á g i n a | 6 RESUMO Esta pesquisa trata da luta pela liberdade dos sitiantes da Serra da Barriga, em União dos Palmares, Alagoas. O espaço abrigou o maior assentamento da América de escravos fugidos, o Quilombo dos Palmares, e por este motivo em 1986 foi reconhecido como patrimônio cultural e natural da nação. Em 1988 recebeu o título de Monumento Nacional, o que levou à desapropriação das terras locais para fins de estudos científicos diversos, reflorestamento e construção de um parque memorial, uma espécie de museu temático que se assemelha em arquitetura e paisagem à antiga edificação quilombola. Desde então os moradores, camponeses da Zona da Mata alagoana, uma das áreas de maior produção sucroalcooleira do Nordeste, estão vivenciando restrições de trabalho e ameaças de expulsão, por parte do Estado e do Movimento Negro. A situação é bem semelhante ao tempo que viviam sob o domínio dos usineiros locais e é significativamente também análoga, como eles mesmos afirmam, à que os negros dos Palmares viveram quando ali se instalaram, há mais de 300 anos, ao fugirem das plantagens de cana de açúcar para viverem em liberdade. A luta é pela sobrevivência, por terra e trabalho, garantias de liberdade para qualquer camponês e que foram negadas desde o tombamento da Serra da Barriga. A investigação etnográfica traz, portanto, as memórias de apropriação do espaço e as formas cotidianas de resistência destes sitiantes em conflito com o patrimônio nacional e a memória coletiva do Movimento Negro. Nessa empreitada, as teorias sobre o campesinato, especialmente no Nordeste, a campesinidade, as formas cotidianas da resistência camponesa e sobre a tríade memória, história e patrimônio foram vitais para essa questão. Palavras-chave: Campesinidade, Memória, Patrimônio ,Território, Quilombo dos Palmares P á g i n a | 7 ABSTRACT This research deals with the struggle for freedom of the besiegers of the Serra da Barriga, in União dos Palmares, Alagoas. The space housed the largest settlement of runaway slaves of America, the Palmares, and for this reason in 1986 was recognized as a cultural and natural heritage of the nation. In 1988 he received the title of National Monument, which led to the dispossession of local land for the purpose of several scientific studies, reforestation and construction of a memorial park, a sort of themed museum that resembles in architecture and landscape the old building quilombo. Since then the residents Zone peasants of Alagoas Mata, one of the areas of greatest sugarcane production in the Northeast are experiencing labor restrictions and threats of expulsion by the State and the Black Movement. The situation is very similar to the time lived under the rule of local mill owners and is significantly also similar, as they themselves say, to time of the blacks of Palmares that lived in the place there is over 300 years, to flee of plantagens sugar cane for to live in freedom. The fight is for survival, for land and labor, guarantees of freedom for any farmer, that have been denied since the patrimonialization of the Serra da Barriga. The ethnographic research brings, therefore, the ownership of memory space and the everyday forms of resistance the peasant in conflict with national heritage and collective memory of the Black Movement. In this endeavor, the theories about the peasantry, especially in the Northeast, the campesinidade, everyday forms of peasant resistance and the triad memory, history and heritage were vital to this issue. Keywords: Territory, Peasantry, Heritage, Quilombo dos Palmares P á g i n a | 8 Zumbi vivia aqui, num era cativo a ninguém, né. Ele não era cativo a ninguém. Porque de qualquer forma era como a gente, né. A gente vive aqui. Bom, hoje já tamo cativo porque hoje a gente não pode trabalhar, despilorar um tiquinho do mato para apanhar uma lavoura. (...) A gente também num queremos passar por cima dessa lei [do tombamento]. (morador da Serra da Barriga)* (...) é através das coisas vivas que se deve verificar que as coisas do passado não devem ser tomadas como mortas. (Aloísio Magalhães) * trecho de entrevista retirado do artigo de Cleonice Mendonça (1991, p.1). P á g i n a | 9 LISTA DE IMAGENS Fig. 1 Representação cartográfica da Serra da Barriga, apresentando o Rio Mundaú e seus p.052 afluentes Fig. 2 Representação cartográfica por satélite da Serra da Barriga p.053 Fig. 3 Localização do Quilombo dos Palmares p.064 Fig. 4 Mapa de Alagoas das micro-regiãoes geográficas e municípios p.073 Fig. 5 Localização das famílias na Serra da Barriga p.105 Fig. 6 Área tombada da Serra da Barriga coma localização das casas, roças e sítios dentro p.110 das antigas propriedades de fazendeiros locais Fig. 7 Localização dos sítios arqueológicos da Serra da Barriga p.167 Fig. 8 Indivíduos que têm relações de parentesco, afinidade ou compadrio como os p.193 moradores trabalhando como guarda ou agente de limpeza P á g i n a | 10 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS CAPES Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CNPq Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico EMBRATUR Empresa Brasileira de Turismo FCP Fundação Cultural Palmares IBAMA Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis IBDF Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal IBPC Instituto Brasileiro de Patrimônio Cultural IMA Instituto do Meio Ambiente INCRA Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária IPHAN Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional ITERAL Instituto de Terras de Alagoas MaB Man and the Biosphere Programme MEC Ministério da Educação MinC Ministério da Cultura NEAB Núcleo de Estudos Afro-Brasileiros PMQP Parque Memorial Quilombo dos Palmares RBMA Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica SEBRAE Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas SEDEM Secretaria Especial de Defesa e Proteção das Minorias SNUC Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação SPHAN Serviço de Patrimônio Histórico Artístico e Nacional UC Unidade de Conservação UFAL Universidade Federal de Alagoas UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientifc and Cultural Organization P á g i n a | 11 SUMÁRIO Introdução p.012 CAP. I - Quilombagem e campesinato na Zona da Mata p. 54 1.1 A formação do campesinato no Nordeste açucareiro p.059 1.2 O campesinato na Zona da Mata p.063 1.3 Os pequenos produtores e a memória campesina da Serra da Barriga p.071 CAP. II - A morada da Serra dos Nêgos p.085 2.1 A fundação do lugar p.085 2.2 Somos todos uma família só p.093 2.3 Morando na terra do governo p.097 2.4 Parentesco, sociabilidade e moradia p.104 CAP. III - Os herdeiros do Quilombo dos Palmares p.116 3.1 A construção da consciência negra p.121 3.2 A redemocratização e a reorganização da luta negra p.132 3.3 A patrimonialização da Serra da Barriga p.133 3.4 A instituição do patrimônio do Quilombo dos Palmares p.142 3.5 O ritual do tombamento p.150 CAP. IV - O patrimônio da mata dos Palmares p.156 4.1 Arqueologia dos Palmares p.164 4.2 Turismo eco-étnico-cultural p.171 CAP. V - Serra da Barriga: um território em conflito p.178 5.1 Repositório da cultura e da natureza p.181 5.2 Resistência territorial p.188 5.3 O tombamento da Serra da Barriga como uma situação social p.189 5.4 Uma análise da situação social da Serra da Barriga p.191 5.5 Os sentidos da terra e a nova resistência na Serra da Barriga p.198 p.215 Considerações Finais Referências p.220 Apêndices p.239 P á g i n a | 12 Introdução Quando o Quilombo dos Palmares1, o maior assentamento de escravos/negros fugidos2 das Américas, foi desmontado pelas tropas da Coroa Portuguesa, em 1695, suas terras foram distribuídas entre os senhores de engenho locais e dadas como pagamento de alguns capitães que participaram da empreitada, passando a integrar o corpo territorial de algumas propriedades da região da mata interiorana.
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