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Understanding the Photostability of Perovskite Solar Cell Pranav Hemanta Joshi Iowa State University

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Understanding the Photostability of Perovskite Solar Cell Pranav Hemanta Joshi Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2016 Understanding the photostability of perovskite solar cell Pranav Hemanta Joshi Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Electrical and Electronics Commons, Materials Science and Engineering Commons, Mechanics of Materials Commons, and the Physics Commons Recommended Citation Joshi, Pranav Hemanta, "Understanding the photostability of perovskite solar cell" (2016). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 15732. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15732 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Understanding the photostability of perovskite solar cell by Pranav H Joshi A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Electrical Engineering Program of Study Committee: Vikram Dalal, Major Professor Rana Biswas Sumit Chaudhary Ruth Shinar Mani Mina Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2016 Copyright © Pranav H Joshi, 2016. All rights reserved. ii || श्री || iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xiii NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................................. xiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... xvi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... xviii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 1.1 Why solar photovoltaics ................................................................................ 1 1.2 Status of solar photovoltaics .......................................................................... 6 1.3 Organic solar cells.......................................................................................... 10 1.4 Perovskite solar cells...................................................................................... 12 1.5 Outline of the report ....................................................................................... 18 1.5 References ...................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 2 DEVICE PHYSICS OF SOLAR CELLS ....................................... 24 2.1 Absorption...................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Creation of free electron-hole pair ................................................................. 28 2.3 Transport ........................................................................................................ 31 2.3.1 Recombination ...................................................................................... 33 2.4 Collection ....................................................................................................... 34 2.5 Equivalent circuit ........................................................................................... 35 2.6 References ...................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 3 METHODS: FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION ..... 38 3.1 Device architecture ........................................................................................ 38 3.2 Fabrication ..................................................................................................... 39 3.2.1 TCO....................................................................................................... 40 3.2.2 Transport layers .................................................................................... 41 3.2.3 Back contact .......................................................................................... 43 3.2.4 Organic film .......................................................................................... 44 3.2.5 Perovskite film ...................................................................................... 44 iv 3.3 Characterization ............................................................................................. 46 3.3.1 Degradation setup ................................................................................. 46 3.3.2 Light source .......................................................................................... 48 3.3.3 Light IV ................................................................................................. 49 3.3.4 Hysteresis in IV measurement .............................................................. 51 3.3.5 Dark IV ................................................................................................. 51 3.3.6 Photocurrent spectroscopy .................................................................... 52 3.3.7 Capacitance spectroscopy ..................................................................... 54 3.3.8 Other characterizations ......................................................................... 55 3.4 References ...................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 4 UNDERSTANDING THE PHOTODEGRADATION MECHANISM IN ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS ....................................................... 57 4.1 Motivation ...................................................................................................... 57 4.2 Polymer selection and theoretical calculations .............................................. 62 4.3 Device data..................................................................................................... 65 4.4 Light induced changes in film properties ....................................................... 71 4.5 Light induced changes in device performance ............................................... 75 4.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 77 4.7 References ...................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 5 UNDERSTANDING THE PHOTOSTABILITY OF PEREOVSKITE SOLAR CELL………………….................................................... 82 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 82 5.2 Literature review of perovskite solar cell photostability ............................... 82 5.3 Anomalous behavior in perovskite solar cells ............................................... 91 5.3.1 IV hysteresis.......................................................................................... 91 5.3.2 Dark IV hysteresis................................................................................. 97 5.3.3 External field/ photovoltage induced poling ......................................... 98 5.4 Origin of hysteresis in bulk of perovskite: Ionic motion ............................... 100 5.5 Results on NiOx/perovskite/PCBM cell ......................................................... 108 5.5.1 Typical device results ........................................................................... 109 5.5.2 Typical behavior during and after light exposure ................................. 112 5.5.3 Effect of temperature on recovery ........................................................ 120 5.5.4 Effect of light intensity on degradation ................................................ 122 5.5.5 Effect of perovskite film quality on degradation .................................. 124 5.5.6 Effect of bias applied during exposure on degradation……………… 126 5.6 Model………………………………………………………………………. 127 5.6.1 Summary of observations ..................................................................... 128 5.6.2 Model to explain photodegradation in perovskite solar cell ................. 129 5.6.2.1 Before exposure ........................................................................ 129 5.6.2.2 During exposure ........................................................................ 130 v 5.6.2.3 After exposure ........................................................................... 132 5.6.2.4 During recovery ........................................................................ 132 5.7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 133 5.8 References ...................................................................................................... 135 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ....................................... 141 6.1 Organic solar cell ........................................................................................... 141 6.2 Perovskite solar cell ....................................................................................... 141 APPENDIX ACCURATE CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENT....................... 144 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig 1.1 Estimated daily per capita energy consumption of human at various 1 developmental stage. Fig. 1.2 World per capita
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