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Home , History of syphilis

Le Infezioni in Medicina, n. 4, 317-319, 2013 Le infezioni Hallmarks in history nella Sto - of therapeutics ria della Medicina I rimedi che hanno caratterizzato la storia della terapia della sifilide in the Marianna Karamanou 1, Kyriakos Kyriakis 2, Gregory Tsoucalas 1, History of George Androutsos 1 Medicine 1History of Medicine Department, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece; 2Department of Dermatology and Venereology, West Attica General Hospital “St. Barbara”, Athens, Greece

t is quite interesting to consider for a moment how many different drugs and therapeutic Ischedules have been employed at one time or another for the treatment of syphilis. Syphilis appeared in in the late 15 th cen - tury and rapidly reached epidemic proportions. The first drug that was administered was the plant officinalis (guaiac) imported in 1508 from the and its use became widespread by 1517. Guaiac’s miracu - lous effects, though sporadic, were much dis - cussed by physicians and by a prominent hu - manist, victim of syphilis, Ulrich von Hutten (1488-1523), who was persuaded to undergo a guaiac cure [1] (Figure 1). Guaiac treatment requirements were diarrhea Figure 1 - Preparation of a guaiac decoction. Gravu - induced by enemas and profuse sweating by re of Jean Stradan, 1570, Paris. resting 40 days in a dark and hot room follow - ing a strict cura famis. Guaiac was administered externally in ointments and internally in po - tions. Hygienic and dietetic measures exhausted the patients [2]. However, from 1550 onward, treatment with returns to scene and guaiac becomes an adjuvant drug for syphilis. Since the earliest history mercury was used in the treatment of skin diseases and it seemed quite natural its introduction in the treatment of syphilis under various forms: pills, supposito - ries, inhalations, fumigations, ointments, sa - chets and injections (Figure 2). However, mer - curotherapy was accompanied by painful and fatal complications [3].

Corresponding author Marianna Karamanou E-mail: [email protected] Figure 2 - Box for mercury fumigations.

317 2013 The salivation, a sign of mercurial poisoning, longation of symptoms. The drug was liable to was misinterpreted as a positive therapeutic decomposition in the presence of air making it sign of response to treatment by the elimination poisonous. However most of the reported of harmful humours. Nevertheless syphilis’ re - deaths were attributed to Herxheimer reaction currence questioned the therapeutic efficacy of rather than to drug decomposition . Salvarsan ’s mercury [3]. therapeutic results were superior to mercury However, in the 18 th century, mercury divided and physicians used to administrate the drugs the medical community in pro and contra mer - simultaneously adding in their schedules curialists. The former group was by far more potassium iodine for the prevention or treat - numerous and potent despite some trials of the ment of [5]. later group members that reported a lack of ef - Ignoring that syphilis is a systemic disease from ficacy. Medical controversies of the time were its onset, syphilologists also used topical cy - reflected by the continuous treatment extension todestructive treatments for the rash. up to life long and increasing doses. The opin - In 1921, Constantin Levaditi (1874-1953) and ion of eminent syphilologists as Professor Al - Robert Sazérac introduced bismuth which was fred Fournier (1832-1914) established the ad - proved to be more effective and less toxic than ministration of mercury as first-line treatment all previous drugs. During bismuth therapy the of syphilis. At that period, potassium iodide clinical manifestations of syphilis were disap - was used in the treatment of neurosyphilis by pearing and Wassermann reaction was turned the English dermatologist William Wallace negative. Bismuth was distributed in salt form (1791-1837) [3]. for intramuscular administration in a treatment In the 19 th century, the supporters of serothera - schedule of 20 injections [5]. py and mainly the French physician Joseph- The absence of treponemal serum tests and the Alexandre Auzias Turenne (1812-1870) experi - erroneous attribution of the positive Wasser - mented on inoculations to cure syphilis with mann reaction exclusively to T. pallidum infec - disappointing results since the disease does not tion resulted in prolonged and non proven ef - leave immunity [4]. fective treatments. It is worth mentioning that At the middle of the 19 th century, com - Wassermann reaction may become positive in tis - pounds were introduced in the treatment of sue damage that can be provoked not only by syphilis and remained in use until 1940’s as syphilis but also from the cytotoxic action of the monotherapy or in combination with other an - heavy metal treatment [3]. tisyphilitic drugs [5]. Although, the discovery of by In 1909, arsenobenzol ( Salvarsan or 606 ), an ar - (1881-1905), its develop - senic compound, was discovered by the distin - ment for therapeutic use by Florey and Chain, guished German physician (1854- and the first clinical trial in 1943 by John Ma - 1915). Salvarsan was given intramuscularly or honey (1899-1957) revolutionized the treatment intravenously in scaling doses and seemed to of syphilis giving the final solution [6]. be microbiologically effective, having some ac - tion on . Concerning the Keywords : Syphilis, mercury, arsenobenzol, bis - clinical effectiveness of arsenobenzol, in prima - muth, penicillin. ry syphilis it was seen persistence of lym - phadenopathy and in secondary syphilis pro - Conflict of interest: none

SUMMARY

At the end of the 15th century syphilis appeared in zol and bismuth. The absence of treponemal serum Europe as a devastating epidemic. For nearly four tests and the erroneous attribution of the positive centuries mercury was regarded as a remedy of Wassermann reaction exclusively to Treponema pal - first-rate importance along with guaiac and potas - lidum resulted in prolonged and non- sium iodide. proven effective treatments. In 1943 John Mahoney In the early 20th century, two new substances were introduced penicillin, revolutionizing the treat - added to syphilis therapeutics, namely arsenoben - ment of syphilis.

318 2013 RIASSUNTO

Verso la fine del XV secolo, la sifilide fa la sua compar - ne del treponema, e l’errata attribuzione della positività sa in Europa con un’epidemia di vaste proporzioni. Per della reazione di Wasserman esclusivamente all’infezio - circa quattro secoli, si ritiene che il migliore rimedio per ne da Treponema pallidum, determina il protrarsi, la cura della malattia consista nel trattamento a base di per lungo tempo, di trattamenti dall’efficacia non com - mercurio, guaiaco e ioduro di potassio. provata. A tali rimedi vanno ad aggiungersi, all’inizio del XX se - Il primo studio clinico con penicillina, condotto da John colo, due nuove sostanze ovvero l’arsenobenzolo e il bi - Mahoney nel 1943, rivoluziona radicalmente il tratta - smuto. L’assenza di test sierologici mirati alla rilevazio - mento della sifilide.

n REFERENCES [4] Dracobly A. Ethics and experimentation on hu - man subjects in mid-nineteenth-century . The [1] De Hutten U. La maladie française et sur les pro - story of the 1859 syphilis experiments. Bull. Hist. priétés du bois de gayac. Potton F .A., trad. Lyon. Med. 77, 332-366, 2003. Perrin, 1865. [5] Belot J., Chevallier P., Gaté J., et al. Traité de der - [2] Chatelux J. Le bois de ga ïac au XVIe si ècle ou de matologie clinique et thérapeutique. Ed. Gaston Hutten au Pantagru élion . Revue d’histoire de la phar - Doin et Cie, Paris, 1938. macie 57, 202, 1969. [6] Parascandola J. John Mahoney and the introduc - [3] Karamanou M. Five centuries of antisyphilitic tion of penicillin to treat syphilis. struggle. PhD Thesis. University of Athens, Faculty Pharm. Hist. 43, 3-22, 2001. of Medicine. Athens; 2012 (In Greek).

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