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Proceedings of the United States National Museum ; PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM issued |^5JSv>\.m|^ hy the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 103 Wa.hington : 1955 No. 3335 ON THE ANATOMY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF GLOSSY CUCKOOS OF THE GENERA CHRYSOCOCCYX, LAMPROMORPHA, AND CHALCITES By Andrew J. Berger^ The relationships of the glossy cuckoos have long been in question. Sharpe (1873, p. 579) commented that he could not "find any charac- ter in the genus Chrysococcyx to justify its separation from Cuculus, ." beyond the metallic plumage . Shelley (1891, pp. 280, 288) recognized as distinct the genera Chrysococcyx and Chalcococcyx (= Chalcites), but placed Lampromorpha in synonymy with Chryso- coccyx. Bannerman (1922, pp. 413-420; 1933, pp. 111-120), how- ever, recognized both Lampromorpha and Chrysococcyx. Chapin (1939, pp. 197-201), Peters (1940, p. 29), and Friedmann (1948, p. 115) again placed Lampromorpha in synonymy with Chrysococcyx. Delacour (1951, p. 19) and Friedmann (in litt.) further suggest that the genus Chalcites should be united with Chrysococcyx^ which would place all species of this complex in the genus Chrysococcyx. Little has been written on the internal anatomy of Chrysococcyx and, so far as I know, there has been no published description of the internal anatomy of Lampromorpha or Chalcites. I am indebted to the following for supplying alcoholic and skeletal material : Dr. Dean Amadon, American Museum of Natural History Dr. Herbert Friedmann, United States National Museum; and Mr. John G. Williams, the Coryndon Museum, Nairobi, East Africa. I had the following spirit material for study: Chrysococcyx cupreus (3), Lampromorpha caprius (2), L. Maas (1), and Chalcites 1 Department of Anatomy, University of Mlcbigan Medical Scliool, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 297268—55 585 586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 103 lucidus (2) . Skeletal material was available as follows : Chrysococcyx cupreus (3), Lampromorpha caprius (2), and L. hlaas (1). Certain information was also obtained from the skeletons of the alcoholic specimens. For reading the manuscript and for offering suggestions I am indebted to Dr. Amadon, Dr. Jean Delacour, Los Angeles County Museum, California, Dr. Friedmann, and Dr. Josselyn Van Tyne, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Pterylosis Beddard (1885, p. 187), basing his comments on manuscript notes of Garrod and Forbes, grouped Chrysococcyx with those cuckoos which have the "ventral tract [abdominal] of both sides single," but this arrangement is, in fact, not found in Chrysococcyx. Miller ( 1924, p. 330) reported that the nestling of Chrysococcyx lacks natal down. Nothing else seems to have been published on the pterylosis of the species discussed in this paper. In general the pterylosis of the four species is similar. In each species there are 10 primaries and 10 secondaries, though secondaries 8, 9, and 10 (outermost counted as first) are progressively smaller. The fifth secondary is present, i. e., the wing is eutaxic, or quintocu- bital. There are four alula quills, the outermost being the longest. The carpal remex and its covert are present. There are 10 rectrices and 10 upper tail coverts. The oil gland is nude; a single, median feather at the base of the gland passes caudad, covering it. The eye- lashes are featherlike rather than hairlike as in Coua caerulea. The tarsi are what Sharpe (1873, p. 579) spoke of as "accipitrine," i. e., feather tracts descend for a distance of about 6 mm. on the tarsometa- tarsus ; the lateral tract shows the best development. In the capital region, the median frontal apterium is wanting. A small supraorbital apterium is present, but it is separated from the eyelashes by a single row of feathers. The dorsal cervical feather tract is continuous with the interscapular tract. A wide lateral cervical apterium is present. A long, narrow, median dorsal apterium extends through the dorsal region and the anterior half of the pelvic region. There is a single, medium pelvic feather tract. Bilateral submalar apteria are present ; these are widest in Chryso- coccyx and narrowest in Lampromorpha caprius. The abdominal branches of the above-mentioned genera differ from those shown for Cacomantis^ Piaya (Beddard, 1885), and Cuculus canorus (Lowe, 1943, p. 493) in that two separate tracts form at the posterior margin of the sternum. An inner abdominal tract extends to the anus ; this tract is two feathers wide at the beginning, but is re- duced to one row about two-thirds the distance to the anus. The outer abdominal tract turns inward to meet the inner abdominal tract about midway to the anus. ANATOMY AND RELATIONSHIP OF GLOSSY CUCKOOS—BERGER 587 Osteology All four species have 14 cervical vertebrae. There are two pairs of cervicodorsal ribs and, usually, only the last such rib possesses an uncinate process, though one specimen of Chrysococcyx cupreus has uncinate processes on both left cervicodorsal ribs, one specimen of Lam'promorpha caprius possesses these processes on both right ribs, and an alcoholic specimen of Chalcites lucidus has uncinate processes on all four ribs. The atlas is perforated by the odontoid process, ex- cept in a strongly bleached skeleton of Lampromorpha klaas, where the atlas appears to be notched. With one exception, each specimen has four dorsal vertebrae, four dorsal ribs, and one thoracic rib. In each case, the thoracic rib articu- lates with the synsacrum dorsally and fuses with the last dorsal rib ventrally. One alcoholic specimen of Chrysococcyx cupreus^ however, has five dorsal vertebrae and five dorsal, or true, ribs. Of the latter, four articulate with the sternum, while the fifth fuses ventrally with the fourth rib ; there is no thoracic rib. Of ten cuculine genera I have thus far investigated, this is the first example I have seen of intra- specific variation in the number of dorsal vertebrae. The number of ribs articulating directly with the sternum, on the other hand, is far more variable. Four, apparently, is the "normal" number of sternal ribs in these species. In one specimen of Chrysococcyx cupreus and two specimens of Lampromorpha caprius^ however, only three of the four dorsal ribs articulate directly with the sternum; and in an alcoholic specimen of L. hlaas three ribs articulate with the sternum on the left side, whereas four do so on the right. Apparently in younger individuals the general pattern of the pos- terior emargination of the sternum is double-notched ; it does not seem likely that the bone would be resorbed to form fenestrae in older individuals. In half of the specimens, the sternum is single-notched and bilateral fenestrae are present. In some cases, these fenestrae are bounded posteriorly by a bony bar only 1 mm, in width. The external nares are oval to rounded and their borders are con- spicuously swollen. On the floor of the narial cavity is a well-de- veloped tubercle which has a small bony core; the latter is readily discernible in the skeleton. A pectineal process is not developed. Wing Myology In all four species the following wing muscles are absent: pro- scapulohumeralis brevis, abductor indicis brevis, abductor digiti II, and the biceps slip to the tendon of M. tensor patagii longus. Gadow's pars propatagialis musculi cucullaris does not insert on the tendon of M. tensor patagii longus. — 588 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. i03 P. Dro._ /'^P^- Pect. tend.. Ext. meta« Figure 69. Chrysococcyx cupreus. Anconal view of left arm and forearm to show the structure and relationships of M. tensor patagii brevis. Explanation of symbols: Del., deltoideus major; Ext. dig., extensor digitorum communis; Ext. meta., extensor meta- carpi radialis; P. pro., pars propatagialis, pectoralis superficialis; Pect. tend., accessory tendon of pectoralis superficialis; Tpb., tensor patagii brevis; Tpl., tensor patagii longus. The structure of M. tensor patagii brevis (fig. 69) is similar in the three genera and exhibits some differences from that found in other cuckoos studied. In Lamfromorpha caprius the belly is 14 mm. long and 5 mm. in maximum width. The distal end of its fleshy belly has no relationship to the tendon of M. tensor patagii longus. A strong flat tendon (0.5 nun. wide) arises from the dense fascial envelope which surrounds the insertion of M. pectoralis superficialis, and fuses with the tendon of M. tensor patagii brevis. About 5 mm. distal to the ectepicondylar process of the humerus, part of the tendon of M. tensor patagii brevis fuses with the superficial surface of M. extensor meta- carpi radialis. From this region of fusion, a strong tendon passes proximad to attach to the ectepicondylar process; distal to the area of fusion, the tendon expands and gives origin on both its superficial and deep surfaces to fleshy fibers of M. extensor metacarpi radialis. Posterior to the area of fusion, the tendon of M. tensor patagii brevis bifurcates : one branch fuses with the superficial surface of M. exten- sor digitorum communis and attaches to the humerus with that muscle ; the second branch fans out, extends nearly the entire length of the ulna, attaches to the bases of the secondaries, and fuses with the antibrachial fascia. This muscle shows the same relationships in the other species, but measurements are slightly smaller in them. In its insertion, M. tensor patagii brevis is similar to that in Coccyzus erythropthalmus. — ANATOMY AND RELATIONSHIP OF GLOSSY CUCKOOS—BERGER 589 Ext. rneta. tend. T. p. long. .Abd. p. Flex. c. brev. Ace. flex. cm. I- 1 Figure 70. Chrysococcyx cupreus. Palmar view of part of left wing to show relationships of the accessory flexor muscle of the pollex. Explanation of symbols: Abd. p., abductor pollicis; Ace. flex., accessory flexor muscle; Ext. meta. tend., tendon of extensor meta- carpi radialis; Flex. c. brev., flexor carpi ulnaris brevis; T. p. long., tendon of tensor patagii longus. Although M. tensor patagii longus (figs. 69, 70) has a common origin with M.
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