Ethnic Minorities

Ethnic Minorities As with the music of First Nations, studying the mu- issue of Canadian Folk Music Journal.12 Four years sic of ethnic minorities can pose a challenge because later Bohdan Medwidsky contributed “A Ukrainian of language difficulties and cultural differences. Assassination Ballad in Canada” to the same periodi- However, a considerable amount of research, study, cal.13 And in 2009 Marcia Ostashewski’s “A Fully- and analysis has been brought to bear on the musics Fledged and Finely Functioning Fiddle: Humour and of a wide variety of ethnic communities in Canada. ‘The Uke-Cree Fiddler’” was included in an issue of We will select from the scholarly literature on certain Canadian Folk Music.14 Also of interest is her earlier of those communities, including studies of Eastern “Identity Politics and Western Canadian Ukrainian European and Asian musical traditions in Canada. Musics: Globalizing the Local or Localizing the We will also explore the multicultural mix of ethnic Global?”15 music in Canada’s largest cities. For the music of Polish-Canadians, the first place To start with, one needs an overview of multicul- to go is John Michael Glofcheskie’s National Muse- turalism and the varieties of traditional music found um publication, Folk Music of Canada’s Oldest Pol- among Canada’s ethnic minorities across the country. ish Community.16 Louise Wrazen is an academic who Two articles in Canadian Folk Music, one by Ron has thoroughly studied the music of the Polish com- Duffy titled “Musical Mosaic”1 and an earlier discus- munity in Toronto, and her article in the 1983 issue sion by Phil Thomas titled “Multiculturalism in Mu- Canadian Folk Music Journal provides a revealing sic”,2 provide such an introduction, especially when ethnomusicological approach to an ethnic minority. It combined with Ramon Pelinski’s article “The Music is titled “Continuity and Change in the Music of the of Canada’s Ethnic Minorities,” which was printed in Polish Highlanders of Toronto”.17 She has also con- 1975 in The Canada Music Book.3 Another general tributed “Diasporic Experiences: Mediating Time, perspective is provided by Laurel Doucette in a 1993 Memory and Identity in Górale Performance” to the article in Canadian Folklore titled “Voices Not Our Canadian Journal for Traditional Music.18 In recent Own.”4 And we must not forget Kenneth Peacock’s times Toronto has experienced an influx of immi- pioneering (1965) survey of ethnic folk music in the grants from the Middle East, and the Turkish- West in A Survey of Ethnic Folkmusic Across West- Canadian community there was studied in the early ern Canada.5 1980s by Leslie Hall, reporting her findings in the There are, of course, too many different minority Canadian Folk Music Journal in an article titled ethnic groups for us to canvass the music of each one, “Turkish Musical Culture in Toronto.”19 so some choices have to be made. One obvious cate- Jewish music in various regions of Canada has gory is the music of Eastern European immigrants, received considerable scholarly attention. In 1960 particularly Ukrainians and Poles. Ukrainian Canadi- Ruth Rubin studied “Yiddish Folk Songs Current in ans have been the subject of much scholarship, with French Canada”.20 Two decades later, Charles Heller Robert Klymasz perhaps the leading authority in the discussed “Errors in Transmission as Indicators of field. Of his several articles, “Traditional Ukrainian East-West Differences: A Study of Jewish Music in Balladry in Canada,” co-authored with James Porter, Toronto” in Canadian Folk Music Journal.21 The may be singled out as providing an overview of its same issue also contained Judith Cohen’s “Judeo- subject.6 Another very interesting piece is “Ukrainian Spanish Traditional Songs in Montreal and Toron- Incest Ballads from Western Canada” in the 1973 to.”22 She would follow this five years later with issue of Canadian Folk Music Journal.7 The fruits of “The Lighter Side of Judeo-Spanish Traditional Klymasz’s collecting are to be found in two reports Song: Some Canadian Examples” in the same period- published by the National Museum: The Ukrainian- ical.23 The next decade saw a revival of interest in Canadian Immigrant Folk Song Cycle8 and The Jewish-Canadian music, with Nomi Kaston’s “Jewish Ukrainian Winter Folk Song Cycle in Canada.9 Languages, Jewish Songs”24 and George Lyon’s There are other Canadian scholars who have spe- “Klezmer in Canada, East and West―A Review Es- cialized in the music of the Ukrainian diaspora. One say,” both in a 1993 issue of Canadian Folk Music.25 pioneer was J. Dz’obko, whose My Songs: A Selec- The oldest religious minorities in Canada tend to tion of Ukrainian Folksongs in English Translation be of European descent. They fall into two groups: was published in 1958.10 Brian Cherwick covered communities such as the Hutterites and Mennonites, “Ukrainian Music” for Volume 3 of The Garland descended from radical Protestant sects that fled per- Encyclopedia of World Music.11 Anthony Proracki secution in their home-lands after the Reformation, and Alan Herderson wrote about “Ukrainian-Cana- and sects deemed heretical by the Catholic or Ortho- dian Folk Music of the Waterford Area” in the 1974 dox churches. Helen Martens provides a useful over- 23 view of “The Music of Some Religious Minorities in in the major Canadian cities. Ethnomusicologist Reg- Canada” in a 1972 issue of Ethnomusicology.26 For ula Qureshi provides a guide to some of the research the radical Protestants, we can read Wesley Berg’s that has been done into the traditional musics of these Musical Quarterly article “Hymns of the Old Colony communities,37 while David Gregory’s “Conversa- Mennonites and the Old Way of Singing.”27 tion with Kiran Ahluwalia” gives an insight into the The Doukhobors were a religious group driven views and repertoire of one performer of East Indian to emigration by the Orthodox Church and the Rus- extraction who has made a name for herself on the sian state. The haven they found in Western Canada contemporary folk festival scene.38 was not trouble-free, but they have survived to leave Afro-Americans from the USA are another im- a rich legacy of their music. It has been quite exten- portant minority cultural group in Canada. Helen sively researched and recorded by such Canadian Creighton collected from black informants in the folklorists as Kenneth Peacock and Robert Klymasz. Greater Halifax region of Nova Scotia,39 and Francis Peacock collected two sets of Doukhobor songs for Henry’s piece in Canadian Folk Music Journal rep- the National Museum of Canada.28 As noted above, resented an attempt to update Creighton’s research.40 he also wrote for the National Museum A Survey of Since then, of course, there has been a considerable Ethnic Folkmusic Across Western Canada, which influx of immigrants to Canada from the Caribbean, a included a discussion of Doukhobor song.29 Robert cultural change reflected in Michelle Bozynski’s Klymasz’s article in Canadian Folk Music Journal is “Preparing for Cariwest: Music of a West Indian titled “Tracking the ‘Living Book’: Doukhobor Song Dance Band” in Canadian Journal for Traditional in Canada Since 1899.”30 Music for 1996.41 This is just one indication that the We now move on to the important but difficult subject of this section is an ever-changing and ex- subject of Asian music in Canada. The largest non- panding topic. European ethnic minority in western Canada has come from China. We first explore the musical herit- age of Chinese immigrants: the labourers who played Notes a major role in the construction of the Canadian Pa- cific Railway, and those families who settled in the 1Duffy, Ron. “Musical Mosaic,” Canadian Folk Mu- big cities, especially Vancouver, and sought to repli- sic/Bulletin de musique folklorique canadienne 25: cate their own musical traditions in their new home- 3 (Fall 1991), 3-4. land. Tim Rogers first addressed the subject of songs 2Thomas, Philip J. “Multiculturalism in Music,” Ca- about Chinese railway labourers in a 2008 article in nadian Folk Music/Bulletin de musique folklorique Canadian Folk Music titled “Hearing a Missing 31 canadienne 16: 3 (July 1982), 26-27. Voice: Chinese Railway Labourers.” In the same 3Pelinski, Ramon. “The Music of Canada’s Ethnic issue Josie Chan provided more detail on the same Minorities,” Canada Music Book Spring/ Summer topic in her article “Who Built the Canadian Pacific 32 1975), 59-86. Railway? Chinese Workers from Hoisan.” 4Doucette, Laurel. “Voices Not Our Own,” Canadian Vancouver has always been the Canadian city Folklore canadien, 15: 2 (1993), 119-137. with the highest percentage Asian population, so it is 5Peacock, Kenneth. A Survey of Ethnic Folkmusic hardly surprising that it is also where Chinese tradi- Across Western Canada. Ottawa: National Muse- tional music has flourished. This was addressed by um, Anthropology Paper 5, 1965. Huang Jinpei and Alan Thrasher in their article “Can- 6Klymasz, Robert B. and James Porter. “Traditional tonese Music Societies of Vancouver: A Social and Ukrainian Balladry in Canada,” Western Folklore Historical Survey” in the 1993 issue of Canadian 33 33 (1974), 89-132. Folk Music Journal. More recently, in Canadian 7Klymasz, Robert B. “Ukrainian Incest Ballads from Folk Music Huai Sheng Qiu addressed Chinese- Western Canada,” Canadian Folk Music Journal 1 Canadian folk music more specifically in his “Chi- 34 (1973), 35-37. nese Traditional Music in Greater Vancouver.” 8Klymasz, Robert B, ed. The Ukrainian-Canadian However, Vancouver has no monopoly on Chinese Immigrant Folk Song Cycle. Ottawa: National Mu- music, as Margaret Chan has demonstrated for To- seum, Bulletin 234, 1970. ronto in “East Meets West at Chinese Festivals in 9 35 Klymasz, Robert B., ed.

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