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World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Abhishek Et Al World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Abhishek et al . World Journal of Pharmaceutical SJIF ImpactResearch Factor 7.523 Volume 7, Issue 1, 443-455. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105 REVIEW ON PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF PLUMERIA RUBRA Abhishek R. Bura*1, Ajit K. Nangare2, Gaurav S. Lodha1, Jyoti B. Chavan1, Snehal D. Khatake1 and Hrishikesh S. Patil1 1Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundations College of Pharmacy, Vilad Ghat, Ahmednagar (MS), India - 414111. 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundations College Of Pharmacy, Vilad Ghat, Ahmednagar, (MS), India, 414111. Article Received on ABSTRACT 05 Nov. 2017, Plumeria rubra is a deciduous plant species belonging to the genus Revised on 26 Nov. 2017, Plumeria and family Apocynaceae.Plumeriarubra is generally grown Accepted on 17 Dec. 2017 DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20181-10505 for decorative purpose in gardens, parks, etc due to its beautiful and attractive flowers available in various colours and having a lovely 8533 *Corresponding Author fragrance. In India it is widely used for traditional medicine as Abhishek R. Bura purgative, remedy for diarrhoea and cure for itch. The latex i.e. milky Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil juice used for treating inflammation. The flowers are used for acne and Foundations College of fragrance purpose. Plumeriarubra has numerouspharmacological Pharmacy, Vilad Ghat, activitiesand can be used as a drug for treating various diseases in Ahmednagar (MS), India - 414111. future. KEYWORDS: Champa, bountifully, Anxiolytic, Antimutagenic, Antiviral. INTRODUCTION Plumeria rubra is a commonly known as Gulachin in Hindi & Champa or Sonchampa in Marathi, whereas known as Kishirachampa in Sanskrit in India.It belongs to the family Apocynaceae. Plumeriarubra is belonging to Mexico and from its native place it has been distributed worldwide speciallyHawaii where it is grown bountifully. The flowers of plant are used for ornamental purpose because of its fragrance and odour. Different parts of the plant have been mentioned to be used in various diseases. The latex used as anti inflammatory. The flower is used as contraceptive, Cure acne etc. Bark and leaves for rheumatism, www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 1, 2018. 443 Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research inflammation, anti-fertility, Anthelmintic etc. Other all medicinal uses, phytochemistry and botanical description are discussed in this review. Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Asterids Order: Gentianales Family: Apocynaceae Tribe: Plumerieae Genus: Plumeria Synonym: Plumeriaacutifolia Poir. Plumeriaangustifolia A. DC. Plumeriaarborea Noronha Plumeriaarborescens G. Don Plumeriaaurantia Endl. Plumeriaaurantia Lodd. ex G. Don Plumeriaaurantiaca Steud. Plumeriabicolor Ruiz & Pav. Plumeriablandfordiana Lodd. ex G.Don Plumeriacarinata Ruiz & Pav. Plumeriaconspicua G. Don Plumeriagouanii D. Don ex G. Don. Plumeriaincarnata Mill. Morphology: Small, deciduous tree to 8 m high is usually grown as an ornamental plant in garden, parks and generally in areas of the cemetery or grow wide. Branches are swollen and leafy at tips. Latex is milky white which easily breaks. Leaves: Leaves are simple, found in clusters at branch ends. They are alternate, glossy dark green on stout petioles. Leaves lancet shaped elongated, 20-40 Cm Long, 6-12.5 cm wide, pointed tip, base narrow, flatedge, apexacute to acuminate, margin entire, lamina simple. The leaf has a thick and distinct midrib, with veins having nerves branching out from the main central nerve. Bark and roots: The bark is thin, grey green in colour with a slight shine. The branches are rounded and swollen almost sausage like in appearance. Flower: These are large & showy, sweetly fragrant, pedicellate, bisexual, pentamerous, 5-7 cm in diameter.Calyxis synsepalous, five obtuse lobes. Corolla is sympetalousabouttube cylindrical in shape. The inside is slightly yellow in colour Fig. A & B. www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 1, 2018. 444 Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (A) (B) Fruit and seed: The fruit is follicle with a linear oblong to ellipsoid shape. They are about 15-20 cm long and 1.5-2 cm in diameter. Seeds are oblong or lanceolate, numerous, thin and winged. Phytochemical constituents of Plumeria rubra The different extract of Plumeriarubra were found to contain tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, reducing sugar, saponins and glycosides. A new mono terpene alkaloid, (R)-4′-((S)-1- hydro xyethyl)-5,6-dihydro-5′ H-spiroyclopenta[C]pyridine-7,2’-furan)-5′-one, designated as plumerianine; the iridoid 15-demethylplumeride; and three knowntriterpenes, namely lupeol, uvaol and ursolic acid, were isolated from the methanol extract of Plumeriaacutifolialeaves (18) Seven compounds namely 2-methylbutan-1-ol, β-phenylethyl alcohol, nonadecane, heneicosane, benzyl salicylate, tetradecanoic acid and phenylacetaldehyde were found in the essentialoil of P. rubra red flower variety (32) andthe major reported constituents of essential oils in white flower are benzyl salicylate (26.7%- 33.5%), benzyl benzoate (7.9%-22.3%), geraniol (< 0.05%- 17.2%), (E,E)-geranyl linalool (0.2%-9.4%), tricosane (1.1%-8.3%), linalool (0.1%-8.0%), nonadecane (3.8%-7.0%), (E)- nerolidol (5.5%-7.0%)(10) The following iridoids, fulvoplumierin, allamcin, allamandin, plumieride, α-allamcidin, 15-demethylplumieride, β-allamcidin and 13- O-trans-p - coumaroylplumieride; the lignan, liriodendrin, and 2,5-dimethoxy- p –benzoquinone were isolated from the bark of Plumeriarubra. Taraxasteryl acetate, lupeol, stigmasterol, oleanolic acid, cycloart-22-ene-3 α, 25-diol and rubrinol, a new triterpene of the ursane series, were isolated from whole plants of P. rubra. www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 1, 2018. 445 Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research OH OH HO OH OH O O O OH H3C O O HO OH O 5-Hydroxy-2-[4-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-phenyl]-7-(3,4,5- trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-chroman-4-one O OH HN OH OH HO O O HO OH OH 2-Hydroxy-tricos-16-enoic acid [2,3-dihydroxy-1-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2- yloxymethyl)-heptadecyl]-amide H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 HO CH3 HO CH3 OH 4-Hydroxymethyl-4,6a,6b,8a,12,14b-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b- icosahydro-picene-2,3-diol H3C CH3 CH3 CO 2H HO CH3 HO H3C CH3 (1R,3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bS)-1-acetyl-9-hydroxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a- pentamethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b- hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 1, 2018. 446 Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research O OMe H H O OH O OH O O OH CH O 3 HO HO 1-[2,4-dihydroxy-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2- yl]oxyphenyl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one;dehydrate. O OMe O OH O OH O O OH CH O 3 OH O O OH methyl (7R)-4'-[(1R)-1-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyethyl]-5'-oxo-1-[3,4,5- trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyspiro[4a,7a-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-7,2'- furan]-4-carboxylate. www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 1, 2018. 447 Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research O OMe O OH O OH O O OH CH O 3 OH O O HO methyl (7R)-4'-[(1R)-1-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyethyl]-5'-oxo-1-[3,4,5- trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyspiro[4a,7a-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-7,2'- furan]-4-carboxylate. Pharmacological Activities 1. Anti-Microbial Activity and Anti-Bacterial Activity[2,5,15,25.28] Methanolic extract of stem bark exhibited in vitroanti-microbial activity against gram positive bacteria. (Bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis), gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium) & fungi (Aspergillusniger & Candidaalbicans). The ethanolic extract of Plumeria rubra flowers significantly exhibited antimicrobial activity by Disc diffusion method by inhibiting growth of S. typhi, E. coli, E. faecalis and B. cereus. The invitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic, chloroform, ethyl acetate and Aqueousextract of leaves of Plumeriarubra was been studied using disc diffusion method against s. epidermis and Escherichia coli of bacterial strains. Among all the extract of leaves ethanolic extract of leaves are showing partial antibacterial activity against S.epidermidis at 750 and 1000 micro gram per ml and 1500 micro gram per ml showing complete antimicrobial activity while Escherichia coli at 1500 micro gram per ml respectively. The results were compared with standard ciprofloxacin and found that complete antimicrobial activity against S. epidermis at www.wjpr.net Vol 7, Issue 1, 2018. 448 Abhishek et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 500 mg per ml and Escherichia at 750 mg per ml. The extract of leaves shows significant Antibacterial activity. 2. Anti-pyretic and Antinociceptive Activity[14,24] Different doses (100,250,500 mg per kg) of methanolic extract of leaves of Plumeriaacuminata were administered orally. This showed significant reduction in Brewer’s yeast induced hyperthermia in rats. The extract was also elicited pronounced inhibitory effect on acetic acid induced writing. Hot plate tail flick and tail immersion responses in mice in the Antinociceptive test. The extract significantly reduced the rectal temperature and was compared with reference paracetamol (100 mg). The methanolic extract of leaves strongly reduced by intra-peritoneal administration of acetic acid solution and result compared with the standard drug aspirin. The extract shows antipyretic activity governed by peripheral and external inhibitory mechanism. 3. Anti-inflammatory activity[12,29] The methanolic extract of leaves of Plumeriaacuminata posses Anti-inflamatory activity in both acute and chronic experimental animal models. The methanolic extract of leaves (500 Mg/Kg.
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