The Danger of ADOS: How Disinformation Campaigns Threaten Reparations and Pan-African Movements Through Digital Media

CODESRIA Bulletin, Nos 2&3, 2021 Page 53

The Danger of ADOS: How Disinformation Campaigns Threaten Reparations and Pan-African Movements through Digital Media

isinformation is the the original homeland for African intentional spreading Americans, it would reject African Dof false information Jessica Ann Mitchell Aiwuyor identity, and most significantly, for manipulative purposes National Black Cultural it would reject Pan-Africanism (Fallis 2015). It has been used Information Trust (Carnell 2018). on digital media platforms by Washington DC, USA various campaigns, nationally Previously, a similar movement was and internationally, to attach launched in Louisville, Kentucky, false narratives to Black activist by businessman, Norris Shelton. movements. The false narratives present a potential threat to Pan- Shelton founded an organisation are then amplified by bots, fake Africanist movements for civil and called American Slaves Inc, in accounts and accounts using digital human rights. 2001. He also founded a political Black face (Freelon et al. 2020). party called Descendants of Disinformation campaigns are The creation of ADOS: American Slaves (DOAS) in 2012 also driven by online influencers Pushing nativism into the (Pohlman 2012). Much of the writings and rhetoric of Shelton’s or spokespersons and amplified by reparations movement manipulated followers. DOAS are similar to what is now The American Descendants of shared by Carnell and Moore. From 2016, the long-standing Slavery movement was founded in Additionally, Carnell and Moore US-based reparations movement 2016 by Antonio Moore, an attorney, maintain close ties to Louisville as has struggled with a targeted and Yvette Carnell, a social media their first ADOS conference site. disinformation campaign aimed commentator. Commonly referred at disempowering and derailing to by its acronym ADOS, Carnell For generations, African the long-standing reparations and Moore promoted the hashtag- Americans have called for movement. The American powered movement through their reparations that would repair the Descendants of Slavery (ADOS) weekly YouTube shows focusing centuries of violence, enslavement movement, branded as a new civil on African-American economic and racial injustice endured by rights and reparations advocacy issues. With each live broadcast Descendants of Africans Enslaved group, has used digital media reaching approximately 30,000- in the United States (DAEUS) platforms to spread disinformation, plus people, Carnell and Moore’s (Randall 2015). Two of the most attack US-based reparations new ‘identity’ spread quickly. notable reparationists in history activists, derail federal reparations include Callie House, leader of the legislation and promote right-wing Carnell and Moore promote ADOS National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, anti-immigration policies (Drayton as a unique ethnic identifier for Bounty, and Pension Association, 2019; Media Matters 2019; Nkonde African Americans. They assert that and Audley Queen Mother Moore, et al. 2021). the term ADOS is a legal marker co-founder of the Republic of that would make reparations finally New Afrika and founder of the The implications of digital attainable in the United States due Reparations Committee for the media-amplified disinformation to its ‘specificity’ for the African- Descendants of American Slaves campaigns targeting Black activist American justice claim. The new (Perry 2010; Farmer 2019). movements are widespread and identifier would reject Africa as CODESRIA Bulletin, Nos 2&3, 2021 Page 54

The National Coalition of Blacks by N’COBRA and NAARC, 2020, Minneapolis police officers for Reparations in America through their national and local- arrested and killed an African- (N’COBRA) was founded in 1987 based advocacy. However, one American man named George after a convening of lawyers, of the greatest influences on the Floyd. Carnell placed partial blame activists and reparationists (Aiyetoro current mainstream conversation for his death on programmes that 2003). Raymond Jenkins (aka concerning reparations was Ta- support Somali refugees. Reparations Ray), co-founder of Nehisi Coates’s ‘The Case For In a live YouTube broadcast, N’COBRA, influenced the H.R.40 Reparations’, published by The Carnell stated: Commission to Study and Develop Atlantic in 2014. The new explosion Reparation Proposals for African- of interest concerning reparations You have to talk about what he Americans Act, introduced in 1989 helped garner mainstream appeal didn’t have and why he didn’t by US Representative (Rep.) John among the US media, coupled with have it. You have to talk about Conyers Jr. (Miller 2009). a new-found enthusiasm among Somalians being placed in [sic] Black Americans. and the refugees being placed According to activist-lawyer and there, and they’re [sic] being N’COBRA co-founder, Adjoa A. The ADOS movement was founded resettled with money and he Aiyetoro: two years later as a Black isolationist not having any. You have to ideology that uses the reparations talk about the generational Through its various chapters, issue to promote anti-immigrant wealth that we are missing N’COBRA got state and local policies, nativism and birtherism, because that is what defines legislatures to pass resolutions and disconnect African Americans him even being there in the to support Conyers’ bill, from the global African world. moment where he was killed submitted each Congressional by police. (Carnell 2020) session in the House of According to journalist Farrah Representatives Judiciary Stockman, at the first ADOS Similarly, Moore in a now-deleted Committee, usually designated conference: video stated: H.R. 40. The varied resolutions He was using a $20 counterfeit usually cited the work of The audience was told that they bill because he didn’t get his N’COBRA. The coalition should trace their origins to reparations. I’m gone go into developed legislative, litigative, American slavery, not Africa. the whole ... what they do for direct action, and economic They were told that their ancestors refugees. Minneapolis, not development strategies to fuel had built the country with slave even the federal government. the train and increase the speed labor and that the country owed Minneapolis and how inviting with which it was moving to them a debt. They were told that they are to refugees. And its destination—reparations. they should demand reparations, what they did to lock Black (Aiyetoro 2001) and withhold their votes in 2020 people out of neighborhoods unless the Democratic nominee for a hundred years. Black Following Rep. Conyers’s retire- outlined a specific economic plan people meaning ADOS Black ment, Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee of for ADOS. (Stockman 2019) Texas became the sponsor of H.R. people. (Moore 2020a) 40 and the key legislator advocating Historically, the US reparations Moore and Carnell’s xenophobic for its passage (Congress.gov 2019). movement has been part of a global rhetoric ignited an influx of social As the struggle for reparations movement with support from the media accounts using the hashtag continued, the National African African diaspora (CARICOM #ADOS while viciously attacking American Reparations Commission Reparations 2016). Yet, ADOS Black immigrants, activists and (NAARC) was established in 2015, rhetoric aims to fracture any sense politicians who rejected their convened by activist-scholar Dr of kinship among the various Black/ message. One such social media Ron Daniels. African diasporic communities. account referred to Rep. Sheila Carnell and Moore refer to Jackson Lee as a ‘sneaky African/ Co-opting the movement: collective Black identities in the Caribbean immigrant masquerading Xenophobia, disinformation United States as a ‘flat Blackness’ as a native born Black American’ and project takeover that they label as harmful to ADOS (ADOS Watch 2019). Additionally, (Moore 2020b). In their videos, Much of the current grassroots Carnell and Moore frequently ignite Carnell and Moore fan the flames of reparations movement has been online debates over Black movie anti-Black xenophobia. On 25 May sustained by decades of activism roles and received international CODESRIA Bulletin, Nos 2&3, 2021 Page 55 press for their condemnation In 2019, Carnell and Moore immigration policies. A few of of British-born actress Cynthia shared their plans to take over the Tanton-affiliated organisations Erivo, of Nigerian heritage, for the reparations movement. They are the Federation for American her portrayal of Harriet Tubman publicly called for a project Immigration Reform (FAIR), (EurWeb 2019). These arguments takeover, encouraging their Center for Immigration Studies are tools for gaining media attention followers to join established Black (CIS) and NumbersUSA. PFIR’s and getting free access to millions organisations, like the NAACP and former executive director also of readers or viewers. Urban League local chapters, and worked for FAIR and maintained spread the ADOS ideology from close ties (Zaitchik 2010). Black nativism is not a new within (Russ 2019). occurrence. In response to an To gain buy-in from African influx of white immigrants in the Simultaneously, Carnell and Americans, PFIR and its affiliates early 1900s, African Americans Moore sought to discredit existing create front groups attempting sometimes embraced nativism to reparations organisations. They to appeal to Black economic advocate for employment inclusion spread disinformation about concerns. These initiatives are and prioritisation in the face of both N’COBRA and NAARC, used to blame African-American expanding whiteness (Rubin 1978; stating that the two groups employment disparities on Black Brietzer 2011). were purposely hindering the and Brown immigrants and push reparations movement. Carnell anti-immigrant policies. There There were also conflicts between and Moore repeatedly sought to have been at least three previous first-generation Caribbean turn audiences away from long- Black economic front groups immigrants and African Americans standing reparations advocacy affiliated or linked to the Tanton in the 1930s and 40s. Both groups groups. Carnell stated falsely Network. endured racial discrimination and that N’COBRA was ‘opposed to 1. In 2006, FAIR created a group employment disparities while reparations’ and falsely claimed astonishingly similar to the also experiencing conflict and that both groups sought to give shifting racialised identities. Class current ADOS Movement called away Black-American reparations Choose Black America. The dynamics and white-influenced to Black immigrants. Carnell told racial stigmatisations also played organisation’s now-defunct viewers, ‘N’COBRA did nothing. website stated, ‘mass illegal a role in these conflicts. However, They are nothing,’ and encouraged immigration has been the single ultimately, both groups were followers to write to the media and greatest impediment to Black economically exploited and formed tell journalists that N’COBRA was advancement in this country over merging identities (Warner 2012). ‘not a real reparations movement’ the past 25 years’. The ADOS co-founders’ usage of (Carnell 2021). This disinformation 2. In 2012, FAIR created the Blacks black nativism merges reparations, about reparations activists was for Equal Rights Coalition, disinformation and hashtag- streamed to thousands of followers another Black economic issues organisation used to limit powered manipulation, making it during her live broadcasts. immigration. a special case deserving attention. PFIR, white nativism and ADOS leaders call for limits to 3. In 2013, CIS created the Black Black anti-immigration front American Leadership Alliance. the H1-B Visa programme to limit groups Bertha Lewis, of The Black Black immigrants’ entry into the Institute, published a warning US (ADOS Black Agenda 2019). Another key piece to ADOS’s to Black communities titled, Carnell and Moore’s talking origin story is Yvette Carnell’s ‘On Immigration: Beware of points are similar to those of membership on the Progressives the Black American Leadership white nationalists and right-wing for Immigration Reform (PFIR) Alliance’ (Lewis 2019). politicians, repeating the false board, an organisation linked to 4. In 2016, ADOS was co-founded claims that Black immigrants are the Tanton Network (Lee 2014; by Yvette Carnell, a former board taking jobs away from African SPLC 2010). White supremacist member of PFIR using the same Americans (Scott 2019). Most and eugenics supporter, John anti-Black immigration rhetoric. of their anti-immigrant rhetoric Tanton, helped create and fund PFIR rejoiced at the success of is aimed at Black immigrants several organisations to keep ADOS in a newsletter to members and minimally towards white America white through anti- (PFIR 2019). immigrants. CODESRIA Bulletin, Nos 2&3, 2021 Page 56

From obscurity to Americans.’ Their contention United States have a unique legitimacy: The three pillars that ‘voluntary immigrants to and exceptional claim on the the United States’ (emphasis nation’s government for justice. of ADOS in original) make a conscious (Darity and Mullen 2020) The ADOS hashtag picked up steam choice to live in a country that has benefited from racism means Darity and Mullen’s description of on various platforms, including that these groups assume the debt the ADOS ‘campaign’ is misleading Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and their adopted country owes. The and glosses over the movement’s Instagram. However, it moved from logic here is troubling on many questionable beginnings, xeno- obscurity to legitimacy among levels, not the least of which is phobia, disinformation, voter mainstream media, institutions and the assumption that immigrants suppression and online harassment academics through three academic don’t suffer racism and other (Media Matters 2019; SOVAW pillars: Dr William A. Darity Jr, forms of discrimination in the 2020; Stockman 2019). Dr Cornel West and Dr Kevin W. United States. Darity and Mullen Cosby. The new anti-Pan-African try to smooth over the nativist The second pillar of ADOS reparationists, many of whom implications by adding that legitimacy is Dr Cornel West. had never engaged in reparations reparations encompass collective, West participated in several online activism before, brought with them national redemption rather than ADOS forums and was a speaker individual, specific guilt. sensationalism that skyrocketed at the ADOS 2019 conference. social media engagement. The most serious flaw in During a 2019 speech, West limiting the deserving groups repeated the talking points of is that the authors’ plan ignores This engagement helped boost ADOS, minimising slavery and its the history of enslavement the national platform of the first impact on the Caribbean, stating: pillar of ADOS legitimacy, Duke in the United States, which University professor Dr William extended to the Caribbean. I know my dear sister Yvette A. Darity Jr. Carnell, Moore and The practice of slavery in both Carnell and others have been places was intimately bound Darity partnered on promoting the trying to zero in on the varieties together, even after the US of Blackness in the United ADOS ideology through forums won its independence from and publications. Darity’s work States. And it’s very important. Britain. Darity and Mullen also We ought to love all people, we was often shared and promoted by ignore the aspects of slavery, ought to love all Black people; the ADOS co-founders among their particularly white supremacy but when you come from a thousands of followers. In 2020, Dr and anti-Blackness, that people that have been enslaved William A. Darity Jr and Andrea animated twentieth-century US in their own country and built Kirsten Mullen published From imperialism in the Caribbean, that country and still ended up Here to Equality: Reparations for Latin America, and the Pacific. being lynched after they were Black Americans in the Twenty- (Garrett-Scott 2021) so-called freed. There was no First Century. Like Carnell and Additionally, From Here to Jim Crow in Jamaica. There Moore, Darity and Mullen write Equality celebrates and casually was no Jim Crow in Barbados. through a Black nativist lens, introduces the ADOS movement to No Jim Crow in Antigua. No distancing the African-American readers as innocuous. Jim Crow in St. Kitts. We love experience from the rest of the our brothers and sister there but African diaspora by minimising the Darity and Mullen state: no Jim Crow there. (West 2019) experience of slavery and racism in Unexpectedly, the 2018 The third pillar of ADOS the Caribbean. congressional midterm elect- legitimacy is Dr Kevin W. Cosby, ions were followed by an even Dr Shennette Garrett-Scott the President of Simmons College greater surge of interest in of Kentucky, the site of the 2019 addresses these issues in a review black reparations. A movement of From Here to Equality, stating: ADOS conference (Corsey 2019). blossomed in early 2019 on Cosby has repeatedly used the electronic internet platforms Darity and Mullen reject the institution’s resources to host under the label #ADOS, notion that the experiences of an acronym for American online forums featuring ADOS co- Afro-Caribbeans and other Blacks Descendants of Slavery. founders. Cosby pushes the ADOS across the Diaspora living in the This campaign asserts that nativist ideology into spiritualism. United States are ‘synonymous black American descendants He posts ‘ADOS Sermons’ online [with] the experience of … African of persons enslaved in the and refers to Black immigrants as CODESRIA Bulletin, Nos 2&3, 2021 Page 57

ados-group-attacks-rep-sheila- ‘PIMPS’ and ‘replacement negroes’ manipulate online discussions and jackson-lee-on-thanksgiving/. (Cosby 2020; Moore 2020). move Black communities towards Accessed 8 March 2021. Cosby, West, Carnell and Moore adopting a right-wing agenda. Aiwuyor, J. A. M., 2020, Understanding promoted an initiative called the ADOS: The Movement to Hijack The authors referred to this as: National Coalition of Churches for Black Identity and Weaken Black Reparations to attract Black church ... disinformation creep, a Unity, 2 January. Available online leaders to the ADOS movement phenomenon in which legitimate at https://ibw21.org/commentary/ (Simmons College 2020). positions and information understanding-ados-movement- are slightly distorted and hijack-black-identity-weaken- Protecting Pan-Africanist reinterpreted to leverage a black-unity/. movements from separate position entirely, one Aiyetoro, A. A., 1997, Formulating disinformation that may even be at odds with Reparations Litigation Through the interests that it purports to the Eyes of the Movement, NYU Academics, researchers and support. (Nkonde et al. 2021) Annual Survey of American Law, activists are taking notice of Vol. 58, pp. 457–474. Available From #BlackLivesMatter to the ADOS movement’s usage online at http://www.law.nyu. #EndSARS, Pan-Africanism’s of disinformation on Black edu/sites/default/files/ecm_ future depends on increased pro_065061.pdf. communities in digital spaces, with awareness of online disinformation various bad actors participating. In Aiyetoro, A. A., 2001, Reparations campaigns, indoctrination and 2019, Media Matters warned that Are Like A Train: Mounting the digital Black face. The rise of ADOS Challenges and Claiming the white supremacists planned to must not be treated as a one-time Victory. Available online at http:// use the ADOS hashtag on social event. The manipulation of Black ncobra.org/resources/index. media with the specific purpose social media users coupled with the html#win. Accessed 8 March 2021. of confusing Black communities promotion of Black ‘isolationism’ Breitzer, S. R., 2011, Race, Immigration, (Media Matters staff 2019). threatens Pan-African activism’s and Contested Americanness: They planned to create accounts future growth and can recur under Black Nativism and the American using ‘digital Black face’, the new groups or campaigns. Labor Movement, 1880–1930, practice of a non-Black person Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary pretending to be Black through Activism has become heavily Global Contexts, Vol. 4, a social media account (Freelon dependent on digital spaces for No. 2, pp. 269–283. Available et al. 2020). Shireen Mitchell of education, discourse, advocacy and on-line at https://doi.org/10.2979/ Stop Online Violence Against collaboration. Pan-Africanists must racethmulglocon.4.2.269. Women (SOVAW) warned that develop and implement strategies to CARICOM Reparations, 2016, The bots were using the ADOS counter disinformation campaigns Global Reparations Movement. hashtag as part of a coordinated and protect Black communities Available online at https:// Black voter suppression effort from Trojan Horse initiatives or caricomreparations.org/the- (SOVAW 2020). In January 2020, ‘disinformation creep’ seeking to global-reparations-movement/. I published a report detailing part disrupt Black activist movements. Carnell, Y. [@breakingbrown], 2018, of the ADOS movement’s origins There must also be continued Pan-Africanism Is Dead, [Video and its harassment tactic referred education in digital media and file], 14 June. Available online at https://www.youtube.com/ to as ‘swarming’ done by ADOS strategic communications. watch?v=o_tUD8aAo0o. members online (Aiwuyor 2020). Bibliography Carnell, Y. [@breakingbrown], 2019, In February 2021, Harvard I’ve Been Open About NEVER Kennedy School’s MisInformation #ADOS, 2019, Dr. Cornel West’s Taking Money From Anyone Review published ‘Disinformation Support, 2019, [Video file], Except Small #ADOS Donors creep: ADOS and the strategic 16 April. Available online at And Youtube. Now I Need weaponisation of breaking news’. https://www.youtube.com/ N’COBRA Leaders [Tweet], 12 watch?v=rQjtWKFtBKk. The researchers did a content April. Available online at https:// twitter.com/BreakingBrown/stat analysis of 534,000 #ADOS tweets. ADOS Watch, 2019, ADOS Group us/1116802262578421761?s=20. Their analysis found that ADOS Attacks Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee on Thanksgiving, 9 December. co-founders Carnell and Moore Carnell, Y. [@breakingbrown], Available online at https:// 2020, Kente Cloth Backlash & used breaking news cycles to adoswatch.com/2019/12/08/ the Overlooked Flaw of BLM. CODESRIA Bulletin, Nos 2&3, 2021 Page 58

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Moore, A., 2020, When It Comes To Progressives for Immigration Reform Stop Online Violence Against Women Reparations, Differences In Black (PFIR), 2019, Taking on the (SOVAW), 2020, A Threat To An Lineage Matter, USA Today, 3 Ecofascist Meme. Available American Democracy: Digital March. Available online at https:// online at https://us9.campaign- Voter Suppression, 7 January. eu.usatoday.com/story/opinion/ archive.com/?u=845a0ee162158 Available online at https:// readers/2020/03/02/when-comes- 5a7136f535df&id=bbaa74d77a. stoponlinevaw.com/wp-content/ reparations-differences-black- Accessed 9 March 2021. uploads/2020/02/7.pdf. lineage-matter/4907013002/. Randall, V., 2015, 2015 Report on Southern Poverty Law Center Moore, A., 2020, Deleted Video: Descendants of Africans Enslaved (SPLC), 2010, SPLC Report: George Floyd I Can’t Breathe in the United States – WHO ARE Nativists Appealing to Minneapolis Police, [Video file], DAEUS AND WHY FOCUS ON Environmentalists are ‘Wolves 26 May. Retrieved from https://t. DAEUS?, Race, Racism and the in Sheep’s Clothing’, 7 July. co/mbtMxZj6lz?amp=1. Law, 14 December. Retrieved Available onlinne at https://www. Moore, A., 2020, Deleted Video: from https://racism.org/articles/ splcenter.org/news/2010/07/27/ Minneapolis Was Built On Specific worldwide/georegions/205- splc-report-nativists-appealing- Black Families. And Why Saying north-america/united-states- environmentalists-are-wolves- #Blacklivesmatter Isn’t Enough, of-america/daeus-descendants- sheeps-clothing. [Video file], 5 June. Retrieved of-africans-enslaved-in-the- Stockman, F., 2019, Deciphering from https://www.youtube.com/ united-states/1888-status-of- ADOS: A New Social Movement watch?v=ucWGQXsIfic. descendants-of?start=6. or Online Trolls?, The New York Moore, A., 2020c, Biden Set To Rubin, J., 1978, Black Nativism: The Times, 13 November. Available Win Election 2020 – Dr. Cornel European Immigrant in Negro online at https://www.nytimes. West – Where Do We Go From Thought, 1830–1860, Phylon: com/2019/11/13/reader-center/ Here With Voting?, [Video file], The Atlanta University Review slavery-descendants-ados.html. 6 November. Available online of Race and Culture, Vol. 39, Tanton, J., 1986, John Tanton’s at https://www.youtube.com/ No. 3, p. 193. DOI: https://doi. ‘WITAN Memo’ III, SPLC watch?v=raYj_bcdOkY. org/10.2307/274515. Southern Poverty Law Center, Nkonde, M., 2021, Disinformation Russ, V. 2019, Controversial 10 October. Available online Creep: ADOS And The Strategic Movement Is Challenging at https://www.splcenter.org/ Weaponisation Of Breaking Traditional Black Organisations fighting-hate/intelligence- News, MisInformation Review, With ‘Project Takeover’, The report/2015/witan-memo-iii. Harvard Kennedy School, Philadelphia Inquirer, 18 Accessed 8 March 2021. 22 January. Available online November. Available online at Warner, O., 2012, Black in America at https://misinforeview. https://www.inquirer.com/news/ Too: Afro-Caribbean Immigrants, hks.harvard.edu/article/ civil-rights-comcast-ados-naacp- Social and Economic Studies, disinformation-creep-ados-and- takeover-chapters-new-jersey- Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 69–103. the-strategic-weaponisation-of- harriet-20191115.html. Accessed Available online at https://www. breaking-news/. 8 March 2021. jstor.org/stable/24384427. Perry, M. B., 2010, No Pensions Scott, E., 2019, Trump’s Claim That Zaitchik, A., 2010, Anti-Immigrant for Ex-Slaves: How Federal Black Americans Are Hurt Most Groups Continue Greenwashing Agencies Suppressed Movement By Illegal Immigration Gets Campaign, SPLC Southern to Aid Freedpeople, Prologue Pushback, The Washington Post, Poverty Law Center, 8 Magazine, Vol. 42, No. 2. 9 January. Available online at October, Available online at Available online at https:// https://www.washingtonpost. https://www.splcenter.org/ www.archives.gov/publications/ com/politics/2019/01/09/trumps- hatewatch/2010/10/08/anti- prologue/2010/summer/slave- claim-that-black-americans- immigrant-groups-continue- pension.html. are-hurt-most-by-illegal- greenwashing-campaign. immigration-gets-pushback/. Pohlman, D., 2012, Founder: New Political Party Big As Civil Simmons College of Kentucky, War, WLKY.com, 13 October. 2020, ADOS Pastors Townhall Available online at https://www. [Facebook Live Video], 31 wlky.com/article/founder-new- August. Available online at political-party-big-as-civil- https://www.facebook.com/ war-1/3740910. watch/live/?v=31615372303313 4&ref=watch_permalink. FORTHCOMING / À PARAÎTRE

This book covers diverse histories of student movements in post-apartheid South Africa, taking note of the historical moment of the 1976 student uprisings and the evolution of student activism since that seminal event. Decolonization and reform of the higher education sector are important themes of the book. The volume aims to understand how student movements comprehend and articulate demands for the process of decolonization and Africanization of the curriculum, their transformative effect on the university and the role that a decolonized and African- univer sity should play in South African society’s pursuit of freedom. The book explores transformation of universities specifically with regard to race, gender, patriarchy, sexuality, and people living with disabilities in relation to student experiences. The book also deals with aspects related to insti- tutional racism, funding, class, access, violence, and student services. It explores the nature of contemporary student mobilization as a quest for education as freedom in a democratic country, deconstructing the Rhodes Must Fall and Fees Must Fall movements that have reignited interest in the role of student activism in South African society. This book is timeless and timely: cele- brating and critiquing student activism in transforming higher education, society and our times.