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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-992X-2017-0272 ISSN 1678-992X Etiology, occurrence and epidemiology of a begomovirus disease in passionflower in the southwest of Bahia Gisele Brito Rodrigues1 , Geraldo Gomes Rocha Sobrinho1 , Tatiana Mituti2 , Armando Bergamin Filho2 , Lilian Amorim2 , Jorge Research Article Research 2 1 Alberto Marques Rezende , Quelmo Silva de Novaes * | 1Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia – Depto. de ABSTRACT: Severe mosaic symptoms, accompanied by yellow spots, abnormally small leaves, Fitotecnia e Zootecnia, Estrada do Bem Querer, km 4 – fruit malformation and cracking, reduced plant growth, and high levels of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci 45031-900 – Vitória da Conquista, BA – Brasil. MEAM1) infestation were observed in passionflower (Passiflora edulis) orchards in southwestern 2Universidade de São Paulo – Depto. de Fitopatologia e Bahia, Brazil. The aim of this work was to identify the species of begomovirus infecting the Nematologia, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 – 13418-900 – Piracicaba, passionflowers, its prevalence in southwestern Bahia, and the spatial and temporal dynamics SP – Brasil. of the disease. Leaf samples from symptomatic plants collected at 57 orchards located in ten *Corresponding author <[email protected]> counties were evaluated by PCR for begomovirus infection. Complete nucleotide sequences Plant Pathology of DNA-A for two isolates revealed 97 % identity with Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus Edited by: Mark L. Gleason (PSLDV). The occurrence of PSLDV in 57 orchards was evaluated based on the presence of characteristic disease symptoms. Approximately 235,000 visually assessed plants exhibited Received August 02, 2017 symptoms characteristic of begomovirus infection. Epidemiological studies, conducted in two Accepted April 06, 2018 orchards in Dom Basílio County, showed that disease progress was relatively slow until 121 days after transplanting (DAT), but more rapid in the following 35 days, reaching 100 % infected plants by 156 DAT. The exponential model was fitted to the temporal dynamic of the disease for both areas. An aggregated pattern of diseased plants was predominant for almost all evaluations. It is possible that the primary and secondary spread of the pathogen occurred concurrently during the epidemic progression in both areas, especially late in the season. Containment measures to prevent the virus and the vector from spreading to other passionfruit producing areas in Brazil should be implemented. Keywords: Bemisia tabaci, Geminiviridae, Passifloraceae, whitefly Introduction Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis; syn. P. edulis f. fla- vicarpa) (Bernacci et al., 2008) occupies a prominent position in the commerce of tropical fruits. Brazil is the world’s largest producer of passionfruit, with ca. 825,000 tons annually, of which 46 % is produced in the state of Bahia (IBGE, 2014). During 2012-2014, passionfruit growers in south- western Bahia faced an outbreak of disease with symp- toms similar to those caused by a previously described begomovirus (Novaes et al., 2003), including mosaic ac- companied by intense yellow spots on leaves, severe leaf distortion, fruit malformation and cracking (Figure 1A- C), as well as reduced plant growth. The disease was ac- companied by heavy whitefly infestation (Figure 1D-E), which is uncommon as passionflower is not preferred by Figure 1 – Symptoms induced by Passionfruit severe leaf distortion whiteflies (Nunes et al., 2008). virus (PSLDV) on passionflower leaves (A; B) and fruit (C); eggs, A similar outbreak, also in the state of Bahia, was adults (D) and nymphs (E) of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci on first reported by Novaes et al. (2003). High incidence of passionflower leaf. a begomovirus (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus), tentatively named the Passionflower little leaf mosaic vi- rus (PLLMV), in co-infection with the potyvirus Cowpea fected to healthy passionflowers through B. tabaci biotype aphid borne mosaic virus (CABMV), widely spread in the B reared on soybean resulted in failure, suggesting that country (Fischer and Rezende, 2008; 2016), devastated the biotype of whitefly found colonizing passionflower two passionflower crops. The infected plants were also might be different. A partial nucleotide sequence for the heavily colonized by a whitefly identified as Bemisia taba- DNA-A of PLLMV, corresponding to the partial coat pro- ci. Attempts to experimentally transmit the virus from in- tein gene, revealed 89 % identity with the corresponding Sci. Agric. v.76, n.4, p.337-343, July/August 2019 Rodrigues et al. Begomovirus in passionflower nucleotide sequence of Sida mottle virus (SiMoV), isolat- Table 1 – Location of passionflower crops inspected for begomovirus ed from Sida rhombifolia in Viçosa, in the state of Minas infection in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Gerais, Brazil (Novaes et al., 2003). Ferreira et al. (2010) Geographical coordinates Municipalities Crops Altitude (m) analyzed the same source of the begomovirus described Latitude (S) Longitude (W) by Novaes et al. (2003) and found another begomovirus, Barra da Estiva 1 13°51'27" 40°56'55" 261 Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus (PSLDV). Strains of 1 14°03'55" 41°41'25" 470 Sida mottle virus and Sida micrantha mosaic virus were also 2 14°01'55" 41°42'06" 461 Brumado reported to infect a few plants in São Fidelis County, in 3 14°03'32" 41°41'40" 451 the state of Rio de Janeiro, and Paragominas County, in 4 14°03'34" 41°41'34" 470 the state of Pará, respectively (Alves et al., 2011). 1 13°51'08" 40°57'54" 266 The aim of this study was to identify the begomo- 2 13°47'20" 41°00'58" 297 virus species infecting passionflowers during the 2012- 3 13°46'54" 41°01'56" 292 4 13°46'18" 41°02'35" 292 2014 cropping seasons, document its occurrence in the Contendas do Sincorá 5 13°52'24" 40°57'00" 257 southwest of Bahia, and characterize the spatial and 6 13°52'32" 40°56'60" 260 temporal dynamic of the disease as a precursor to the 7 13°51'23" 40°57'27" 263 development of effective management practices. 8 13°50'50" 40°58'16" 280 1 13°54'31" 41°43'01" 429 Dom Basílio Materials and Methods 2 13°53'36" 41°43'04" 441 1 13°48'51" 41°18'41" 508 Occurrence and distribution of begomovirus 2 13°48'41" 41°18'52" 511 Ituaçu Fifty-seven passionflower crops (Table 1), five to 3 13°48'28" 41°19'01" 510 six months old, located in the municipalities of Barra 4 13°48'21" 41°19'29" 522 da Estiva (1), Brumado (4), Contendas do Sincorá (8), 1 13°34'22" 41°36'36" 501 Dom Basílio (2), Ituaçu (4), Jussiape (8), Livramento de 2 13°33'49" 41°36'50" 509 Nossa Senhora (13), Manoel Vitorino (4), Rio de Contas 3 13°33'29" 41°36'50" 509 4 13°30'33" 41°36'07" 520 (3), and Tanhaçu (10), were inspected for begomovirus Jussiape infection in July 2014 (Figure 2). Assessment was based 5 13°30'22" 41°36'09" 524 on the observation of characteristic symptoms induced 6 13°30'12" 41°36'07" 526 by begomovirus infection in passionfruit plants. Based 7 13°30'10" 41°36'08" 528 8 13°28'44" 41°35'06" 545 on previous studies (Novaes et al., 2003) and experi- 1 13°44'35" 41°49'54" 486 ence, plants exhibiting intense yellow mosaic symp- 2 13°44'32" 41°49'58" 486 toms and undersized, malformed leaves were consid- 3 13°43'59" 41°51'18" 494 ered to be infected by begomovirus (Figure 1A-C). Leaf 4 13°44'20" 41°51'22" 493 samples from four arbitrarily chosen infected plants 5 13°44'13" 41°49'24" 473 from each locality were collected for virus detection 6 13°42'35" 41°49'38" 478 Livramento de Nossa and identification. The four samples from each local- 7 13°44'29" 41°58'49" 508 Senhora ity were pooled, and ten groups in total were analyzed 8 13°44'33" 41°58'53" 507 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and plate trapped 9 13°41'29" 41°54'52" 521 antigen – enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (PTA- 10 13°40'45" 41°53'52" 506 ELISA). 11 13°40'41" 41°53'46" 507 12 13°41'20" 41°54'10" 515 13 13°41'29" 41°54'01" 513 1 13°53'37" 40°55'53" 258 2 13°53'02" 40°56'16" 263 Manoel Vitorino 3 13°53'36" 40°55'15" 262 4 13°53'29" 40°54'59" 270 1 13°34'27" 41°43'03" 570 Rio de Contas 2 13°34'22" 41°43'01" 570 3 13°34'42" 41°42'40" 566 1 14°07'10" 41°07'04" 300 2 14°07'28" 41°06'02" 293 3 14°06'08" 41°03'46" 292 4 14°06'01" 41°02'44" 286 5 14°05'32" 41°01'02" 290 Tanhaçu Figure 2 – Counties in the southwest of Bahia where the survey for 6 14°09'09" 41°13'06" 313 begomovirus infection in passionflower crops was conducted: 1. 7 14°09'16" 41°13'05" 310 Brumado; 2. Livramento de Nossa Senhora; 3. Dom Basílio; 4. Rio 8 14°08'36" 41°13'33" 317 de Contas; 5. Jussiape; 6. Ituaçu; 7. Tanhaçu; 8. Contendas do 9 14°09'14" 41°12'47" 316 Sincorá; 9. Barra da Estiva and 10. Manoel Vitorino. 10 14°09'06" 41°11'53" 311 Sci. Agric. v.76, n.4, p.337-343, July/August 2019 338 Rodrigues et al. Begomovirus in passionflower Virus detection and identification the previous map, thus providing the cumulative num- Total DNA was extracted from each sample accord- ber of infected plants and their respective positions for ing to the protocol described by Doyle and Doyle (1990).