Gilbert Y Nuget

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Gilbert Y Nuget ASPECTOS COTIDIANOS DE LA FORMACIÓN DEL ESTADO GILBERT M. JOSEPH DANIEL NUGENT COMPILADORES Gilbert. M.Joseph y Daniel Nugent (compiladores) Aspectos cotidianos de la formación del estado Gilbert. M. Joseph y Daniel Nugcnt (compiladores) Aspectos cotidianos de la formación del estado La revolución y la negociación del mando en el México moderno Colección Problemas de México Ediciones Era Traducción de Rafael Vargas, salvo para el prólogo, traducción de Paloma Villegas, y el ensayo de (diferí VI. Jo.seph (pp. 143-74). que i ¡aduja Ramón Vera. Edición original: Kvaryday Forma oj Slale Formaiion. Revolution and lite Negotialion of Rule in Mndern México Duke University Press, Durhain y Londres, 1994 Primer a edición (reducida) en Problemas de México: 2002 ISBN: 908.411.5312 Derechos reservados en lengua española © 2002, Ediciones Era, S. A. de C. V. Calle del Trabajo 31, 142G9 México, D. F. Impreso y hecho en México Primad and ruada in México Este libro no puede ser íotocopiado. ni reproducido total o parcial me ni tt por ningún medio o método, sin la autorización por escrito del editor. Filis trook muy rwt he reprntincad, in udiola or in parí, w anyfmm, roühoul ¡orillan permistión Jmrri Illa puhlrshars. INDICE Prólogo a esta edición 11 ■ Gilbert M. Jo.seph Prólogo 17 ■ James C. Soott La formación del estado 25 ■ Philij) Corrigan I. PROLEGÓMENOS TEÓRICOS Cultura popular y formación del estado en el México SI revolucionario ■ Gilbert M. Jo.seph y Daniel Nugent Armas y arcos en el paisaje revolucionario mexicano 53 ■ Alan Rnight II. ESTUDIOS EMPÍRICOS Reflexiones sobre las ruinas: formas cotidianas de formación 105 del estado en el México decimonónico ■ Florencia F,. Mallon Para repensar la movilización revolucionaria en México: 143 Las temporadas de turbulencia en Yucatán, 1909-1015 ■ Gilbert M.Joseph Tradiciones selectivas en la reforma agraria y la lucha 175 agraria: Cultura popular y formación del estado en el ejido de Namiquipa, Chihuahua ■ Daniel Nugent. y Ana María Alonso III. RECAPITULACIÓN TEÓRICA Hegemonía y lenguaje contencioso 213 ■ William Roscberry Formas cotidianas de formación del estado: algunos 227 comentarios disidentes acerca de la “hegemonía’' ■ Derek Sayer Notas 239 Bibliografía 259 ia memoria de Daniel Nugent PROLOGO A KSTA EDICION ■ Gilbcrt M. Joseph Este volumen centra su atención en el México moderno para exa­ minar un problema que posee extraordinaria relevancia contempo­ ránea: la manera en que las sociedades y culturas locales, los proce­ sos de violencia social y los estados se articulan históricamente. La idea surgió de una serie de discusiones que tuvimos Daniel Nugent, María Teresa Koreck y yo en el Cerner for US-Mexican Studies en La Jolla, California, donde fuimos investigadores visitantes a finales de los ochenta. Los tres acordamos que, a pesar de los impresio­ nantes progresos habidos desde fines de los sesenta, los estudios históricos sobre la revolución mexicana habían caído en una espe­ cie de camino trillado. Los investigadores mexicanos y extranjeros seguían emitiendo monografías locales impecablemente funda­ mentadas y habían aparecido en escena, tras varias décadas de es­ pera, las primeras síntesis nacionales. Sin embargo, el debate se­ guía sólo canales predecibles. ¿Había sido la revolución, con todo y sus lacras, un hecho verdaderamente popular, tan popular que marcó diferencias significativas en la forma en que el poder y los recursos se distribuyeron y administraron a partir de ese momento? ¿O había sido traicionada la revolución por sus propios y maquiavé­ licos (no tan) revolucionarios líderes y el poderoso estado central que ellos habían revivido? Desde luego, ambos bandos tenían argumentos que esgrimir, y los estudiosos los reciclaban interminablemente, añadiéndoles nue­ vos datos locales o regionales con cada reiteración sucesiva. A pesar de ello, nos parecía que desde el punto de vista interpretativo, los investigadores parecían entregados a transformar un complejo pro­ ceso revolucionario -que era él mismo parte de un tejido histórico más amplio y con múltiples hebras- en un único acontecimiento. Al hacerlo se alineaban con la versión hisfonográfica del proverbial “empate mexicano”. En un bando, el acontecimiento era señalado como el momento culminante ele la lucha heroica en la historia mexicana; en el otro, se consideraba que marcaba el triunfo final del estado sobre el pueblo. Infortunadamente, pocas veces se estu­ diaba la revolución mexicana como un proceso cultural mente corn- piejo e históricamente generado, de manera que pudiera iluminar la relación reciproca existente enire nociones abstractas tales como “el estado” y “el pueblo”. Como nuestras conversaciones en torno a estas inquietudes em­ peñaban a incluir una gama más amplia de colegas al norte y al sur del río Bravo, planeamos un simposio de investigación qne incor­ porara personas que estaban trabajando creativa e interdisciplina­ riamente sobre temas empíricos y teóricos similares en otras partes del mundo. Se realizó una conferencia internacional sobre “Cul­ tura popular, formación del estado y revolución mexicana” en el Cerner for US-Mexican Sludies, en 1991. Allí un distinguido con­ junto de “mexic anis tas”, tanto reconocidos como más jóvenes, pudo dialogar con William Rose be rey, Derek Sayer, Philip Corrigan y James Scott, estudiosos que habían producido estimulantes trabajos sobre teínas como la formación del estado, la cultura, la resistencia y la conciencia populares en el Sudeste Asiático, Europa y otras par­ tes de América Latina. Los cuatro días de intensa discusión y deba­ te de este elenco diverso e interdisciplinario tuvieron como resul­ tado alterar y enriquecer los marcos de referencia en que debían considerarse el estado y la participación popular antes, durante y después de “La Revolución”. Nuestras muchas deudas con las fundaciones, instituciones e in­ dividuos que nos permitieron financiar, planear y llevar a cabo el encuentro de La Jolla y después escribir este libro se enumeran en la edición en inglés de 1994, Everyday Fortns of StateFoyin.at.ion, publi­ cada por Duke University Press. Aquí, quiero reiterar mi profunda gratitud a Wayne Cornelius, el director del Cerner for US-Mexican Studies, y a su personal, que han impulsado tantos encuentros y han ampliado las fronteras de los estudios mexicanos. También quiero reiterar mi gratitud a aquellos colegas que ayudaron a dar forma al encuentro. Las ideas y la energía de Terri Koreck fueron particularmente útiles en la organización del encuentro. Además de los autores cuyo Trabajo aparece en este volumen, quiero tam­ bién agradecer a las siguientes personas que aportaron en La Jolla hallazgos de investigación y comentarios que mejoraron sustan- cialmente el debate que aparece en estas páginas: Roger Bartra, William Beezley, Aun Craig, Adolfo Gilly, Peter Guardino, Alicia Hernández Chávez, Friedrich Katz, Martha Lampland, Jane-Dale Lloyd, Frans Schriyer, Danicla Spcnser (quien generosamente leyó las galeras de esta edición), Paul Vandenvood y Eric Van Young. 12 Otros participantes. Romana Falcón, Lisie Rockwell, Marjorie Becker, Armando Bartra, Jan Rus y Barrv Can; aportaron valiosos ensayos a la edición original en inglés. Ediciones Era ha omitido estos capítulos en la presente edición, dado que los mismos traba­ jos u otros relacionados con ellos ya tenían amplia difusión en México. El prematuro deceso de mi co-compilador Daniel Nugent en 1997 (y el de Bill Roseberry en 2000) me vuelve agridulce la escritu­ ra de este prefacio. Daniel y yo habíamos esperado el día en que podríamos compartir este volumen con los lectores mexicanos a quienes estaba en gran medida dirigido. El mayor don de Daniel era su capacidad para reunir a las personas -a través de las fronte­ ras entre campos de estudio, disciplinas, generaciones, grupos so­ ciales, posiciones ideológicas, culturas y nacionalidades- y luego lo­ grar que realmente hablaran, o mejor, discutieran productivamente entre sí. No sólo aportó sus duraderas contribuciones teóricas y em­ píricas a la “historia antropológica” de Namiquipa, Chihuahua, México y America Latina, sino que ayudó a muchos de nosotros a hacer las nuestras. Nunca tuve un colega más generoso y dudo que llegue a tenerlo. Esta edición está dedicada a su memoria. Como el encuentro de La Jolla y la edición original, el presente volumen está estructurado en la forma de un diálogo entre teoría e investigaciones empíricas. Eos ensayos que enmarcan el volumen en las partes 1 y 3 se ocupan de la historiografía del México revolu­ cionario y posrevolucionario, la pertinencia de los recientes avan­ ces en la teoría social para los estudios mexicanos, el carácter de la hegemonía, la naturaleza y el poder del estado, y las directivas futu­ ras para el estudio de la cultura popular y la formación del estado. Los estudios de la abreviada sección intermedia del libro se ocupan de localidades tan distantes y diversas como Chihuahua, Yucatán y la Sierra de Puebla; pueblos indígenas y comunidades campesinas; movilizaciones “espontáneas” desorganizadas y luchas políticas más formales; la historia académica y la historia popular. Los acontecimientos que se han presentado en el lapso transcu­ rrido desde que este proyecto sobre cultura popular y formación del estado fue concebido no han hecho sino aumentar la actuali­ dad del volumen. En 1987, cuando empezamos a planear el pro­ yecto, teníamos como el telón de fondo un crecimiento cero en México y la erupción de un fenómeno político popular -el neocar- denismo- que la mayoría de los estudiosos, siguiendo al pfti gobier- 13 «r;,1 parecían decididos a ignorar. Dos años más tarde, coincidien­ do con td colapso del mal llamado bloque ‘'soviético'’ de Europa oriental, el estado mexicano empezó a desmantelar las institucio­ nes y el discurso legitimador de su propia revolución. Lo hizo con escasa oposición de la izquierda tradicional, que siempre estuvo no­ toriamente impreparada para ver más allá de sus ortodoxos mode­ los europeos. Entre tanto, en el mundo académico occidental, la revolución y los movimientos sociales estaban dejando de ser mer­ cancías intelectuales a la moda.
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