Perl Programming
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Modern Perl, Fourth Edition
Prepared exclusively for none ofyourbusiness Prepared exclusively for none ofyourbusiness Early Praise for Modern Perl, Fourth Edition A dozen years ago I was sure I knew what Perl looked like: unreadable and obscure. chromatic showed me beautiful, structured expressive code then. He’s the right guy to teach Modern Perl. He was writing it before it existed. ➤ Daniel Steinberg President, DimSumThinking, Inc. A tour de force of idiomatic code, Modern Perl teaches you not just “how” but also “why.” ➤ David Farrell Editor, PerlTricks.com If I had to pick a single book to teach Perl 5, this is the one I’d choose. As I read it, I was reminded of the first time I read K&R. It will teach everything that one needs to know to write Perl 5 well. ➤ David Golden Member, Perl 5 Porters, Autopragmatic, LLC I’m about to teach a new hire Perl using the first edition of Modern Perl. I’d much rather use the updated copy! ➤ Belden Lyman Principal Software Engineer, MediaMath It’s not the Perl book you deserve. It’s the Perl book you need. ➤ Gizmo Mathboy Co-founder, Greater Lafayette Open Source Symposium (GLOSSY) Prepared exclusively for none ofyourbusiness We've left this page blank to make the page numbers the same in the electronic and paper books. We tried just leaving it out, but then people wrote us to ask about the missing pages. Anyway, Eddy the Gerbil wanted to say “hello.” Prepared exclusively for none ofyourbusiness Modern Perl, Fourth Edition chromatic The Pragmatic Bookshelf Dallas, Texas • Raleigh, North Carolina Prepared exclusively for none ofyourbusiness Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. -
Perl by Example, Third Edition—This Book Is a Superb, Well-Written Programming Book
Praise for Ellie Quigley’s Books “I picked up a copy of JavaScript by Example over the weekend and wanted to thank you for putting out a book that makes JavaScript easy to understand. I’ve been a developer for several years now and JS has always been the ‘monster under the bed,’ so to speak. Your book has answered a lot of questions I’ve had about the inner workings of JS but was afraid to ask. Now all I need is a book that covers Ajax and Coldfusion. Thanks again for putting together an outstanding book.” —Chris Gomez, Web services manager, Zunch Worldwide, Inc. “I have been reading your UNIX® Shells by Example book, and I must say, it is brilliant. Most other books do not cover all the shells, and when you have to constantly work in an organization that uses tcsh, bash, and korn, it can become very difficult. However, your book has been indispensable to me in learning the various shells and the differences between them…so I thought I’d email you, just to let you know what a great job you have done!” —Farogh-Ahmed Usmani, B.Sc. (Honors), M.Sc., DIC, project consultant (Billing Solutions), Comverse “I have been learning Perl for about two months now; I have a little shell scripting experience but that is it. I first started withLearning Perl by O’Reilly. Good book but lacking on the examples. I then went to Programming Perl by Larry Wall, a great book for intermediate to advanced, didn’t help me much beginning Perl. -
Introduction to Perl
Introduction to Perl #!/usr/bin/perl −w # find−a−func use strict; $_=’$;="per l";map{map {s}^\s+}} ;$_{$_}++unless(/[^a− z]/)}split(/ [\s,]+/)i f(/alpha. *$;/i../w ait/)}‘$; doc\040$; toc‘;;;@[=k eys%_;$; =20;$:=15;;for(0..($;*$:−1 )){$;[$_]="_" ;}until($%++>3*$;||@]>2*$:−3){@_=split(//,splice(@[,rand( @[),1));if(3>@_){next;}$~=int(rand($;));$^=int(rand($:)); $−=$~+$^*$;;my$Erudil=0;{if($Erudil++>2*$:){next;}$a=(−1, 0,1)[rand(3)];$b=(−1,0,1)[rand(3)];unless(($a||$b)&&$~ +$a*@_<=$;&&$~+$a*@_>=0&&$^+$b*@_<=$:&&$^+$b*@_>=0){re do;;}my$llama=0;;for(0..$#_){unless($;[$−+$a*$_+$b* $;*$_]eq$_[$_]||$;[$−+$a*$_+$b*$;*$_]eq"_"){$llam a++;last;}}if($llama){redo;}push@],join("",@_);f or(0..$#_){$;[$−+$a*$_+$b*$;*$_]=$_[$_];}}}@_ =sort@];unshift@_ ,"Find:","−"x5;for$a(0. .$:−1){for$b(0. .$;−1){$~=("a".."z") [rand(26)];$_ ="$;[$a*$;+$b]". $";s;_;$~; ;print;}$_=s hift@_|| $";;print$ ",$", $_,$ /;$_ =shi ft@_ ||$ ";pr int $"x $;, $"x $;, $", $", $_ ,$/;; ;}’ ;;; s[\s+] $$g; eval; Kirrily Robert Paul Fenwick Jacinta Richardson Introduction to Perl by Kirrily Robert, Paul Fenwick, and Jacinta Richardson Copyright © 1999-2000 Netizen Pty Ltd Copyright © 2000 Kirrily Robert Copyright © 2001 Obsidian Consulting Group Pty Ltd Copyright © 2001-2005 Paul Fenwick ([email protected]) Copyright © 2001-2005 Jacinta Richardson ([email protected]) Copyright © 2001-2005 Perl Training Australia Open Publications License 1.0 Cover artwork Copyright (c) 2000 by Stephen B. Jenkins. Used with permission. The use of a llama image with the topic of Perl is a trademark of O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. -
Beginning Perl
ffirs.indd ii 8/9/12 2:02 PM BEGINNING PERL INTRODUCTION . xxiii CHAPTER 1 What Is Perl? . .1 CHAPTER 2 Understanding the CPAN . 25 CHAPTER 3 Variables . .41 CHAPTER 4 Working with Data . 83 CHAPTER 5 Control Flow . 125 CHAPTER 6 References . 157 CHAPTER 7 Subroutines . 175 CHAPTER 8 Regular Expressions . 219 CHAPTER 9 Files and Directories . 249 CHAPTER 10 sort, map, and grep . 287 CHAPTER 11 Packages and Modules . 315 CHAPTER 12 Object Oriented Perl . 353 CHAPTER 13 Moose . 399 CHAPTER 14 Testing . 439 CHAPTER 15 The Interwebs . 481 CHAPTER 16 Databases . 523 CHAPTER 17 Plays Well with Others. 545 CHAPTER 18 Common Tasks . 567 CHAPTER 19 The Next Steps . .611 APPENDIX Answers to Exercises . 655 INDEX . 695 ffirs.indd i 8/9/12 2:02 PM ffirs.indd ii 8/9/12 2:02 PM BEGINNING Perl ffirs.indd iii 8/9/12 2:02 PM ffirs.indd iv 8/9/12 2:02 PM BEGINNING Perl Curtis “Ovid” Poe John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ffirs.indd v 8/9/12 2:02 PM Beginning Perl Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 w w w.wiley.com Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-1-118-01384-7 ISBN: 978-1-118-22187-7 (ebk) ISBN: 978-1-118-23563-8 (ebk) ISBN: 978-1-118-26051-7 (ebk) Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. -
Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERL(1)
PERL(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERL(1) NAME perl − The Perl 5 language interpreter SYNOPSIS perl [ −sTtuUWX ][−hv ][−V[:configvar]] [ −cw ][−d[t][:debugger]][−D[number/list]] [ −pna ][−Fpattern ][−l[octal]][−0[octal/hexadecimal]] [ −Idir ][−m[−]module ][−M[−]’module...’ ][−f ][−C [number/list] ][−S ] [ −x[dir]] [−i[extension]] [[−e|−E] ’command’ ][−− ][programfile ][argument ]... Formore information on these options, you can run perldoc perlrun. GETTING HELP The perldoc program givesyou access to all the documentation that comes with Perl. Youcan get more documentation, tutorials and community support online at <http://www.perl.org/>. If you’re newtoPerl, you should start by running perldoc perlintro,which is a general intro for beginners and provides some background to help you navigate the rest of Perl’sextensive documentation. Run perldoc perldoc to learn more things you can do with perldoc. Forease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections. Overview perl Perl overview (this section) perlintro Perl introduction for beginners perlrun Perl execution and options perltoc Perl documentation table of contents Tutorials perlreftut Perl references short introduction perldsc Perl data structures intro perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial perlootut Perl OO tutorial for beginners perlperf Perl Performance and Optimization Techniques perlstyle Perl style guide perlcheat Perl cheat sheet perltrap Perl traps for -
Learning Perl
Learning Perl SIXTH EDITION Learning Perl Randal L. Schwartz, brian d foy, and Tom Phoenix Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Tokyo Learning Perl, Sixth Edition by Randal L. Schwartz, brian d foy, and Tom Phoenix Copyright © 2011 Randal L. Schwartz, brian d foy, and Tom Phoenix. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or [email protected]. Editor: Simon St.Laurent Indexer: John Bickelhaupt Production Editor: Kristen Borg Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Copyeditor: Audrey Doyle Interior Designer: David Futato Proofreader: Kiel Van Horn Illustrator: Robert Romano Printing History: November 1993: First Edition. July 1997: Second Edition. July 2001: Third Edition. July 2005: Fourth Edition. July 2008: Fifth Edition. June 2011: Sixth Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Learning Perl, the image of a llama, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information con- tained herein. -
GNU Gettext Tools, Version 0.21 Native Language Support Library and Tools Edition 0.21, 26 July 2020
GNU gettext tools, version 0.21 Native Language Support Library and Tools Edition 0.21, 26 July 2020 Ulrich Drepper Jim Meyering Fran¸coisPinard Bruno Haible Copyright (C) 1995-1998, 2001-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This manual is free documentation. It is dually licensed under the GNU FDL and the GNU GPL. This means that you can redistribute this manual under either of these two licenses, at your choice. This manual is covered by the GNU FDL. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (FDL), either version 1.2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF); with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Text, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in Section C.3 [GNU FDL], page 267. This manual is covered by the GNU GPL. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL), either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). A copy of the license is included in Section C.1 [GNU GPL], page 252. i Table of Contents 1 Introduction::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1 The Purpose of GNU gettext:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.2 I18n, L10n, and Such::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 1.3 Aspects in Native Language Support ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 1.4 Files Conveying Translations ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 1.5 Overview of GNU -
Perl by Example, Third Edition—This Book Is a Superb, Well-Written Programming Book
Praise for Ellie Quigley’s Books “I picked up a copy of JavaScript by Example over the weekend and wanted to thank you for putting out a book that makes JavaScript easy to understand. I’ve been a developer for several years now and JS has always been the ‘monster under the bed,’ so to speak. Your book has answered a lot of questions I’ve had about the inner workings of JS but was afraid to ask. Now all I need is a book that covers Ajax and Coldfusion. Thanks again for putting together an outstanding book.” —Chris Gomez, Web services manager, Zunch Worldwide, Inc. “I have been reading your UNIX® Shells by Example book, and I must say, it is brilliant. Most other books do not cover all the shells, and when you have to constantly work in an organization that uses tcsh, bash, and korn, it can become very difficult. However, your book has been indispensable to me in learning the various shells and the differences between them…so I thought I’d email you, just to let you know what a great job you have done!” —Farogh-Ahmed Usmani, B.Sc. (Honors), M.Sc., DIC, project consultant (Billing Solutions), Comverse “I have been learning Perl for about two months now; I have a little shell scripting experience but that is it. I first started withLearning Perl by O’Reilly. Good book but lacking on the examples. I then went to Programming Perl by Larry Wall, a great book for intermediate to advanced, didn’t help me much beginning Perl.