Denise Milizia English Language and Translation (L-LIN/12) Ateneo [email protected] www.denisemilizia.com Department of Political Science

Piazza Cesare Battisti Department of Political Science

Corso Italia 23 4th floor Room 28 Tel. +39.080.5717849

International and European Studies Private and Public Administration

Science of Social Service International and European Studies Private and Public Administration SPRISE 2nd year 8 CFU SAPP 64 hours Science of Social Service

2nd year

SSS 7 CFU 56 hours Common European Framework of Reference for Languages Attendance Attendance

Highly recommended exam

1. written test exam

1st esonero 1. written test 2nd esonero 3rd esonero exam

1st esonero 1. written test 2nd esonero 3rd esonero 2. oral test What do we do?

How do we do it? We study the language of politics through the language of politicians.

POLITICAL CORPUS Examples taken from real life language use! What is a CORPUS ?

POLITICAL CORPUS

A CORPUS is a collection of texts that we can process automatically. What is a CORPUS ?

POLITICAL CORPUS

WRITTEN

SPOKEN What is a CORPUS ?

POLITICAL CORPUS

WRITTEN COMPARABLE

SPOKEN PARALLEL WRITTEN

SPOKEN

Euroscepticism and its roots The open sea Why British opposition to the EU goes deep Oct 17th, 2015

BRITISH EUROSCEPTICS tend to see the late Lady Thatcher as their inspiration. But it was an earlier Tory prime minister who first suggested that Britain would stand aside from post-war moves towards European integration. His stance helps explain why the country remains ambivalent today. In Zurich in September 1946, Winston Churchill called not just for reconciliation between France and Germany but also for a “kind of United States of Europe”. But he made clear that this would not include Britain: as he once told Charles de Gaulle, if forced to choose between the continent and the open sea, Britain would always go for the second. Yet historically it seems strange that Britain should want to stand apart from the rest of Europe. It is not just that the British repeatedly fought wars to stop French (and later German) domination of the continent. In the 18th century the Hanoverian kings added an even more direct connection through marriage. And the story of Britain throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, including its acquisition of an overseas empire, grew out of its rivalry with other European powers. Going further back, Robert Tombs points out in his book, “The English and their History”, that after the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and the Norman conquest England had a direct link to the western part of the continent for over 400 years, longer than it has been joined with Scotland.

WRITTEN

SPOKEN All the speeches delivered by: George W. Bush (2001-2009) Barack H. Obama (2009-2017) Donald Trump (2017-today) All the speeches delivered by: (1997-2007) (2007-2010) & Nick Clegg (2010-2015) David Cameron (2015-2016) (2016-today) All the speeches delivered by: George W. Bush (2001-2009) Barack H. Obama (2009-2017) Donald Trump (2017-today)

All the speeches delivered by: Tony Blair (1997-2007) Gordon Brown (2007-2010) David Cameron & Nick Clegg (2010-2015) David Cameron (2015-2016) Theresa May (2016-today) All the speeches delivered by: George W. Bush (2001-2009) Barack H. Obama (2009-2017) Donald Trump (2017-today) SPOKEN All the speeches delivered by: Tony Blair (1997-2007) Gordoncorpus Brown (2007-2010) David Cameron & Nick Clegg (2010-2015) David Cameron (2015 - today) PM press conference with Italian Prime Minister Gentiloni 9 February 2017 Theresa May and Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni of Italy gave statements at a joint press conference following their Downing Street meeting. PM press conference with Italian Prime Minister Gentiloni 9 February 2017 Theresa May and Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni of Italy gave statements at a joint press conference following their Downing Street meeting. PM press conference with Italian Prime Minister Gentiloni 9 February 2017 Theresa May and Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni of Italy gave statements at a joint press conference following their Downing Street meeting.

Prime Minister It is a great pleasure to be able to welcome Prime Minister Gentiloni to Downing Street. Just as I chose to visit Italy shortly after coming into office, Prime Minister Gentiloni has made the UK one of his first trips – and I think that underlines the importance that we both place on the long-standing relationship between our 2 countries. As I have said before, Britain is leaving the – but we are not leaving Europe – and a global Britain that stands tall in the world, will be a Britain that remains a good friend and ally to Italy and to all our European partners. So we have had important discussions today on the future of our bilateral relationship as the UK leaves the EU; and on a number of areas at the heart of Italy’s Presidency of the G7. And we have agreed to establish a regular bilateral summit between the UK and Italy. First, the UK remains committed to triggering Article 50 by the end of March and last night we moved a step closer with the successful passage of the Bill in the Commons. As I have said, the priority for the UK in the negotiations ahead will be to seek a new, comprehensive, bold and ambitious free trade agreement with the European Union today we talked about the importance we both place on our trade. PM press conference with Italian Prime Minister Gentiloni 9 February 2017 Theresa May and Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni of Italy gave statements at a joint press conference following their Downing Street meeting.

Prime Minister Theresa May It is a great pleasure to be able to welcome Prime Minister Gentiloni to Downing Street. Just as I chose to visit Italy shortly after coming into office, Prime Minister Gentiloni has made the UK one of his first trips – and I think that underlines the importance that we both place on the long-standing relationship between our 2 countries. As I have said before, Britain is leaving the European Union – but we are not leaving Europe – and a global Britain that stands tall in the world, will be a Britain that remains a good friend and ally to Italy and to all our European partners. So we have had important discussions today on the future of our bilateral relationship as the UK leaves the EU; and on a number of areas at the heart of Italy’s Presidency of the G7. And we have agreed to establish a regular bilateral summit between the UK and Italy. First, the UK remains committed to triggering Article 50 by the end of March and last night we moved a step closer with the successful passage of the Bill in the House of Commons. As I have said, the priority for the UK in the negotiations ahead will be to seek a new, comprehensive, bold and ambitious free trade agreement with the European Union. Today we talked about the importance we both place on our trade. PM press conference with Italian Prime Minister Gentiloni 9 February 2017 Theresa May and Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni of Italy gave statements at a joint press conference following their Downing Street meeting. PM press conference with Italian Prime Minister Gentiloni 9 February 2017 Theresa May and Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni of Italy gave statements at a joint press conference following their Downing Street meeting.

Prime Minister Gentiloni Many thanks. I would like to thank Prime Minister May for her kind words and the welcome I had here today. I think our conversations have reiterated the friendship and the closeness that our 2 countries historically have, and it is important to reconfirm this at this point in time. I really appreciate the decision that we have taken in terms of bilateral meetings between our 2 governments in the near future. This will help us strengthen a very old relationship that always needs nourishment. We have obviously taken into account what is necessary after the decision of the UK citizens of leaving the EU, a decision that we respect fully, and we are aware of the fact that negotiations will not be easy. And we also know that we need to show a constructive and friendly approach. There is absolutely no point at having a destructive negotiation between the EU and the UK. So, obviously, we will do this in the hope of fostering the unity of the 27 countries, because, without the unity of the 27 countries it will be difficult to come to some agreement. We must ensure this unity will result in the best possible agreement with the UK. PM press conference with Italian Prime Minister Gentiloni 9 February 2017 Theresa May and Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni of Italy gave statements at a joint press conference following their Downing Street meeting.

05.30 Prime Minister Gentiloni Many thanks. I would like to thank Prime Minister May for her kind words and the welcoming I had here today. I think our conversations have reiterated the friendship and the closeness that our 2 countries historically have, and it is however important to reconfirm this at this point in time. And therefore I really appreciate the decision that we have taken in terms of bilateral meetings between our 2 governments in the near future. This will help us strengthen a very old relationship that always needs nourishment. We have obviously taken into account what is necessary after the decision of the UK citizens of leaving the EU, a decision that we respect fully, and we are aware of the fact that negotiations will not be easy. And we also know, and this will be certainly the Italian attitude, that we need to show a constructive and friendly approach. There is absolutely no point at having a destructive negotiation between the EU and the UK. So, obviously, we will do this in the hope of fostering the unity of the 27 countries, because, without the unity of the 27 countries it will be difficult to come to some agreement. And we must ensure this unity will result in the best possible agreement with the UK. What is a CORPUS ?

POLITICAL CORPUS

WRITTEN COMPARABLE

SPOKEN PARALLEL COMPARABLE

Nigel Farage June 28th, 2016 June 24, 2016 First post- speech to the European Parliament I want to begin this morning by paying tribute to Isn’t it funny? When I came here 17 years ago and I David Cameron who has spoken earlier from Downing said that I wanted to lead a campaign to get Britain to Street. I know I speak for Michael in saying how sad I leave the European Union, you all laughed at me – am that he has decided to step down but obviously I well I have to say, you’re not laughing now, are you? respect that decision. I have known David Cameron The reason you’re so upset, you’re so angry, has been for a very long time and I believe he has been one of perfectly clear, from all the angry exchanges this the most extraordinary politicians of our age. A brave morning. and principled man who has given superb leadership You as a political project are in denial. You’re in of his party and his country for many years. Reforming denial that your currency is failing. Just look at the our public services, delivering one nation Mediterranean! As a policy to impose poverty on Conservative government, making this country the Greece and the Mediterranean you’ve done very well. most dynamic economy in Europe and with his own You’re in denial over Mrs. Merkel’s call for as many brand of compassionate Conservatism that rightly people as possible to cross the Mediterranean – which earned his party the first majority government for has led to massive divisions between within countries decades. and between countries. PARALLEL A change is coming. The leading politicians I’ve been talking to recently, while breaking Sunday-breakfast bread, keep saying the same thing: the polling doldrums are temporary. Soon, somebody will forge ahead. The wind is about to freshen. They all think it. The Tories are convinced that another few weeks of good economic news and playing up the Ukip threat a bit more will allow them to cut clear at last. Three points, then five, then six. On the Labour side, they’re more nervous but they think that the vast public-sector cuts announced in the Autumn Statement and George Osborne’s promise of tax cuts for the better off are slowly being digested by millions of voters, who are concluding that they don’t like the sound of that very much. A great tactical mistake: surely the reward must be on its way. All of this assumes that the country will “make up its mind”, which, in turn, assumes that there is a single country and that it has a mind and that, if there is and it does, Britain hasn’t, this year, made up its mind not to make up its mind. There are seven leaders pencilled in for the television debate that may or may not happen. It’s perfectly likely that neither of the big parties will break free and that the election will result in the collapse of the centre. Why is this? The broad background can be briefly explained and is well understood. A change is coming. The leading politicians I’ve been talking to Le cose stanno per cambiare. Il testa a testa nei recently, while breaking Sunday-breakfast bread, keep saying sondaggi è temporaneo. Prima o poi qualcuno sarà the same thing: the polling doldrums are temporary. Soon, favorito. I leader politici hanno continuato a ripeterlo somebody will forge ahead. The wind is about to freshen. They nelle settimane scorse. Tutti pensavano che il vento all think it. The Tories are convinced that another few weeks of sarebbe cambiato. I conservatori erano convinti che good economic news and playing up the Ukip threat a bit more qualche altra buona notizia sull’economia e qualche will allow them to cut clear at last. Three points, then five, altro attacco ai populisti dell’Ukip alla fine li avrebbero then six. fatti passare in vantaggio. On the Labour side, they’re more nervous but they think that I laburisti, invece, erano più nervosi ma sicuri che gli the vast public-sector cuts announced in the Autumn elettori si sarebbero accorti di non gradire affatto i tagli Statement and George Osborne’s promise of tax cuts for the al settore pubblico annunciati dal governo e la promessa better off are slowly being digested by millions of voters, who del ministro delle finanze George Osborne di abbassare are concluding that they don’t like the sound of that very le tasse ai più ricchi. Un errore tattico di cui sicuramente much. A great tactical mistake: surely the reward must be on il Labour raccoglierà i frutti. its way. Si dà per scontato che il paese “prenderà una All of this assumes that the country will “make up its mind”, decisione”. E questo, a sua volta, presuppone l’esistenza which, in turn, assumes that there is a single country and that di un paese unito in grado di prendere una decisione. it has a mind and that, if there is and it does, Britain hasn’t, Ma forse il Regno Unito ha deciso di non decidere. È this year, made up its mind not to make up its mind. There are molto probabile che nessuno dei due grandi partiti seven leaders pencilled in for the television debate that may or riuscirà a rompere lo stallo e che le elezioni may not happen. It’s perfectly likely that neither of the big determineranno il crollo delle forze di centro. Come parties will break free and that the election will result in the mai? Il quadro generale è chiaro. collapse of the centre. Why is this? The broad background can be briefly explained and is well understood. 1. 2. WRITTEN

SPOKEN

COMPARABLE

PARALLEL

………………..– Prime Minister

………………………… – Chancellor of the Exchequer

………………… – Minister for Exiting the European Union

…………………… – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Theresa May – Prime Minister

Philip Hammond – Chancellor of the Exchequer

David Davis – Minister for Exiting the European Union

Boris Johnson – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Crisis of the European integration process. Reasons and perspectives. The UK and the EU: Separation or divorce?

[email protected] www.denisemilizia.com When did the crisis start?

[email protected] www.denisemilizia.com The UK has always been an awkward partner in EU affairs, in many ways half-in, half-out.

[email protected] www.denisemilizia.com It looks like the UK has never really been in love with the EU.

[email protected] www.denisemilizia.com Britain opted out of the Schengen Agreement in 1985 Britain opted out of the Schengen Agreement in 1985

Britain opted out of the single currency in 1999

We are not in the euro, we are not in Schengen 7 enlargements so far:

1957 France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg

1973 Denmark, Eire, United Kingdom

1981 Greece

1986 Spain, Portugal

1995 Austria, Finland, Sweden

2004 Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia 2007 Romania, Bulgaria

2013 Croatia 7 enlargements so far:

1957 France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg

1973 Denmark, Eire, United Kingdom 1981 Greece

1986 Spain, Portugal

1995 Austria, Finland, Sweden

2004 Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia 2007 Romania, Bulgaria

2013 Croatia 1973 1975 1975 1975 1975

67% in favour

75% turnout

tying the knot

Britain has never been too keen on tying the knot with Europe

A Brixit looms Britain + exit = Brixit Though no big political party wants to leave the EU, it looks ever more likely to happen

June 23, 2012 Grexit = Greece would be made to exit against its will

Brixit = voluntary decision to leave the EU Grexit = Greece would be made to exit against its will (Schäffner, personal communication)

Brixit = voluntary decision to leave the EU two-speed Europe multi-speed Europe

1990

2011

Germany and France = fast travellers Britain = slow traveller

2012 Europe European Union

Britain is leaving the European Union but we are not leaving Europe

leaving the European Union did not mean turning its back on Europe cherry-picking attitude

à-la-carte attitude Brexit

hard Brexit soft Brexit Brexit is Brexit

Brexit means Brexit David Cameron's EU speech

Wednesday , January 23, 2013

one-way ticket

You will not always get what you want. But that does not mean that we should leave – not if the benefits of staying and working together are greater. We would also have to think carefully too about the impact on our influence at the top table of international affairs. If we left the European Union, it would be a one-way ticket, There is no doubt that we are more powerful in Washington,not a returnin Beijing, in Delhi because we are a powerful player inside the European Union. That matters for British jobs, for British influence, for British security. It matters to our ability to get things done in the world. It matters to the United States and other friends around the world, which is why many tell us very clearly that they want Britain to remain in the EU. We should think very carefully before giving that position up. If we left the European Union, it would be a one-way ticket, not a return. So we will have time for a proper, reasoned debate. Leave Remain Leave Remain Article 50

1. Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements. Article 50 2. A Member State which decides to withdraw shall notify the of its intention. In the light of the guidelines provided by the European Council, the Union shall negotiate and conclude an agreement with that State, setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal, taking account of the framework for its future relationship with the Union. That agreement shall be negotiated in accordance with Article 218(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It shall be concluded on behalf of the Union by the Council, acting by a qualified majority, after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament.

3. The Treaties shall cease to apply to the State in question from the date of entry into force of the withdrawal agreement or, failing that, two years after the notification referred to in paragraph 2, unless the European Council, in agreement with the Member State concerned, unanimously decides to extend this period.

4. For the purposes of paragraphs 2 and 3, the member of the European Council or of the Council representing the withdrawing Member State shall not participate in the discussions of the European Council or Council or in decisions concerning it.

A qualified majority shall be defined in accordance with Article 238(3)(b) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.

5. If a State which has withdrawn from the Union asks to rejoin, its request shall be subject to the procedure referred to in Article 49. David Davis

Article 50 to be triggered on 29 March 20 March 2017

The Government has announced its intention to invoke Article 50 on Wednesday 29 March 2017.

The UK’s Permanent Representative to the European Union, Sir Tim Barrow, has this morning informed the office of European Council President, , of the UK’s intention to invoke Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty on March 29, 2017. This meets the UK’s longstanding commitment to trigger Article 50 by the end of March 2017. Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union David Davis said: Last June, the people of the UK made the historic decision to leave the EU. Next Wednesday, the Government will deliver on that decision and formally start the process by triggering Article 50. We are on the threshold of the most important negotiation for this country for a generation. The Government is clear in its aims: a deal that works for every nation and region of the UK and indeed for all of Europe – a new, positive partnership between the UK and our friends and allies in the European Union. David Davis Article 50 to be triggered on 29 March 20 March 2017

The Government has announced its intention to invoke Article 50 on Wednesday 29 March 2017.

The UK’s Permanent Representative to the European Union, Sir Tim Barrow, has this morning informed the office of European Council President, Donald Tusk, of the UK’s intention to invoke Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty on March 29, 2017. This meets the UK’s longstanding commitment to trigger Article 50 by the end of March 2017. Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union David Davis said: Last June, the people of the UK made the historic decision to leave the EU. Next Wednesday, the Government will deliver on that decision and formally start the process by triggering Article 50. We are on the threshold of the most important negotiation for this country for a generation. The Government is clear in its aims: a deal that works for every nation and region of the UK and indeed for all of Europe – a new, positive partnership between the UK and our friends and allies in the European Union. David Davis Article 50 to be triggered on 29 March 20 March 2017 The Government has announced its intention to invoke Article 50 on Wednesday

29 March 2017.

The UK’s Permanent Representative to the European Union, Sir Tim Barrow, has this morning informed the office of European Council President, Donald Tusk, of the UK’s intention to invoke Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty on March 29, 2017. This meets the UK’s longstanding commitment to trigger Article 50 by the end of March 2017. Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union David Davis said: Last June, the people of the UK made the historic decision to leave the EU. Next Wednesday, the Government will deliver on that decision and formally start the process by triggering Article 50. We are on the threshold of the most important negotiation for this country for a generation. The Government is clear in its aims: a deal that works for every nation and region of the UK and indeed for all of Europe – a new, positive partnership between the UK and our friends and allies in the European Union. […] It’s a positive vision. The Prime Minister, Theresa May, set this out very clearly in her Lancaster House speech on 17 January. The British people made a democratic decision to leave the EU. They wanted Britain to be an independent, sovereign nation making its own laws and not subject to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice. That’s what leaving the EU means. It means that we won’t be members of the club any longer; we won’t be in the Single Market and we won’t be in the Customs Union. Britain will be free to make its own trade agreements, including with the EU and to forge partnerships on any manner of policy. Britain is a European country – and we are proud of our shared European heritage – but we are also a country that has always looked beyond Europe to the wider world. That is why the UK is one of the most racially diverse countries in Europe, one of the most multicultural members of the European Union, and why – whether we are talking about India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, America, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, countries in Africa or those that are closer to home in Europe, including, of course, Malta – so many of us have close friends and relatives from across the world. The result of the referendum was not a decision to turn inward and retreat from the world. Because Britain’s history and culture is profoundly internationalist. Britain wants to remain a good friend and neighbour to Europe, but we know there are some voices calling for a punitive deal. That doesn’t sound right to me. As Theresa May said, it would be an act of calamitous self-harm for the countries of Europe. And it would not be an act of friendship. Britain would not – indeed we could not – accept such an approach. And while we are confident that this scenario need never arise – while we are sure a positive agreement can be reached – we are equally clear that no deal for Britain is better than a bad deal for Britain. As David Jones, MP, Minister of State at the Department for Exiting the European Union, said when he was here in Malta in January: “Friends do not punish friends”. We will follow a better path because of the shared values and spirit of goodwill that exist on both sides; because it is the economically rational thing for both Britain and the EU; and because co-operation is needed not just when it comes to trade but for security too. Amicable divorce a pipe dream? Some food for thought

corpus parallel/comparable/written/spoken Brexit soft Brexit hard Brexit cherry-picking attitude à-la-carte attitude stand tall trigger Article 50 invoke Article 50 turn out two-speed Europe Thanks for listening!

[email protected] www.denisemilizia.com