DOCSLIB.ORG

Development and First Experimental Tests of Faraday Cup Array

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development and First Experimental Tests of Faraday Cup Array REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 85, 013302 (2014) Development and first experimental tests of Faraday cup array J. Prokupek, ˚ 1,2,3,a) J. Kaufman,2 D. Margarone,1 M. Kr˚us,1,2,3 A. Velyhan,1 J. Krása,1 T. Burris-Mog,4 S. Busold,5 O. Deppert,5 T. E. Cowan,4,6 and G. Korn1 1Institute of Physics of the AS CR, v. v. i., ELI-Beamlines Project, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic 2Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Bˇrehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic 3Institute of Plasma Physics of the AS CR, v. v. i./PALS Centre, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic 4Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany 5Technische Universität Darmstadt (TUD), Schlossgartenstraße 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany 6Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany (Received 29 October 2013; accepted 14 December 2013; published online 9 January 2014) A new type of Faraday cup, capable of detecting high energy charged particles produced in a high intensity laser-matter interaction environment, has recently been developed and demonstrated as a real-time detector based on the time-of-flight technique. An array of these Faraday cups was de- signed and constructed to cover different observation angles with respect to the target normal direc- tion. Thus, it allows reconstruction of the spatial distribution of ion current density in the subcritical plasma region and the ability to visualise its time evolution through time-of-flight measurements, which cannot be achieved with standard laser optical interferometry. This is a unique method for two-dimensional visualisation of ion currents from laser-generated plasmas. A technical descrip- tion of the new type of Faraday cup is introduced along with an ad hoc data analysis procedure. Experimental results obtained during campaigns at the Petawatt High-Energy Laser for Heavy Ion Experiments (GSI, Darmstadt) and at the Prague Asterix Laser System (AS CR) are presented. Ad- vantages and limitations of the used diagnostic system are discussed. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4859496] I. INTRODUCTION detector, used as an ion collector in array geometry and in TOF configuration, is capable of detecting high currents com- A variety of novel Faraday cup detectors have been re- ing from the laser-generated plasma particles onto the de- cently introduced.1–9 Different designs enable various mea- tector. The main difficulty of such measurements is that the surement techniques: ion collectors for ion guns;2 micro-scale detector is in an environment where large Electromagnetic Faraday cups in electron microscopy;3 Faraday cups reducing Pulse (EMP) exists, especially when the detector is placed secondary electron emission in plasma focus experiments;4 only few tens of centimetres from the target. The EMP has Faraday cups with fast time response for measuring elec- a broad spectrum (MHz up to GHz) of wavelengths res- tron beams of traveling wave tube guns.5 Generally speak- onating inside the vacuum vessel and influencing all elec- ing, Faraday cups are used for various types of experimental tronic devices.17 For this reason the temporal length of the measurements: ion mass spectrometry;6 beam current mea- EMP affects the TOF signal by generating a large noise sig- surement of an ion source where electromagnetic noise is nal on the oscilloscope which interferes with any detector associated;7 alpha particle detection in tokamaks;8 ion detec- signal. tion from laser-plasma based experiments.9 The main tech- A data analysis method is developed and described in de- nique used at Prague Asterix Laser System (PALS)10 for ion tail in Sec. III. The experimental setup is described in Sec. IV current measurements with Faraday cups, as well as other de- together with the results from the Faraday cup array at PALS, tectors, is the time-of-flight (TOF) method.9, 11–13 which are mainly used to reconstruct the time evolution of By using several Faraday cups in array geometry, it is plasma ion products. The first test of the Faraday cup ar- possible to observe the expansion of a laser produced plasma ray in the frame of fs-laser ion production was carried out at from different detection angles at the same time in order to the Petawatt High-Energy Laser for Heavy Ion EXperiments reconstruct the ion current angular distribution. Faraday cup (PHELIX)18 laser facility in GSI, Darmstadt, whereas another arrays have already been tested for ion diagnostics in various experimental campaign was carried out at the sub-nanosecond environments.14–16 PALS facility, Prague. Besides this new type of Faraday cup, In this paper, a new type of miniature Faraday cup is different diagnostics were used during the experimental cam- presented and technically described in Sec. II. This type of paign: a pinhole camera, an X-ray streak camera, a visible interferometer, a Thomson parabola spectrometer, as well as a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: other TOF detectors (silicon carbide detectors, scintillators, [email protected]. and different types of Faraday cups). 0034-6748/2014/85(1)/013302/6/$30.00 85, 013302-1 © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC 013302-2 Prok˚upek et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 013302 (2014) II. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVELOPED lector because the effect of the emission of electrons induced FARADAY CUP by impinging ions is strongly suppressed. To characterize properties of the new developed Fara- Usually, traditional ion collectors have been employed day cup, one can assume it as a coaxial line transmitting the in laser driven ion acceleration experiments carried out at nanosecond laser facilities. They consist of a flat copper elec- current signal given by the impinging charged particles. The important characteristic is the impedance defining the signal trode, in front of which a conductive grid is placed. A given transmission characteristics from the detector to the coaxial bias voltage is applied to the electrode, whereas the grid is grounded.19 This configuration yields a final signal on a fast cable and further to the oscilloscope; the impedance of the detector is 10.55 . To apply the voltage on the Faraday cup, oscilloscope (typically 1 GHz), which is composed of an ion TOF spectrum itself and a fast signal due to secondary elec- the signal transfer must be interrupted with a capacitor, sep- trons emitted from the metallic electrode and the grid (caused arating the Faraday cup from the oscilloscope. For this rea- son, only high frequency signals can pass through and be by photoelectric mechanism of the incoming plasma extreme ultraviolet radiation). Such a signal can last for several tens registered. of nanoseconds (up to 100 ns) and partially overlaps with the rising edge of the ion signal. Usually, in order to achieve a III. DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE reasonable time (velocity) resolution, such an ion collector is placed far from the source. Hence, it has another disadvantage Determination of TOF spectrum is the measurement of due to the fact that it has to be connected to a long tube which a time-resolved voltage amplitude induced by charged parti- is mounted onto a vacuum flange where the possibilities of in- cles impinging the Faraday cup. The signal is registered at vestigating the ion emission at different detection angles are the oscilloscope (Tektronix DPO 7104 with sample rate of limited. An additional problem is the above mentioned EMP 5 GS/s was used at PHELIX, whereas Tektronix DPO 4104 associated with the interaction of high intensity lasers with with sample rate of 5 GS/s was used at PALS). As it can be solid targets. For those reasons, a new type of Faraday cup seen in Figures 2(a) and 2(b), the first part of both signals is has been developed where both the geometry and the elec- an interference made by the EMP, serving also as a trigger. tronic components have been optimized with the following goals: (i) flexibility of placing them at different angles inside the target chamber; (ii) reducing the secondary electron emis- (a) Faraday Cup Signal Ions Averaging 20 Points sion and EMP signal; (iii) maintaining a high time resolution 0.2 in TOF configuration even at short distances from the source. Slow Plasma The new device consists of two concentric shaped cylin- ] 0.0 drical electrodes made of copper with a teflon insulator be- tween them. The outer cylinder is a shielding electrode con- -0.2 zoom 0.2 nected to the ground. Diameters of the inner and the outer 0.0 [V] electrode were designed as small as possible but large enough -0.2 to allow for physical construction in a workshop without any Amplitude [V -0.4 Amplitude -0.4 need for a special machining sequence. The inner cylinder is Electrons -0.6 -0.6 made with a hole along the axis but not penetrating through 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 the electrode completely. The dimensions of the Faraday cups TOF [ns] 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 electrodes are sketched in Figure 1. This configuration of the TOF [µs] Faraday cup with the hole in the inner electrode ensures that the detector will have properties of an emission-less ion col- (b) zoom 2.4 2.4 ø 2.0 ø 2.0 ] 1.6 Fast ø 2 1.2 Ion Group ø 3. 5 4. 1.6 0.8 5. 5 5 Amplitude [V 0.4 5 1.2 0.0 -0.4 EMP Interference 0.8 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 TOF [µs] 0.4 Amplitude [V] 0.0 12 Faraday Cup Signal Slow Ion Group -0.4 Averaging 100 Points 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 TOF [µs] FIG.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 20.5 Ion Detectors
    20.5 Ion Detectors • the Faraday cup neutralizes ions to provide a high-precision measurement • the electron multiplier generates a pulse of current for each ion • the photon multiplier uses conversion dynodes to monitor both positive and negative ions • the two multipliers are capable of fast measurements, thus compatible with TOF or Fourier transform methods 20.5 : 1/4 Faraday Cup slit Ions exiting the analyzer are slowed by Faraday cup a positive potential and impact the ion + grounded electrode. At the electrode beam + they are __________ by electrons that RL travel through the load resistor. This ion suppressor causes a voltage across the load resistor that is measured by a high input impedance voltmeter. The impacted electrode is at an angle so that any secondary ions that are created are _____________ by the grounded wall. Of all ion detectors, the Faraday cup provides the most precise relationship between the number of ions exiting the analyzer and the electrical measurement. It is used in __________ experiments such as isotope dilution. Because very small currents are measured, the Faraday cup cannot be used for experiments involving rapid scanning. 20.5 : 2/4 Electron Multiplier ion beam An electron multiplier is constructed just like a photomultiplier but without 16e- 4e- 3 - a _______________. It has dynodes 10 e RL constructed from a Cu/Be alloy, which dynodes is a good secondary electron emitter. +V The dynode potentials are such that the first is grounded and each subsequent one is 100 V more positive. This makes the voltage measurement a little tricky because one end of the load resistor is connected to positive _____________.
    [Show full text]
  • SHIELDING and GROUNDING in LARGE DETECTORS* Veljko Radeka Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000 ([email protected])
    SHIELDING AND GROUNDING IN LARGE DETECTORS* Veljko Radeka Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000 ([email protected]) Abstract Coupler: Shield (“Faraday cage”) Shielding effectiveness as a function of shield thick- ness and conductivity vs the type and frequency of the interference field is described. Noise induced in trans- mission lines by ground loop driven currents in the shield is evaluated and the importance of low shield resistance is emphasized. Some measures for preven- Cable shield connected to detector shield at the penetration: tion of ground loops and isolation of detector-readout systems are discussed. Detector Counting Area Signal, Low V, ferrite 1. INTRODUCTION High V, control lines core Prevention of electromagnetic interference (EMI), or “noise pickup”, is an important design aspect in large detectors in accelerator environments. It is of particu- ~ 5 50 m lar concern in detector subsystems where signals have insulate ac a large dynamic range or where high accuracy position electrically! power “1” interpolation is performed. Calorimeters are very sen- vacuum pumps, cooling water sitive to coherent noise induced in groups of readout cryo lines, mechanical supports channels where energy sums are formed, covering a “Solid ground” ( “earth” ) large dynamic range. There are several potential noise sources and means of transmission: ac power “2” 1) Noise from digital circuits generated locally on a major ground loops (global) single front end read-out board on the detector; (low impedance) 2) electromagnetic radiation in the space around the Figure 1. An illustration of shielding and ground loop detector generated by other detector subsystems, control concepts. power supplies, silicon-controlled rectifiers, ma- chinery, etc.; Figure 1 illustrates some of the basics of shielding 3) noise induced by penetrations into the detector en- and ground loop control.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Mass Spectrometry
    Modern Mass Spectrometry MacMillan Group Meeting 2005 Sandra Lee Key References: E. Uggerud, S. Petrie, D. K. Bohme, F. Turecek, D. Schröder, H. Schwarz, D. Plattner, T. Wyttenbach, M. T. Bowers, P. B. Armentrout, S. A. Truger, T. Junker, G. Suizdak, Mark Brönstrup. Topics in Current Chemistry: Modern Mass Spectroscopy, pp. 1-302, 225. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003. Current Topics in Organic Chemistry 2003, 15, 1503-1624 1 The Basics of Mass Spectroscopy ! Purpose Mass spectrometers use the difference in mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ionized atoms or molecules to separate them. Therefore, mass spectroscopy allows quantitation of atoms or molecules and provides structural information by the identification of distinctive fragmentation patterns. The general operation of a mass spectrometer is: "1. " create gas-phase ions "2. " separate the ions in space or time based on their mass-to-charge ratio "3. " measure the quantity of ions of each mass-to-charge ratio Ionization sources ! Instrumentation Chemical Ionisation (CI) Atmospheric Pressure CI!(APCI) Electron Impact!(EI) Electrospray Ionization!(ESI) SORTING DETECTION IONIZATION OF IONS OF IONS Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) Field Desorption/Field Ionisation (FD/FI) Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption gaseous mass ion Ionisation!(MALDI) ion source analyzer transducer Thermospray Ionisation (TI) Analyzers quadrupoles vacuum signal Time-of-Flight (TOF) pump processor magnetic sectors 10-5– 10-8 torr Fourier transform and quadrupole ion traps inlet Detectors mass electron multiplier spectrum Faraday cup Ionization Sources: Classical Methods ! Electron Impact Ionization A beam of electrons passes through a gas-phase sample and collides with neutral analyte molcules (M) to produce a positively charged ion or a fragment ion.
    [Show full text]
  • Lab 1: Electric Charge
    LAB 1: ELECTRIC CHARGE Equipment List: Electrometer (ES-9078A) Charge producers (ES-9057B) - the wands with dark and white disks on the ends Proof plane - wand with aluminum coated disk on the end Faraday ice pail (ES-9042A) Signal input cable for electrometer - has two alligator clips Black banana lead - grounding cable for electrometer DC power supply (Pasco) - only used for ground port Three prong power cable - for DC power supply Purpose: To explore charge, charge transfer, and charge conservation. Introduction: As with all experiments in this course, please proceed with caution. If you are ever uncertain, please ask for advice. If your equipment starts emitting a continuous beeping sound, disconnect it immediately and ask for help. For many experiments, including the electrostatic charge experiments, there are only a few sets of equipment which are used by many classes. If the equipment is broken, it will affect many other students and it will not be possible to replace it for some time because it is expensive. Please use the equipment with care. In this lab you will create a charge imbalance on the charge producers and use the Faraday ice pail and electrometer to measure this charge. Make sure to answer the questions posed in this lab in your lab book. The Faraday ice pail is a double layer Faraday cage. (Michael Faraday used a metal ice bucket in his original experiment.) When a charged object is placed inside the inner cage, free charge flows within the wires of the inner cage to neutralize this charge on the inside surface of the cage, leaving a residual charge on the outside of the inner cage that is equal to the charge placed inside the cage.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Chemistry, Strategic Exercise: Organic Aerosol Analysis
    WIR SCHAFFEN WISSEN –HEUTE FÜR MORGEN Analytical Chemistry, Strategic exercise: Organic aerosol analysis Urs Baltensperger Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen , Switzerland ETHZ, HS 2020, 8.12.2020 Aerosol size distribution, and sources and sinks Chemical composition of PM1 in Zurich in winter Energiespiegel 19/2008 http://gabe.web.psi.ch/pdfs/Energiespiegel_19_e.pdf Today’s task: Organic aerosol analysis Page 4 The state of the art in 2009 Hallquist et al., ACP 2009 Traditional methods can identify only a fraction of organics Rogge et al., 1993 Most detailed analysis performed with off-line methods: More than 10‘000 different organic compounds isolated with GCxGC-TOF/MS Hamilton et al., 2004 NB: isolated ≠ identified…. Besides extraction, also thermal desorption is applied: TAG (Goldstein et al., 2008) Organic acids formed in the photooxidation of -pinene All acids found in aerosol phase. Some of them are highly volatile (e.g., formic, acetic acid) and not expected to be there. Probably hydrolysis of oligomers Fisseha et al., Anal. Chem. 2004 Developments since 2009 EESI CHARON‐ PTRMS FIGAERO -I-CIMS Adapted from Hallquist et al., 2009 9 Required for mass spectrometry: ionization of individual molecules • For gas phase: relatively easy (avoid fragmentation, clustering) • For aerosol particles: Much more difficult: either dissolution in a solvent or evaporation - Problem with dissolution: only the soluble fraction accessible - Problem with evaporation: fragmentation Page 10 What is Mass Spectrometry
    [Show full text]
  • QMG 422 Analyzers
    Operating Instructions Incl. Declaration of Conformity QMG 422 Analyzers BG 805 983 BE (0112) 1 Product Identification In all communications with Pfeiffer Vacuum, please specify the information on the product nameplate. For convenient reference copy that information into the space provided below. Pfeiffer Vacuum, D-35614 Asslar Typ: No: F-No: Validity This document applies to the QMA 400, QMA 410, QMA 430 with Faraday cup or 90° off-axis SEM and Faraday cup and with the ion sources described in this document. Illustrations If not indicated otherwise in the legends, the illustrations in this document corre- spond to the QMA 400 with 90° off-axis SEM. They apply to other types by analogy. Designations The short designation "QMA" is used for the QMA 400, QMA 410 and QMA 430. The short designation "QMH" is used for the QMH 400 and QMH 410. In contrast to the operating instructions for the QMG 422, these instructions follow the same conventions as the Pfeiffer QuadStar™ 422 operating instructions. The parameters are marked with quotation marks ("…") e.g. "Resolution". Technical changes We reserve the right to make technical changes without prior notice. Intended Use The QMA 400, QMA 410 and QMA 430 Analyzers are used for gas analysis in high vacuum. They are part of the QMG 422 mass spectrometer system and may only be used in connection with equipment belonging to that system. The operating instructions of all system components must be strictly followed. 2 BG 805 983 BE (0112) QMA4x0.oi Contents Product Identification 2 Validity 2 Intended
    [Show full text]
  • Electron Microscopy Are the Beam Damaging Effects That Can Arise from Interactions Between the Primary High Energy Electron Beam and the Sample
    Thermal in situ TEM experiment on nanoscale indium islands Estimation of Electron Beam Heating Effect Master’s thesis in Applied Physics REN QIU Department of Physics CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2017 Master’s thesis 2017 Thermal in situ TEM experiment on nanoscale indium islands Estimation of Electron Beam Heating Effect REN QIU Department of Physics Eva Olsson Group Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden 2017 Thermal in situ TEM Experiment on Nanoscale Indium Islands Estimation of Electron Beam Heating Effect Master Thesis within the Masters Programme of Applied Physics © REN QIU, 2017. Supervisor: Eva Olsson, Norvik Voskanian, Lunjie Zeng, Department of Physics Examiner: Eva Olsson, Department of Physics Master’s Thesis 2017 Department of Physics Eva Olsson Group Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg Telephone + 46(0)73-732 4883 Cover: Top left: Indium islands segmentation by watershed algorithm based on the bright field TEM image. Top right: Dark field image of the in situ melting experiment where the indium islands with bright pixels are melted and the ones with dark pixels are in solid state. Bottom left: Nano-scale gold tip fabricated through electrochemical etching. Bottom right: A simple Faraday cup made on the gold tip by focus ion beam (FIB) method. Printed by Chalmers Reproservice Gothenburg, Sweden 2017 iv Thermal in situ TEM Experiment on Nanoscale Indium Islands Estimation of Electron Beam Heating Effect REN QIU Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology Abstract One of the limitations of transmission electron microscopy are the beam damaging effects that can arise from interactions between the primary high energy electron beam and the sample.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Spectrometer Hardware for Analyzing Stable Isotope Ratios
    Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques, Volume-I P.A. de Groot (Editor) © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 38 Mass Spectrometer Hardware for Analyzing Stable Isotope Ratios Willi A. Brand Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, PO Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Mass spectrometers and sample preparation techniques for stable isotope ratio measurements, originally developed and used by a small group of scientists, are now used in a wide range of fields. Instruments today are typically acquired from a manu- facturer rather than being custom built in the laboratory, as was once the case. In order to consistently generate measurements of high precision and reliability, an extensive knowledge of instrumental effects and their underlying causes is required. This con- tribution attempts to fill in the gaps that often characterize the instrumental knowl- edge of relative newcomers to the field. 38.1 Introduction Since the invention of mass spectrometry in 1910 by J.J. Thomson in the Cavendish laboratories in Cambridge(‘parabola spectrograph’; Thompson, 1910), this technique has provided a wealth of information about the microscopic world of atoms, mole- cules and ions. One of the first discoveries was the existence of stable isotopes, which were first seen in 1912 in neon (masses 20 and 22, with respective abundances of 91% and 9%; Thomson, 1913). Following this early work, F.W. Aston in the same laboratory set up a new instrument for which he coined the term ‘mass spectrograph’ which he used for checking almost all of the elements for the existence of isotopes.
    [Show full text]
  • Probe Current Determination in Analytical TEM/STEM and Its Application to the Characterization of Large Area EDS Detectors
    University of Wollongong Research Online Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers Australian Institute for Innovative Materials 2015 Probe current determination in analytical TEM/ STEM and its application to the characterization of large area EDS detectors David R. G Mitchell University of Wollongong, [email protected] MItchell John Bromley Nancarrow University of Wollongong, [email protected] Publication Details Mitchell, D. R. G. & Nancarrow, M. J. B. (2015). Probe current determination in analytical TEM/STEM and its application to the characterization of large area EDS detectors. Microscopy Research and Technique, 78 (10), 886-893. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Probe current determination in analytical TEM/STEM and its application to the characterization of large area EDS detectors Abstract A simple procedure, which enables accurate measurement of transmission electron microscopy (TEM)/STEM probe currents using an energy loss spectrometer drift tube is described. The currents obtained are compared with those measured on the fluorescent screen to enable the losses due to secondary and backscattered electrons to be determined. The current values obtained from the drift tube allow the correction of fluorescent screen current densities to yield true current. They also enable CCD conversion efficiencies to be obtained, which in turn allows images to be calibrated in terms of electron fluence. Using probes of known current in conjunction with a NiO reference specimen enables the X-ray detector solid angle to be determined. The iON specimen also allows a wide range of other EDS detector parameters to be obtained, including the presence of ice and carbon contamination.
    [Show full text]
  • Monte Carlo Simulation and Analysis of the Faraday Cup/Beam Dump At
    Monte Carlo simulation and analysis of the Faraday cup/beam dump at the Accelerator Test Facility II Hannah Seymour Department of Physics and Astronomy, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 Kin Yip Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973 Abstract The Accelerator Test Facility II (ATF-II) is a planned upgrade of the Accelerator Test Facility, an electron accelerator facility designed to test properties of particle accelerators and advance accelerator technologies. The Accelerator Test Facility II will increase the beam energy to about 110 MeV and thus increase the size and efficiency of the facility. A Faraday cup is a conductive metal cup used for capturing charged particles in a vacuum, and is also used as a beam dump. The Faraday cups used for the Accelerator Test Facility II are aluminum with a vacuum cavity. When the electron beam hits the aluminum, a current is produced in the metal, from which the energy and charge deposition as well as electron flux of the beam can be measured. The Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP6/X) is a FORTRAN-based software package used for simulating nuclear processes, such as neutron capture reactions or ionizations. Using MCNP6/X and measurements from AutoCAD drawings of the components, we have been able to model the Faraday cup and the surrounding facilities and simulate the bombardment of the cup with the upgraded beam to estimate the energy deposition on the cup as well as the neutron and photon radiation doses received at different points around the ATF-II and 3 estimate the production of tritium ( H) in the soil beneath the floor and ozone (O3) in the surrounding air.
    [Show full text]
  • Troubleshooting Noise in an Electrochemical System with A
    Document #: DRK10039 (REV001 | JUN 2017) Troubleshooting Noise in an Electrochemical System with a Rotator This document describes several common sources of electrical noise in an electrochemical rotator system and methods that can be used to reduce the noise. 1. Overview Electrical noise is a common problem for researchers working with rotating electrodes. The following document details frequent noise sources and the steps to take to reduce noise in an electrochemical rotator system. Unfortunately, noise is often difficult to trace and eliminate since it can originate from many different sources. Therefore, even after implementing all of the steps detailed here, noise may still remain because of additional factors, such as lab infrastructure or interference from other instruments. In cases that the noise cannot be reduced to an acceptable level, the ultimate step may be to enclose the rotator system in a Faraday cage. 2. Common Sources of Electrochemical Noise 2.1 Reference Electrode In order for a potentiostat to function properly, there must be adequate ionic conductance between the electrolyte and the reference electrode. Otherwise, the potentiostat may measure a noisy signal. For proper ionic conductance, the reference electrode must 1) maintain good contact with the sample electrolyte in an electrochemical cell and 2) have a low impedance connection. 2.1.1 Proper Electrolyte Contact Good ionic conductance through the reference electrode requires that there are electrolytes present both inside and outside of the frit compartment. Often, poor contact is caused by a gas bubble trapped near the reference electrode’s fritted tip. The bubble disrupts ionic conductance between the reference electrode’s internal electrolyte and the outside sample electrolyte, thereby creating high impedance and noise.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Feynman's Analysis of Electrostatic Screening Correct?
    Is Feynman’s Analysis of Electrostatic Screening Correct? Kris Subbarao1 Sukhbir Mahajan2 Abstract In a recent paper on electrostatic shielding, Chapman, Hewett and Trefethen present arguments that the analysis of this effect by Feynman is incorrect. Feynman analyzed shielding by a row of infinitesimally thin wires. They claim that Feynman used the wrong boundary condition invalidating his analysis. In this paper we emphasize that Feynman’s solution is a Green’s function through which behavior of the potential due to finite thickness wires of arbitrary cross-section with appropriate boundary condition can be understood. This shows that the main conclusions of Feynman’s treatment are indeed correct. The configuration analyzed by Maxwell of parallel plates with one of the plates replaced by a row of wires provides a more intuitive understanding of Feynman’s argument. The case of a finite number of wires arranged in a ring (not treated by Feynman), as model of Faraday cage, is different. The structure of the solution in radial coordinates already suggests that one should not expect exponential behavior and further analysis confirms this. There appear to be contradictory results in the literature for its screening behavior in the presence of external charges/fields. 1 KrisSubbarao at gmail.com 2 Mahajans at csus.edu 1. INTRODUCTION In a recent article on Faraday cage effect, Chapman, Hewett and Trefethen [1] state that “One of the few mathematical treatments we have found is in section 7-5 of Vol. 2 of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, where so far as we can tell, the analysis is incorrect”.
    [Show full text]