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How to Rig an Election the G.O.P REPORT how to rIg an electIon The G.O.P. aims to paint the country red By Victoria Collier t was a hot summer in 1932 when tion to the defendants. Election rig- By the beginning of the last centu- LouisianaI senator Huey “Kingfish” ging, Long might have quipped, ry, however, sentiment had begun to Long arranged to rig the vote on a had become downright ex- shift. In 1915, the Supreme Court number of amendments to his state’s hausting. But it worked. ruled that vote suppression could be constitution that would be advanta- federally prosecuted. In Terre Haute, geous to his financial interests. Long rom the earliest days of the repub- Indiana, more than a hundred men was no stranger to rigged votes. This lic,F American politicians (and much of had already been indicted for conspir- time around, however, the fix deliv- a cynical populace) saw vote rigging as ing to fix the 1914 elections for mayor, ered by his machine was blatant and sheriff, and circuit judge. The incum- sloppy: his favored amendments won bent sheriff and judge went to jail for unanimously in sixteen New Orleans five years, and Mayor Donn M. Roberts precincts and garnered identical vote spent six years in Leavenworth. totals in twenty-eight others. Roberts and his gang, declared the Eugene Stanley, the incorruptible New York Times, had failed to grasp district attorney for Orleans Parish, that “what is safe and even commend- presented evidence of fraud to a able one year may be dangerous and grand jury. Louisiana’s attorney gen- reprehensible the next.” Almost over- eral, the less morally encumbered night, commonplace corruption had Gaston Porterie, stepped in to sabo- become unacceptable, and vote rigging tage the case for Long. Nonetheless, a serious crime. It took a strongman two judges demanded a recount, at like Huey Long to remain an exception which point Governor O. K. Allen to the rule. But the overall trajectory obliged Long by declaring martial seemed to point toward reform, ac- law. Intimidated jurors found them- countability, and security. In 1920, the selves sorting ballots under the super- Nineteenth Amendment was passed, vision of National Guardsmen, who seventy-two years after Elizabeth Cady stood by to “protect” them with ma- Stanton first demanded women’s chine guns. suffrage—the right that would, in When this effort failed, another a necessary evil. Since the opposition Stanton’s words, “secure all others.” By grand jury was convened. Their even- was assumed to be playing equally the 1960s, Northern Democrats aban- tual finding of a massive conspiracy dirty, how could you avoid it? Most doned their Southern allies and pushed led to the indictment of 513 New Americans would probably have con- to end the mass suppression of black Orleans election officials. Once again, fessed to a grudging admiration for votes below the Mason–Dixon line. Long used his famous powers of per- New York City’s Tammany Hall ma- With the Voting Rights Act of 1965, suasion. At his behest, the Louisiana chine, which bought off judges, politi- many Americans began to believe that legislature modified the state’s elec- cians, and ward captains, ensured the the bad old days of stolen elections tion law, giving ex post facto protec- suppression of thousands of votes, and might soon be behind us. Victoria Collier is a writer and election- controlled Democratic Party nomina- But as the twentieth century came to integrity activist living in Mexico. tions for more than a century. a close, a brave new world of election Illustration (detail) by John Ritter REPORT 33 (33-41) Collier Final 5 CX.indd_0925 33 9/25/12 3:13 PM rigging emerged, on a scale that might dents favoring each candidate. David since a state law specified that recounts have prompted Huey Long’s stunned Moore, who was then managing editor had to be conducted using the very admiration. Tracing the sea changes in of the Gallup Poll, told the paper, “We same “vote-counting device” that was our electoral process, we see that two can’t predict the outcome.” used to begin with—in this case, the major events have paved the way for Hagel’s victory in the general elec- ES&S optical scanners. this lethal form of election manipula- tion, invariably referred to as an “up- Meanwhile, the new millennium, far tion: the mass adoption of computerized set,” handed the seat to the G.O.P. for from delivering a democratic promised voting technology, and the outsourcing the first time in eighteen years. Hagel land, presented Americans with the of our elections to a handful of corpora- trounced Nelson by fifteen points. debacle of the 2000 presidential elec- tions that operate in the shadows, with Even for those who had factored in the tion, whose fate hung absurdly on little oversight or accountability. governor’s deteriorating numbers and “hanging chads”—the little pieces of This privatization of our elections a last-minute barrage of negative ads, punched-out ballot so contentiously has occurred without public knowledge this divergence from pre-election poll- examined during the monthlong re- or consent, leading to one of the most ing was enough to raise eyebrows count. Few Americans knew (and many dangerous and least understood crises across the nation. still do not know) that a faulty com- in the history of American democracy. Few Americans knew that until puter memory card triggered this fiasco. We have actually lost the ability to shortly before the election, Hagel had Late on Election Night, Al Gore’s total verify election results. been chairman of the company whose in Volusia County, Florida, suddenly The use of computers in elections computerized voting machines would dropped when one precinct reported began around the time of the Voting soon count his own votes: Election Sys- 16,000 negative votes. Fox News was Rights Act. Throughout the 1980s and tems & Software (then called Ameri- immediately prompted by Florida gov- 1990s, the use of optical scanners to can Information Systems). Hagel ernor Jeb Bush to call the election for process paper ballots became wide- stepped down from his post just two his brother. On his way to a 3 a.m. spread, usurping local hand counting. weeks before announcing his candidacy. public concession, Gore changed course The media, anxious to get on the air Yet he retained millions of dollars in when a campaign staffer discovered that with vote totals, hailed the faster and stock in the McCarthy Group, which he was actually ahead in Volusia more efficient computerized count. In owned ES&S. And Michael McCarthy, County by 13,000 votes. the twenty-first century, a new tech- the parent company’s founder, was But the damage was done. Gore was nology became ubiquitous: Direct Hagel’s campaign treasurer. cast as a sore loser in a hostile media Recording Electronic (DRE) voting, Whether Hagel’s relationship to environment. His effort to obtain a which permits touchscreen machines ES&S ensured his victory is open to recount was described by Sean Hannity and does not require a paper trail. speculation. But the surprising scale of on Fox News as an attempt to “steal the Old-school ballot-box fraud at its his win awakened a new fear among election.” Meanwhile, George W. Bush most egregious was localized and lim- voting-rights activists and raised a dis- invoked his duty to get on with the ited in scope. But new electronic voting turbing question: Who controls the business of running the country. The systems allow insiders to rig elections new technology of Election Night? rest, as they say, is history. on a statewide or even national scale. “Why would someone who owns a We are now in the midst of yet And whereas once you could catch the voting-machine company want to run another election season. And as guilty parties in the act, and even for office?” asked Charlie Matulka, a November 6 approaches, only one dredge the ballot boxes out of the Democrat who contested Hagel’s Sen- thing is certain: American voters will bayou, the virtual vote count can be ate seat in 2002. Speaking at a press have no ability to know with cer- manipulated in total secrecy. By means conference shortly before the election, tainty who wins any given race, from of proprietary, corporate-owned soft- he added: “Is this the fox guarding the dogcatcher to president. Nor will we ware, just one programmer could steal henhouse?” A construction worker know the true results of ballot initia- hundreds, thousands, potentially even with limited funding and name recog- tives and referenda affecting some of millions of votes with the stroke of a nition, Matulka was obviously a less the most vital issues of our day, in- key. It’s the electoral equiva- formidable competitor than Nelson. cluding fracking, abortion, gay mar- lent of a drone strike. Still, Hagel won an astonishing riage, GMO-food labeling, and elec- 83 percent of the vote—among the toral reform itself. Our faith-based ymbolically speaking, this era was largest margins of victory in any state- elections are the result of a new Dark inauguratedS by Chuck Hagel, an wide race in Nebraska’s history. And Age in American democracy, brought unknown millionaire who ran for one with nearly 400,000 registered Demo- on, paradoxically, by tech- of Nebraska’s U.S. Senate seats in crats on the rolls, Matulka managed nological progress. 1996. Initially Hagel trailed the popu- to scrape up only 70,290 votes. lar Democratic governor, Ben Nelson, Hagel had never actually disclosed he spread of computerized voting who had been elected in a landslide his financial ties to ES&S, and hasT carried with it an enormous poten- two years earlier.
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