Appendix: Imprinted and Regions in Mouse and Human

Colin V. Beechey

1 The Mouse Imprinting Map and Human Homologous Regions

1.1 Introduction

The imprinting maps (Figs. 1-7) illustrate regions of the mouse genome that have been screened for developmental anomalies that could be attributable to imprinting (imprinting effects, reviewed in Cattanach and Beechey 1997). The maps also include 9,14,18 and 19 that contain imprinted genes but which have not shown clear imprinting effects in genetic tests. The map is a modified version of an earlier imprinting map (ref. 7: Cattanach and Beechey 1997), that was updated annually in Mouse Genome and is now available on the WWW (http://www.mgu.har.mrc.ac.uk). It is based on mouse genetic studies (Cattanach and Beechey 1997) in which Robertsonian (Rb) and reciprocal (T) translocations have been used to generate mice with uniparental disomies and uniparental duplications (partial disomies) of whole or selected regions respectively (see Sect. 1.2 Methodology). These mice have been screened for abnormal phenotypes (imprinting effects) and autosomal chromosome regions where such effects have been found are illustrated on both the G-banded and genetic maps. The imprinting effects discovered so far are diverse (Cattanach and Beechey 1997). They include early embryonic lethalities, late foetal lethalities, neonatal abnormalities often with inviability, growth effects and more subtle effects upon postnatal development such as those shown by the mouse model of Angelman syndrome (Cattanach et al. 1997). The chromosomal location of the 28 currently known autosomal im• printed genes are shown in bold and the repressed parental allele indicated. The majority of imprinted genes locate to regions associated with imprinting phenotypes, the exceptions being Rasgrfl on Chr 9, Htr2a on Chr 14, Insl on Chr 19, and possibly Impact on Chr 18. Fifteen imprinted genes are located in two domains in central and distal Chr 7. Recent evidence suggests that other

Medical Research Council, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OXll ORD, UK 304 C.V. Beechey

Key to mouse imprinting maps

MatDp = Maternal duplication PatDp = Paternal duplication

established imprinting regions with phenotype

untested or not investigated for post-natal effects

• lgf2 etc = imprinted , maternally repressed Mash2 etc .,. = imprinted gene, paternally repressed p etc = positions in eM of phenotypic marker loci and imprinted genes

T26H, =chromosome anomalies that define imprinting regions (see text) Rb9Lub, Dei56H, ls1Ct etc Fig. 1. Key to mouse imprinting map domains may be located on proximal Chr 11 (Cattanach et al. 1998) and distal Chr 2 (Kikyo et al. 1997; Williamson et al. 1998). The breakpoints of chromo• some anomalies that currently define each imprinting region are illustrated, and their positions shown, on both the genetic and G-banded maps. The locations of imprinted genes and marker loci on the genetic map are taken from The mouse genome database (MGD 1998). Other chromosome anomalies such as deletions, (Del) and insertions (Is), that have been used to define or investigate imprinting regions are also identified, as are human homologues (Lyon et al. 1997) for mouse chromosome regions with imprinting effects or imprinted genes.

1.2 Methodology

1.2.1 Uniparental Disomies

Mice with both copies of a specific chromosome inherited from the same parent, or uniparental disomies, can be generated by intercrossing heterozygotes for Robertsonian translocations (nonhomologous chromo- Appendix: Imprinted Genes and Regions in Mouse and Human 305

Human Chr 2 homologous region MatDp PatDp

phenotype 7 2 A 3

8

11 1.2 1.32 c 3

67 ::::: !:> 1 3 2 E 'dec reasoid ... 89 a 20q cerebellar ~Nnat ~ . 4... folding • 2 1 F neo.:nata!' · · · · · · ·· .. 3 ... behaviour<< 1 2 G 20q 3 ..... ~~~ .l~!~~!i!~ ••.• 'i 2 1 3 H . ~ ....

Human Chr6 homologous region MatDp PatDp ...... !',s;g 7q early embryonic ~':fsl' lethality

· · · · .. · .. ·· .... ':is· Lc ~6Ad

Fig. 2-7. Linkage and G-banded maps of mouse chromosomes 2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, and 19. Regions that show developmental abnormalities (imprinting effects) with maternal or paternal duplication (MapDp or PatDp) are shown on Chrs 2, 6, 7, 11, 12, 17, 18, and 19. Chromosomes 9, 14 and 19 have not shown clear imprinting effects in genetic tests but contain imprinted genes. The breakpoints of chromosome anomalies that define imprinting regions are shown on both the linkage and G-banded maps. Human homologies to mouse imprinted regions are shown on the left 306 C.V. Beechey

Human Chr7 hOI')10iogous MatDp PatDp reg1on ...... ~...... 19q neonatal 19p lethality 2 A 11p " """"28..:.. p • post-natal ~!nf'Pn • lethality :::; g : 3 8 15q Prader-WIIII .... J~~7 : ~~~~~~~?? .. .:' w:.3. ·

44 c 2 D

E 3

2 F

4 11p

Human MatDp PatDp Chr9 homologous region

3q 50 asgrll 3p

Fig. 2-7. Continued Appendix: Imprinted Genes and Regions in Mouse and Human 307

Human Chr 11 horl!ologous reg1on 22-- 7p 2p 2 3.1 16p ~ 9 wa2 3.2 A 5q ~ 3.3

1 2 1. 1 32 "' 1.3

8

c

0

E 2

Human Chr12 horl!ologous reg1on MatDp PatDp

11

1.2 1.3 2 A .L ..... 2 1 8 .... ~ .... I-----___,.,52H

2 c

e1r1y embryonic : e1rly embryonic 14q lelh•lity : leth•lity 2 0 t------10ei7SH ... 3 .... E

0r------T31H F .... 2 ...

Fig. 2-7. Continued 308 C.V. Beechey

Human Chr14 homologous MatDp PatDp region

2 A

B

2 c

0 3 13q 41 Hlr2B ~

2.1 2.3 E 4

Fig. 2-7. Continued

Human Chr17 homologous region MatDp PatDp

4 2 A 32 Tme ;_T .. 6q neonatal: lethality ;

\ B

c

~post-natal "~· growth« \2

2 E

......

Fig. 2-7. Continued Appendix: Imprinted Genes and Regions in Mouse and Human 309 ------

Human Chr18 homologous region MatDp PatDp Rb9Lub

10p

18q No post-natal effects lmp~ct No post-natal effects 11p but possible foetal but possible foetal 8q, Sq growth retardation? growth retardation? /T50H- ~T18H- 31 sytp

Fig. 2- 7. Co ntinued

Human Chr19 homologous regions MatDp PaiD

10q

Fig. 2- 7. Continued somes fused at the centromere). The simplest system utilizes intercrosses between heterozygotes for a single Robertsonian translocation, preferably with a high rate of nondisjunction, one parent in the cross being homozygous for a suitable marker gene on one of the translocation chromosomes (Fig. 8). Nondisjunction during gamete formation in both parents leads to gametes that are disomic or nullisomic for one or other of the chromosomes involved in the translocation. These unbalanced gametes can usually complement each other to form chromosomally balanced viable zygotes with maternal (MatDi) or paternal disomy (PatDi). These can be recognized according to which parent was homozygous for the marker gene, and their phenotype studied for any imprinting effects. The frequency of each type of disomy among the total 310 C. V. Beechey

Production of uniparental disomies FEMALE MALE

r------113 1 lD 13 1 ..... meiosis X :-...... vt I· ,. I vt 11 11 11 11 "'"-di*""'~ ~ . -......

complementation of unbalanced gametes / to give balanced zygotes ""'

Mat ~- ..~\!) ... ._ Pat Mat 13 ;; lD zygotes

11 •11 11 '" l" I· 11 .

MatDi.11 PatDi.11 phenotypically + phenotypically vt

Fig. 8. Diagram of single Robertsonian system for generating uniparental disomies. The example presented illustrates how, as a result of meiotic nondisjunction in both parents heterozygous for a single (11:13) Robertsonian translocation, offspring with paternal disomy (PatDi) and maternal disomy (MatDi) for Chr 11 can be generated. If one parent, in this example the male, is homozygous for the visible Chr 11 marker gene vt and the female parent is homozygous normal, then PatDi offspring will show the vt phenotype. Offspring with maternal disomy (MatDi) are phenotypically wild type ( +) like their normal sibs (not shown) but they can be detected in the reciprocal cross in which the female parent is homozygous for vt. Chr 13 uniparental disomies (not shown) are also generated but without Chr 13 marker genes these cannot be identified. Offspring with unbalanced chromosome complements, e.g., trisomy or monosomy for Chrs II and 13 are also generated (not shown) but die prenatally Appendix: Imprinted Genes and Regions in Mouse and Human 311 progeny can reach about 5% but is commonly lower. Chromosomally unbal• anced zygotes, such as monosomies and trisomies, are also generated but these usually die before birth. A more efficient system (not shown) uses intercrosses between double heterozygotes for two Robertsonian translocations sharing a common arm (monobrachial homology) with one parent homozygous for a marker gene on the shared chromosome. In such crosses higher frequencies of nondisjunction are found than with single Robertsonian heterozygotes, allowing up to 10% of uniparental disomies to be recovered. Litter sizes can be severely reduced, however, due to the high frequencies of chromosomally unbalanced zygotes produced.

1.2.2 Uniparental Duplications (Partial Disomies)

Mice with uniparental inheritance of only parts of specific chromosomes, rather than whole chromosomes, can be generated by intercrossing heterozygotes for reciprocal translocations (reciprocal exchange of segments between nonhomologous chromosomes; see Figs. 9 and 10). Unbalanced gam• etes with duplications and/or deficiencies of chromosome regions are pro• duced and, as with the Robertsonian system, these can usually complement each other to form chromosomally balanced zygotes. Marker genes on one or both of the chromosomes concerned allows mice with paternal (PatDp) or maternal duplication (MatDp) to be recognized, and their phenotype studied for imprinting effects. This system for the production of PatDp and MatDp mice has two compli• cating factors, however. The first is that regions proximal and distal to the translocation breakpoints have to be considered separately. Recovery of mice with duplication of distal regions (Fig. 9) is dependent upon the common adjacent -1 meiotic segregation of gametes, giving a recovery rate of PatDp and MatDp offspring of around 16%. Recovery of mice with duplications of regions proximal to translocation breakpoints (Fig. 10) is dependent upon the much rarer adjacent-2 segregation. The frequency of this varies with each translocation and MatDp and PatDp offspring are recovered with a frequency of around only 5% or less. The second complication is that with reciprocal translocations the other chromosome segments involved in the exchange must be considered. Thus, zygotes with MatDp for one chromosome involved in the translocation also have PatDp for the other. Consequently, whenever an imprinting effect is found with a reciprocal translocation it could be attributable to either chromo• some involved. Which chromosome is responsible can only be determined by conducting further tests with other translocations involving the same regions of one or other chromosome. However, one useful feature is that because two chromosomes are involved, the marker genes used can be on either chromo- 312 C.V. Beechey

Production of uniparental duplications for chromosome regions distal to translocation breakpoint

FEMALE MALE :jL meiosis X . .. . •, : :: :1': ::1'•:: ' '• : :: . ' : 2 ;: 211 /~ adjacent-1 disjunction and complementation of unbalanced gametes to give balanced zygotes

Mat ~ Pat Pat Mat 2 "'

zygotes

bp

...... · L...... ::--....J

MatDp.dist.2/ PatDp.dist.11 PatDp.dist.2 I MatDp.dist. 11 phenotypically bp phenotypically + Fig. 9. Diagram of system for generating uniparental duplications (partial disomies) for chromo• some regions distal to reciprocal translocation breakpoints. The reciprocal translocation shown in the example is between Chrs 2 and II and the region distal to the breakpoint is marked in the female parent with the visible Chr 2 marker gene bp, while the male parent is homozygous normal. Adjacent-! disjunction at meiosis in both parents and complementation of unbalanced gametes can generate offspring with maternal and paternal duplication (MatDp and PatDp) for distal regions of Chrs 2 and 11. The class with MatDp.dist2 (and therefore also PatDp.distl1) are identifiable by their bp phenotype. The reciprocal cross in which the male parent is homozygous for bp similarly identifies PatDp.dist2 (and therefore also MatDp.distll). The other balanced and unbalanced zygotes produced in these crosses are not shown Appendix: Imprinted Genes and Regions in Mouse and Human 313

Production of uniparental duplications for chromosome regions proximal to translocation breakpoint FEMALE MALE

meiosis JL X

l[2 2 /~ adJacent-2 diSjunction and complementation of unbalanced /gametes to g1ve balanced zygot'

r-_M_a_t_,,. __ f'at ___ .. _.... - ~~! .... . r-_M_at_, 2 ,, .. l~~ ., ,, .·f ., zygotes

...... __ __, L___ __:__J ._., ___ ,.,,, , ,' ___

MatDp.prox.2 I PatDp.prox.11 PatDp.prox.2 I MatDp.prox.11 phenotypically wa2 phenotypically +

Fig. 10. Diagram of system for generating uniparental duplications (partial disomies) for chro• mosome regions proximal to reciprocal translocation breakpoints. The region proximal to the breakpoint of the (2; II) reciprocal translocation is marked in the male parent by the visible Chr II marker gene wa2, while the female parent is homozygous normal. Rare adjacent-2 disjunction at meiosis in both parents and complementation of unbalanced gametes can generate offspring with MatDp and PatDp for the proximal regions of Chrs 2 and II. Progeny with PatDp.proxll (and therefore also MatDp.prox2) are identifiable by their wa2 phenotype. The reciprocal cross similarly identifies MatDp.proxll (and therefore also PatDp.prox2). The other balanced and unbalanced zygotes produced in these crosses are not shown

some, not just on the chromosome of interest. More importantly, through the use of several translocations involving a chromosome with an imprinting effect, the extent and location of the region can be refined. 2 Imprinted Genes Identified in Mouse and Human

Table 1 lists the G-band positions of known mouse imprinting regions and describes the imprinting phenotypes resulting from maternal and paternal Table 1. Mouse autosomal regions with imprinting phenotypes .., Imprinting Boundaries on G-band map Parental Imprinting phenotype Reference Imprinted loci within l:i: region origin region (not in order) Distal Proximal

Prox Chr 2? Centromere (Al) T26H (H1) MatDp ? 6 Dist Chr 2 T26H (H1) T2Wa (H3) MatDp Decreased cerebellar folding 43,91,92 Nnat Dist Chr 2 T2Wa (H3) T28H (H4) MatDp Hypokinetic behavior/lethality, 6 Gnas T2Wa (H3) T28H (H4) PatDp Hyperkinetic behavior/lethality, 6 Gnas Prox Chr 6 Centromere (Al) T6Ad (B3) MatDp Early embryonic lethality 6 Pegl/Mest Prox Chr 7 Centromere (A1) ls1Ct/T9H (BS/C) MatDp Neonatal lethality 6 Peg3/Pwl Prox Chr 7 Centromere (AI) T9H (BS/C) PatDp Angelman syndrome homologue, 6,IO Peg3/Pwl, Ube3a, Ipw, Znf127, postnatal growth/viability Dn34, Ndn, Snrpn Cent Chr 7 IsiCt (BS/C) T9H (BS/C) MatDp Prader-Willi syndrome 6,8 Ube3a, Ipw, Znf127, Dn34, homologue, postnatal lethality Ndn, Snrpn Dist Chr 7 T65H (F4/5) Telomere (FS) MatDp Late fetal lethality 6 H19, Igf2, Igf2as, Ins2, Mash2, P5JK1P2/Cdknlc, lpl/Tdag51, Imptl, Kvlqtl, Tapal/Cd81 Dist Chr 7 T65H (F4/5) Telomere (F5) PatDp Early embryonic lethality (10.5 6,58 H19, Ifg2, Igf2as, Ins2, Mash2, dpc) P5JK1P2/Cdknlc, lpl/Tdag51, Imptl, Kvlqtl, Tapal/Cd81 Prox Chr 11 Centromere (Al) T41Ad (A3.2) MatDp Reduced prenatal growth 6,9,11 U2afl-rsl, Megl/GrblO Prox Chr I1 Centromere (Al) T41Ad (A3.2) PatDp Enhanced prenatal growth 6,9,11 U2afl-rsl, Megl/GrblO Dist Chr 12 T52H (CI) Telomere (F2) but MatDp Early embryonic lethality 6 excluding prox E (Dei7SH) Dist Chr I2 T52H (C1) Telomere (F2) but PatDp Early embryonic lethality 6 excluding prox E (Dei75H) and Fl/2 (T31H) ('l Prox Chr 17 Thp (A3) Thp (A3) PatDp Neonatal lethality (Tme) 6,78 Igf2r, (Mas possibly not imprinted) Dist Chr I7 Tl38Ca (D) Telomere (ES) PatDp Reduced postnatal growth 6 - :0::: 1:)::1 ChrIS ? ? MatDp No postnatal effects but possible 6,7,68 Impact "'n fetal growth retardation? ::r ChriS ? ? PatDp No postnatal effects but possible 6,7,68 Impact '<"' fetal growth retardation? Table 2. Autosomal imprinted genes in mouse and human

MOUSE HUMAN > Mouse loci Chr Repressed Location Reference Human loci Location Repressed Reference "0 "0... allele allele ::s eM G-band R- Nnat 2 Mat 89 Hl-H3 38,62,92 - - - 3 "0 Gnas 2 Mat 104 Hl/H3 43,62,90 GNASl 20q13 Pat 14,20,93 .... Pegl/Mest 6 Mat - Bl 40,46,79 MEST 7q32 Mat 46,67 s· Peg3/Pwl 7 Mat - AS/Bl 40,44,47,76 PEG3 19q13.4 - 44 '"p.. Cl Snrpn 7 Mat 29 BS/C 8,51,62 SNRPN 15q11-13 Mat 24,74 ... Ndn 7 Mat - BS/C 55,88 NDN lSqll-13 Mat 34,55 ...::s Dn34 7,16,25,66 7 Mat - BS/C 37 DN34/FNZ127 15q11-13 Mat "'I» ::s Znf127/Zfp127 7 Mat - BS/C 37 ZNF127 15q11-13 Mat 7,16,66 p.. Ipw 7 Mat - BS/C 89 IPW lSqll-13 Mat 73 ...~ Ube3a 7 Pat 28.6 BS/C 1,62 UBE3A 15q11-13 Pat 64,45,57,82 a,9. PARI lSqll-13 Mat 81 0 ::s PARS 15q11-13 Mat 81 "' Ipl!Tdag51 7 Pat - F4/5 71 IPL/TDAGSl 11pl5.5 Pat 71 s· 13 13 s:: Imptl 7 Pat - F4/5 IMPTl 11pl5.5 Pat 0 - - - - - 2G3.8 11pl5.5 ? Tycko Chap. 7, this vol. ~ ... PST 1P2/Cdknlc Pat 69.0 5,30,62,95,96 31,56,84 "' 7 F4/5 CDKNlC 11pl5.5 Pat I» ::s Kvlqtl 7 Pat - F4/5 26,75 KVLQTl 11pl5 Pat 49,65 p.. Tapal!Cd81 7 ? 69.2 F4/5 5,62 TAPA1/CD81 11pl5.5 Pat 2,Tyto Chap. 10, this vol. ::r:: Mash2 7 Pat 69.3 F4/5 5,27 ,28,58,62 ASCL2/HASH2 llplS.S - 62 ~ 3 Ins2 7 Mat 69.2 F4/5 5,22,62 INS2 11pl5 - 23 I» Igf2as 7 Mat 69.0 F4/5 61 IGF2AS? llplS - 60 ::s Igf2 7 Mat 69.0 F4/5 5,15,18,48,62,85 IGF2 11pl5 Mat 21 HJ9 7 Pat 69 F4/5 4,5,52,62,85,86 Hl9 11pl5 Pat 72,97 Rasgrfl 9* Mat 50 - 19,62,70 - - - Megl!GrbJO 11 Pat 9.0 Al-A4 60,62 GRBlO 7pll.2-12 - 35 U2afl-rsl 11 Mat 13 Al/3.2 11,17 ,32,33,62,63,83 U2AFBPL Sq23-31 N.I 39,69 Htr2a 14* Pat 41 D2/E2 42,53,62 HTR2A 13ql4 Pat 42 Mas 17 Pat? 7.4 - 62,80,87 Mas 6q N.I 59,77 Igf2r 17 Pat 7.3 A3 3,62,80 IGF2R 6q25-q27 Pat 48,94 Impact 18 Mat - A2/B2 29 Insl 19* Mat 49.0 - 22,62 WTl Pat 36 llp13 I~

CENTROMERE preferentially expressed allele NAP2 ' IPL M Pl-12766 IMPT1 M (2G3-8) (?) p57KIP2JCDKN1C M P1-12767

KVLQT1 M

(TAPA1) (M)

ASCL2/ Mash2 M INS2 p TH IGF2AS p IGF2 p

H19 M L23MRP

2G7

TNNT3

TELOMERE' Fig. 11. Physical map of the human II pIS/mouse 7F4/5 imprinted domain, drawn approximately to scale from information supplied by B. Tycko (see Tycko, Chap. 7, this vol.) and Wolf Reik. Imprinted genes are shown in bold on the right and the parental origin (M maternal; P paternal) of the expressed allele is indicated. The orientation (telomere - centromere) of the homologous mouse imprinted domain has not yet been established Appendix: Imprinted Genes and Regions in Mouse and Human 317

Physical Map of Human 15q11-13/Mouse 785/C

CENTROMERE preferentially expressed allele ZNF127/FNZ127 (DN34) P ' NON p

oImprinting Centre SNRPN p PARS p IPW p PAR1 p D15S1 74

UBEA3 M

D15S1 13 [ 100 Kb

GABRB3 TELOMERE' Fig. 12. Physical map of the human lSqll-13/Mouse 7B5/C imprinted domain, drawn approxi• mately to scale from information supplied by B. Horsthemke and references [24, 34, 64, 81, and 25]. Imprinted genes are shown in bold on the right and the paternal origin of the expressed allele is indicated. The orientation (telomere-centromere) of the homologous mouse imprinted do• main is probably the same 318 C.V. Beechey duplication (Mat and PatDp) for these regions, with references. Imprinted genes locating to these regions are also shown. Table 2 lists known imprinted genes in mouse and human and includes chromosomal location, repressed allele and key references.

Acknowledgments. I would like to thank Drs Bruce Cattanach, Ted Evans and Jo Peters for helpful comments and Theresa Kent for extensive help in the preparation of this appendix.

References

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2G7 135, 139, 145 Boundary element (see chromatin) Abdominal-B (Abd-B) 234 Brahma 210 Adrenocortical carcinoma 137-138, 142- Breast cancer 157 143, 148-150, 155, 159 Brown 239, 296 Age-specific 119, 120 Brown-Dominant (bwD) 213 Alarm call 5-6 Brownian motion 296 Albright hereditary osteodystrophy 120, 129 Bryophytes 7 Allelic exclusion 184 BWRIA (see IMPTI) 135 Anaphase 295 BWRIC (see IPL) 135 anaphaselag 43-44,46-47,49,62 Androgenetic 4, 15, 24, 25, 36, 128 Cancer therapy aneuploidy 61 directed at imprinted genes 159-160 Angelman's syndrome 104, 105, 106ff, 120- Cd81 (see Tapal) 135 122, 151, 297 Cdknlc (see p57Kip2) 135 Angiosperms 23, 24 Cecidomyiidae 48 Ants 6 Cellular memory 220 Apoptosis 137, 146 centriole, zygotic reconstitution (Boveri's Arabidopsis 5, 24-26, 30, 34ff rule) 65 arrhenotoky 41, 61 Centromere 95, 240 ASCL2 135, 137 Cis elements 92, 93, 95 Ashl 210 Chimeras 4, 15-17 Ascobolus immersus, interallelic methylation Choroid plexus 99 transfer in 151 Chromatin Ascomycetes 7 boundary/insulator 180, 230ff Asynchronous replication 92-94, 275, 277 crosslinking 217 automatic frequency response 54, 60 imprinting 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, Autosomal recessive disorders 124 l06ff, 197 AzaC, in cancer therapy 160 nuclear matrix 101, 102, 243, 285, 289 remodelling 174, 179, 181 Bacillus rossius-grandii 48 transcription 195 bark beetles 61 Chromodomain 100,208, 215 B chromosome 29 Chromosomal position effects 230, 238 B lymphocyte 297 Chromosome llpl5.5 (see imprinted BEAF-32 234, 236 domain) 93, 134-160 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (see also Chromosome llq23-qter 143 Over growth and Simpson-Golabi• Chromosome lp35-36 142 Behmel syndrome) 93, 120, 127-128, Chromosome 15qll-q13 (see imprinted 152-156 domain) 92, 93, 95, 103, 104 Belding's ground squirrel 5-6 Chromosome painting 284 Behaviour (see also imprinting) 128 Chromosomes [3-globin 232, 233, 236 holocentric 51 Birds 7-8, 13 interphase extrusion 43-44 326 Index

paternal fragments 63 Endosperm 24,25,27,29, 31,32 supernumerary development 29 B chromosomes 52, 56, 62 Enhancer PSR 42-43, 62-64 competition model 104-106, 137, 182, Co-activators 172, 181 245 Coccoidea 49-61 and chromatin boundary/insulator 229- Comstockiella chromosome system 49-61 231, 238 conflict of interest 42, 64 mechanisms of action 172, 180, 181, 182 Congenital diabetes 126 of zeste [E(z)] 35, 209 Corn 4-5 promoter-specificity 180 Cosupression 214, 274, 280 Epigenetic CP60 289 mark 28ff, 93ff CpG islands 98, 190, 196, 197 memory 94 Crossing over, mitotic 140, 143 mosaicism 30, 146-147, 151, 265, 266 Epimutation Ill Deceit 5,17-18 at H19locus in WT patients !51 Delta Zein Regulator (dzr) 31ff, 34, 36, 37 Evolutionary rate 12 diaspidid chromosome system 49-61 Evolutionarily stable strategy II Differentially methylated regions (DMR) 97, Extra-embryonic lineages 73, 76 192, 198 Extra-pair paternity 7-8 disjunction, precocious 43-44 Extra sex combs (esc) 209 Dispersal 9, 14 E(z) (see Enhancer) DNA methylation 265, 266 FAB-7 234 cancer 141, 146, 149-151, 159-160 feminization 42 chromatin 37, 100, 195, 196, 197, 246 fixation 42, 48, 54, 60 de novo 96, 98, 189, 190, 191, 192 Flowering plants (see also angiosperms) 3, embryos 191, 192, 198, 199 6, 23, 25 epigenetic mark 33, 34, 93, 96 Fluorescence in situ hybridization erasing 96 (FISH) 284, 292, 293, 296 expression 174, 175, 190, 193 Folic acid 130 germ cells 98, 191, 192, 198, 199 histone H 1 196 GAGA factor 210, 215, 236, 237, 240, 241 imprinting 92, 93, 98, 198, 199, 200 Gametogenesis 12, 29ff maintenance 189, 190 Gametophyte, gametophytic 26ff, 29, 32, 34 patterns 98, 106ff, 189, 190, 191, 192 Gene transferase (see Dnmtl) 81, 82, 84, 96 Dosage (see also replication 74, 77, 85 inactivation) 29-31, 35, 73, 87, 239 Dnmtl 96 Expression Dominance modification 251, 261 Housekeeping genes 190, 191, 192 Dominant negative 31 Tisse-specific 190, 191, 192 dung gnat 42 DNA methylation 190, 193 Dzr (see Delta Zein Regulator) Gating 290 Genetic background 99 Efl-4 25, 26, 36 General transcription factors ( GTFs) 172, elimination 173 of paternal genome 41 Gerbils 10 of X chromosome during interphase in Germ cell tumors 120, 158-159 Sciara 43-44 Germline 96, 97, 112, 246 of paternal chromosomes in Comstockiella Glomus tumor, inherited 142-143 systems 51 GPC3 127 Embryonic stem cells 75, 76 Gynogenetic 4, 15, 23, 25, 128 differentiation 79-82 Gypsy 235,236,238,239,241,244,246 Index 327

H19 (see also Igf2/H19) 92, 94, 95, 98, 104, reading of 99ff 127, 135, 136-137, 139-141, 144-150, replicative persistence of 45-47, 52 153-160 reversibility of 52 Haig, David 2, 11, 12, 25, 33, 35, 37, 136 switching (see also switch initiator) 109ff haplodiploidy 41, 62 Imprinted genes Hemihypertrophy 120, 126-128 human 313, 315 Hemimethylated 111 mouse 303,304,313,314,315 Hepatoblastoma 138, 142-143, 149 Imprinted domain 134-140 Hepatocellular carcinoma 158 Human chromosome llp15.5 92, 93, Hessian fty 48 316 Heteroallelic 31 Human chromosome 15qll-13 92, 93, 74, 100, 101, 205ff, 240, 317 286,295 Mouse chromosome 7B5/C 317 genetic silence of 51 Mouse chromosome 7 F4/5 316 reactivation of genes in 57, 60 Imprinting Heterodisomy 123 behaviour 128 heteropycnosis, positive 48 center/control region 92, 93, 95, 103ff, Histone 105, l06ff acetylation 93, 239 gametic 29, 33, 36ff deacetylation 93, 94 growth regulation 136-138, 152 hypoacetylation 74, 85, 93 loss of 263 Histone deacetylase 216 map, mouse 303, 304-309 Homeotic 100, 103, 206, 234 phenotypes, mouse 314 Homologous chromosome pairing 184, 274, polymorphism 263, 264 276,288,292,295,297 promoter-specific 147 Homologous interactions: regions, mouse 314 Functional evidences 272 Imprinting effects (phenotypes), Morphological evidences 274 mouse 303, 314 in imprinted chromosomal domains 275 Imprintor 14, 15, 31, 97, 102, 106ff Homologous recombination 111 Inbreeding 8-9 Host defense 28ff, 95 IMPTl 135-137, 145 Hox genes 208 INS 135, 138, 146 HPl 100, 103, 208, 215, 288, 295 Ins2 278 HRAS 135, 146 Insulator (see chromatin) Hurst 12, 13 Intrauterine growth retardation 126 hybrid incompatibility 42, 62-64 Introns 12 hybridogenesis 48-49 IPL 135-137, 145 Hyperinsulinemic 142, 154 IPW 106 Hypersensitive sites 232-235, 244 Isodisomy 123 Hypothenemus hampei 62 Kcnql (see KvLQTl) 135 IGF2 (see also Igf2/H19) 127, 135, 137-138, KvLQTl 127, 135, 138 140-141, 144-149, 152-156, 158-160 Igf2/H19locus 94, 95, 99, 104-106, 181, 182, L23MRP 135, 139, 145 244-246 Lamin B receptor 288, 296 silencer 104 lecanoid chromosome system 49-61 Igf2r 95,98,99,105 Locus control region (LCR) 182, 232, 238 Igf2r antisense transcript 102, 105 Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) 138-140, 142- Imprint (see also parental identity) 143, 154, 157-158 as cues 47 Lung cancer 157-158 as heritable marks 42, 45, 47, 63 functions of 64-65 M3/6 139 mammalian 42 male recombination 43, 51-53, 55, 59 328 Index

Maize 24-26, 30, 36, 37 NAP2 135, 139 Major storage protein (see zein) Neuroblastoma 142 Male-specific lethal (MSL) 239 Neurospora 7 Mammals N-myc 142 eutherian 73, 74, 85, 86 Nondisjunction 120, 123 marsupial 73, 74, 85, 86 Non-imprinted genes 276 monotreme 85, 87 Nuclear envelope 285, 288, 290, 292, 293, Mash2 92, 135, 137 296 Maternal age 125 Nuclear lamin 288, 293 Maternal derepression of r (mdr) 30-32, 34 Nuclear matrix (see chromatin) Maternal investment 3 Nuclear pore complex 288, 293 Matrilines 2 Nucleosome remodelling 219, 174 Matrix attachment region (MAR), see also NURF 174 chromatin 179, 230, 243, 244, 289 Mayetiola destructor 48 Oncogene 134 Mea 30, 34-37 ORCTL2 (see IMPTl) 135 MeCp2 100, 103 Overgrowth (see also Beckwith-Wiedemann Meiosis 130, 290 syndr.) 127, 128 in male Sciara 43-47 in hybridogenic females 48 P57J(JP2 127, 135, 137, 144, 146, 148-150, inverse, in Homoptera 50-61 153-154, 156-160 meiotic drive 48, 53-54 P73 142 non-Mendelian segregation 41, 51 Pairing effect 212 Meristem 24 Pair-rule genes 290 Methylation, see DNA Paragangliomas 129 methylation, of GpG dinucleotides 47 parahaplodiploid 41, 62 mites 61 Paramutation 111, 273 mitochondria, paternal 64 Parental competition, conflict (see also mitosis, gonomeric 45, 62 Haig) 2, 3, 5, 25, 33, 37, 136 Modifier genes 14, 99, 241, 253, 254, 260 Parental identity modifier of mdg4 (mod(mdg4)) 237, 240- erasure 96 242,246 resetting of 33, 96ff Monallelic propagation 97ff activation 99, 175 parthenogenesis 42, 46, 53, 65 silencing 99, 175 Parthenogenetic, see Gynogenetic Monogamy 9, 10 Patrilines 2 Mouse imprinting maps PEV (see Position effect variegation) chromosome 2 305 Pipefish 6 chromosome 6 305 Placenta 25, 137 chromosome 7 306 Poeciliopsis monacha-lucida 48 chromosome 9 306 Polar nuclei 26, 27, 35 chromosome 11 307 Polyandry 9, 10 chromosome 12 307 Polycomb Group (PeG) 35, 206, 241-243 chromosome 14 308 Polycomb (Pc) 97, 112, 208, 236, 240 chromosome 17 308 Polycomb Response Element (PRE) 211 chromosome 18 309 Polyhomeotic (ph) 208 chromosome 19 309 Polytene 229, 236, 241, 291, 292 MSL (see Male-specific lethal) Position effect variegation (PEV) 102, 207, Multi-gene effects 139 239-241,295 mutations, deleterious recessive 57, 59 Posterior sex combs (Psc) 208 Prader-Willi syndrome 106ff, 120, 151, 297 Nasonia vitripennis 7, 42, 62-64 clinical manifestation 121 Napll4 (see NAP2) 135 silencer 103, 104 Index 329

Preinitiation complex (PIC) 172 in male Sciara 43-48 formation 172, 177 in male coccoids 50-61 Prenatal diagnosis 125 spite 63 Premature chromosome condensation Sporophytic 25 (PCC) 284 Subchromosomal domain 92, 93, 101, 113, Primordial germ cells 96, 97 230, 241ff prochromosome 43-44 evolution of 113 Promoter 172, 180 Suppressor of zeste 2 [Su(z)2) 208 pronucleus 43, 46, 65 Suppressor of Hairy wing (Su(Hw)) 236, pseudoarrhenotoky 41, 62 237,239,241,242 Suvar genes 207, 295, 296 R alleles 29ff, 36, 37 SWI/SNF complex 179, 181 Rabl configuration 285, 286, 290, 292, 293, Switch initiation model 106ff 296 Recurrence 122 TAPA I 135, 137, 145 Red algae 7 TDAG51 137 Relatedness 1-3, 8-9, 11 Territories 286, 292 Recombination rates (differences in) 134, thelytoky 42 135,276 TH 135 Reciprocal translocations 303, 312, 313 TNNT3 135, 139, 145 Rhabdomyosarcoma, embryonal 138, 142- Transcription 143, 149, 159 regulation 171-185 RING finger 208 basal 172, 174, 175 RNA polymerase II holoenzyme 176, 177, cell cycle 173 181 processivity of 173 Robertsonian translocations 303, 310 factory 177, 178, 179, 183 Rpd3 220 transcription, zygotic, onset of 57, 59 Rpl23l (see L23MRP) 135 Transcriptosome 177, 178, 179, 183 RRMl 139 Trans-interaction/effects 213, 239 Russel-Silver syndrome 126 Transposable elements 28 Transposon homing 213 Scaffold attachment region (SAR, see Matrix Trans-sensing effects (see also pairing effect attachment region) 289 and trans-interaction) 141, 151, 272, scale insects 42, 46, 48, 49-61 273 Sciara coprophila 42 Transvection 210, 239, 272, 294 Scolytidae 61 Trisomy Scs elements 233, 234, 236 for chromosome 11p15.5 in BWS 153, Seahorses 6 155 Seed development 34ff Trithorax (trx) 209, 237 Self-deception 5, 17-18 Trithorax Group (trxG) 209, 239-243 Selfish DNA 42, 52, 63, 64, 113 Trl 210, 240 SET domain 35 Trophoblastic tumors 158-159 Sex combs on midleg (Scm) 208 TSSC3 (see IPL} 135 Sibling 1, 3 Tubulin 34 Silencing, silencer 28, 30, 94, 103ff, 205ff, Tumor suppressor genes 134, 138-140, 142, 244 146-148, 157-160 Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (see also Turner's syndrome 10, 128 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome) 127 U2afbp-rs 98 SNRPN 92, 96, 98, 99, 102-104, 106ff UBE3A 122 Social insects 6-7 Ubx 206,291,294 Sociability 10, 11 Undergrowth (see also intrauterine growth spermatogenesis retardation) 126, 127 330 Index

Uniparental 31 extraembryonic inactivation 47 Uniparental disomies 4 imprinted 73, 76, 78, 81-83, 86 human 120, 123-125, 143, 152-156 initiation 74, 75, 77, 80, 86 mouse 304,309,311 maintenance 77, 85 system for generating 312, 313 random 73, 76,78,81-83,86 Uniparental duplications/partial spreading 84, 85 disomies 311, 313 X-inactivation center 75, 80 unisexual vertebrates 48-49 Xist 78-85 Variable expressivity 251 expression Vestigial aneuploidy 125 gene 47 in androgenotes 78 Westoby (see Haig) in gynogenotes 78 White 210, 212, 234, 239, 240, 294, 295 in parthenogenotes 78 White-apricote 239 imprinting 78, 79 Wilms' tumor 137-151, 154, 157 knock-out 75, 76 W olbachia 42-43, 62-64 RNA coating 77, 79, 80 WTI 142, 157 RNA stabilization 81, 84 WT2 142-143, 146, 154 spermatogenesis 76, 82 transgene 76, 77, 85 Xce alleles 82, 83 X chromosome 6, 9-11, 43-45, 46-47, 52- Y chromosome 9-10 53,59,73-90 Yell ow 240, 294 X chromosome-inactivation 102 Yolk sac 137 choice 75, 76 controlling element (XCE) 46-47 Zein 5, 31-34 counting 75, 76, 78, 83, 84 Zeste 210, 294 elimination in marsupials 47 ZNF195 145 evolution 85, 86