Baseline Survey: Public Disclosure Authorized
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Report No. 52 South Asia Human Development Sector Baseline Survey: Public Disclosure Authorized Labor Market Outcomes of Punjab TEVTA Graduates March 2012 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Discussion Paper Series Report No. 52 South Asia Human Development Sector Baseline Survey: Labor Market Outcomes of Punjab TEVTA Graduates March 2012 __________________________________________________________ Discussion Paper Series Discussion Papers are published to communicate the results of the World Bank‟s work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally edited texts. Some sources cited in the paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Abstract Increasing employment among youth and increasing the earnings and job-stability of youth is important for Pakistan. This study examines the labor market outcomes of graduates from training institutes run by Punjab TEVTA, the largest technical and vocational education and training provider in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The study uses an SMS-based survey of 7,840 graduates from 2010. This is a promising and inexpensive method to assess the impact of education and training in developing countries. Using SMS is feasible, fast, and very low-cost, but it comes with a set of challenges, notably a low response rate. We summarize lessons for future SMS-administered surveys. For the labor market outcomes, we find that only 39 percent of graduates are employed post training with considerable variation in employment outcomes across trades, districts, gender, and schools. We conclude that there is overall strong need for the improvement of quality and relevance of technical education and vocational training, and that some schools, trades, and districts are substantially better at linking to labor market demand than others. Acknowledgements This discussion paper is authored by Ayesha Khan and Andreas Blom. We are grateful to the former Chairman of Punjab TEVTA, Mr. Saeed Alvi, and the MIS team at Punjab TEVTA, for their support. We would like to thank Abdul Rehman Naeem and Asim Fayyaz for developing the survey platform, and Sangeeta Goyal, Huma Ali Waheed and Zubair Khursheed Bhatti for their valuable technical input into the survey instrument and design. CONTENTS I. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 II. Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 2 Rationale for using SMS to conduct baseline survey ...................................................................... 2 The Sample ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Questionnaire ................................................................................................................................... 5 Platform used ................................................................................................................................... 6 Process ............................................................................................................................................. 6 III. Results ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Current employment status .............................................................................................................. 7 Number of hours worked per week ................................................................................................ 11 Income earned last month .............................................................................................................. 12 Relationship between Training and Current Job ............................................................................ 12 Effect on Survey Completion and Response Rates of an Incentive to Reply ................................ 13 Lessons Learned for Future Mobile-phone Tracer Studies ............................................................ 14 IV. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 15 Annex 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Annex 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 22 Annex 3A: Questionnaire (Phase 1) .............................................................................................. 38 Annex 3B: SMS Flowchart (Phase 1) ........................................................................................... 40 Annex 3C: Questionnaire (Phase 2) .............................................................................................. 41 Annex 3D: Questionnaire (Phase 3) .............................................................................................. 42 Tables Table 1: Proportion of Household Members with a Mobile Phone, Punjab MICS 2007-08 ........................ 3 Table 2: Descriptive Statistics - Survey Sample ........................................................................................... 5 Table 3: Baseline Survey – All Phases ......................................................................................................... 7 Table 4: Survey Question – Current Employment Status ............................................................................. 7 Table 5: Top 10 Trades by Employment Rate .............................................................................................. 9 Table 6: Top 5 Districts by Employment Rate ............................................................................................. 9 Table 7: Survey Question: How Many Hours Do Respondents Work Each Week? .................................. 12 Table 8: Survey Question – Income Earned Last Month ............................................................................ 12 Table 9: Survey Question – Relationship between Job and Training ......................................................... 13 Table 10: Effect of an Incentive on Survey Completion Rates ................................................................... 13 Table 11: Effect of an Incentive on Survey Response Rates ...................................................................... 14 Table 12: Comparison of Population-Sample Characteristics, by Trade .................................................... 17 Table 13: Comparison of Population-Sample Characteristics, by District ................................................. 20 Table 14 Comparison of population-sample characteristics: By gender..................................................... 21 Table 15: Pair-wise T-test of Difference in Employment Rate across Top 10 Trades ............................... 22 Table 16: T-test of Employment Rate, by Gender ...................................................................................... 23 Table 17: Employment Rate and Mean Income by Trade .......................................................................... 24 Table 18: Employment Rate by Duration of Course ................................................................................... 26 Table 19: Pair-wise T-test of Difference in Employment Rate across Duration of Training ..................... 27 Table 20: Employment Rate by Level of Previous Education .................................................................... 28 Table 21: Employment Rate and Mean Income by District ........................................................................ 29 Table 22: Employment Rate and Mean Income by Gender ........................................................................ 30 Table 23: Employment Rate and Mean Income by Institution ................................................................... 32 Figures Figure 1: Employment Rate by District ...................................................................................................... 10 Figure 2: Employment Rate by type of TVET institution (%) .................................................................... 10 Figure 3: Employment rate by sub-group of Technical Training Centre .................................................... 10 Figure 4: Employment Rate by Duration of Course ................................................................................... 11 Figure 5: Employment Rate by Duration of Course ..................................................................................