Lecture 11 Molecular Evolution
Lecture 11 Molecular evolution Jim Watson, Francis Crick, and DNA Molecular Evolution 4 characteristics 1. c-value paradox 2. Molecular evolution is sometimes decoupled from morphological evolution 3. Molecular clock 4. Neutral theory of Evolution Molecular Evolution 1. c-value!!!!!! paradox Kb! ! Navicola (diatom) ! !! 35,000! Drosophila (fruitfly) ! !180,000! Gallus (chicken) ! ! 1,200,000! Cyprinus (carp) 1,700,000! Boa (snake) 2,100,000! Rattus (rat) 2,900,000! Homo (human) 3,400,000! Schistocerca (locust) 9,300,000! Allium (onion) 18,000,000! Lilium (lily) 36,000,000! Ophioglossum (fern) 160,000,000! Amoeba (amoeba) 290,000,000! Isochores Cold-blooded vertebrates L (low GC) Warm-blooded vertebrates L H1 L H2 L H3 (low GC) (high GC) Isochores - Chromatin structure - Time of replication - Gene types - Gene concentration - Retroviruses Warm-blooded vertebrates L H1 L H2 L H3 (low GC) (high GC) (Mb) GC, % GC, % Isochores of human chromosome 21 (Macaya et al., 1976) Costantini et al., 2006 Molecular Evolution 2. Molecular evolution is sometimes decoupled from morphological evolution Morphological Genetic Similarity Similarity 1. low low 2. high high 3. high low 4. low high Molecular Evolution Morphological Genetic Similarity Similarity 3. high low Living fossils Latimeria, Coelacanth Limulus, Horseshoe crab Molecular Evolution Morphological Genetic Similarity Similarity - distance between humans and chimpanzees is less than 4. low high between sibling species of Drosophila. - for example, from a sample of 11 proteins representing 1271 amino acids, only 5 differ between humans and chimps. - the other six proteins are identical in primary structure. - most proteins that have been sequenced exhibit no amino acid differences - e.g., alphaglobin Pan, Chimp Homo, Human Molecular clock - when the rates of silent substitution at a gene are compared to its rate of replacement substitution, the former typically exceeds the latter by a factor of 5-10.
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