World War I the Biggest Turning Point for British Women in the 20Th Century”, How Far Do You Agree?

Year 8: Autumn 2 “World War I the biggest turning point for British Women in the 20th century”, how far do you agree?

Name: ______Class:______Teacher: ______

Contents Lesson/Resource Page Numbers Tick when complete Knowledge Organiser 2-5 1. What was the position of women like in 1900? 6-9 2. How much has the position of women improved today? 10-11 3. Were women happy with their position in the early 1900s? 12 -15 4. How big a turning point was World War I for British Women? 16-18 5. Was World War I really a turning point? 19-21 6. Was World War II better for women than World War I? 22-25 7. How did access to contraception help women? 26-28 8. What did women’s lib’ achieve? 29- 32 Learning Ladder 33 “Because, but, so” vocabulary table 34

1. Was World War I the biggest turning point for British Women in the 20th century? What was the position of women like in 1900?

Before we can answer our big question, we need to know what the position of women was like at the beginning of the 20th century. This will help us judge when the biggest change (turning point) in the position of women took place.

Look at the postcard below. It was made in the early 1900s and shows what a lot of people thought about women at the time. Answer the questions in order (1, 2, 3…) filling up the boxes with as many ideas as you can.

Dress

Check your understanding by answering the following questions.

1. Social limitations meant that women… Had little choice over how and Had little choice over who ran the Had little chance to earn their own where to spend their time, including country money and had to rely on men, such staying in education as their fathers or husbands 2. Economic limitations meant that women… Had little choice over how and Had little choice over who ran the Had little chance to earn their own where to spend their time, including country money and had to rely on men, such staying in education as their fathers or husbands 3. Political limitations meant that women… Had little choice over how and Had little choice over who ran the Had little chance to earn their own where to spend their time, including country money and had to rely on men, such staying in education as their fathers or husbands 4. Women were not allowed to vote at the beginning of the 20th century, this is an example of women’s… Political limitation Economic limitation Social Limitation 5. Only 11% of married women were employed in the early 1900s, this is an example of women’s… Political limitation Economic limitation Social Limitation 6. Most men, and many women, believed a woman’s place was in the home, this is an example of women’s… Political limitation Economic limitation Social Limitation

Read through the information about the position of women at the start of the 20th Century. 1. Decide if each piece of information shows women were limited politically, socially or economically, 2. Then explain why it shows women were limited. Hint: You can pick more than one category, but you have to be able to explain why.

Example: 1.In 1911 only 11% of married women had a job. Politically Limited  Socially Limited  Economically limited  This limited women because it meant that most married women didn’t own their own money. Therefore, they would have to rely on their husband to support them.

2. Most men, and many women, believed a woman’s place was in the home. Politically Limited  Socially Limited  Economically limited  This limited women because it meant that______

3. Some people believed that women were too stupid and emotional to be involved in politics. Politically Limited  Socially Limited  Economically limited  This limited women because it meant that______

4. Women did not have the right to vote in General Elections (they could not chose who ran the country). Politically Limited  Socially Limited  Economically limited  This limited women because it meant that______8

5. Women did have some jobs ,however, limited access to education meant that these jobs were often low skilled. Politically Limited  Socially Limited  Economically limited  This limited women because it meant that______

6. Women were often paid less than men, even if they were doing the same job. Politically Limited  Socially Limited  Economically limited  This limited women because it meant that______

7. From 1857 a woman was able to divorce her husband if he hit her, or was having an affair. However, a divorced woman was often shamed and treated as an outcast, many preferred to stay in unhappy marriages. Politically Limited  Socially Limited  Economically limited  This limited women because it meant that______

8. Most women did not stay in school past the age of 11. Politically Limited  Socially Limited  Economically limited  This limited women because it meant that______

11. Most universities in Britain did not allow women to attend. Politically Limited  Socially Limited  Economically limited  This limited women because it meant that______

12. There were no female MPs in the British parliament until 1919. Politically Limited  Socially Limited  Economically limited  This limited women because it meant that______

Challenge! Answer these questions in your books.

1. In which category were women most limited in the early 1900s? Why?

Overall, how limited was the position of women at the beginning of the early 20th century? Use the examples from this lesson to support your answer.

Overall, the position of women in the 20th century was ______limited.

For example______More specifically______Futhermore______This meant that the position of women in the 20th century was ______limited because______

Key Terms/Concepts: In my own words, being politically limited means…

In my own words, being socially limited means..

In my own words, being economically limited means…

Challenge! Answer these questions in your books.

2. Why was it going to be challenge for the position of women to improve?

2. Was World War I the biggest turning point for British Women in the 20th century? How much has the position of women improved today? Do Now:

1. Women were socially limited in the early 1900s, for example most people thought they should spend their time in the ______. 2. Women were politically limited because they could not ______. 3. Many women were economically limited, for example only ___% of married women were employed

Check your understanding by answering the following questions. 1. The social position of women has improved today, for example… Women have greater choice over There have been two female Prime More women are employed today how and where to spend their time, Ministers. that in the early 1900s. including staying in education. 2. The economic position of women has improved today, for example… Women have greater choice over There have been two female Prime More women are employed today how and where to spend their time, Ministers. that in the early 1900s. including staying in education. 3. The political position of women has improved today, for example… Women have greater choice over There have been two female Prime More women are employed today how and where to spend their time, Ministers. that in the early 1900s. including staying in education.

The lesson question is not just asking ‘if’ the position of women has improved. The question is asking how much the position of women has changed. This means we need to make a judgement about the extent (size) of change. Extent of change

tiny small partial large massive complete

Read through the information on the early 1900s and the position of women today. 1. Judge the extent of change between the early 1900s and today (choosing a word from above) 2. Explain your judgment of extent (E.g. why was it a large change rather than a small change?)

Early 1900s Today Extent of change Explanation of extent of change (See (e.g. Tiny/partial/ next Massive/complete) task) Only 11% of 72% of working age Massive change A much higher percentage of women E Married women are in work now have jobs compared to the ear women were employed Women were All women over 18 not allowed to can now vote vote Women were Men still earn on paid less for average 9.1% more doing the than women. same job Most women More girls stay on in did not stay in full time education school past the than boys (82% to age of 11 76% Most All universities universities did accept women and women are 30%

not accept more likely to go to women. university People There have been thought two female Prime women were Ministers in the 20th too stupid and century, Margaret emotional to Thatcher and be involved in Theresa May politics

1. Categorise each change into social, political or economic by writing S, P, or E in the right had column above. 2. Then complete the statements below:

1. The social position of women has changed ______since the start of the 20th century.

2. The economic position of women has changed ______since the early 1900s.

3. The political position of women has changed ______since the start of the 20th century.

Challenge! Answer these questions in your books. 3. In which category has the position of women improved the most? Why?

Everybody writes. Complete the sentences

Overall, the position of women has improved ______in the 20th century.

For example______More specifically______Futhermore______This meant that the position of women has improved ______in the 20th century because______

3. Was World War I the biggest turning point for British Women in the 20th century? Were women happy with their position in the early 1900s?

1. Today, all women over the age of ____ can vote. 2. Women are now ___% more likely to go to university than men . 3. In the early 1900s most females finished school at the age of ___.

Last lesson we saw that there has been an improvement in the position of women in the 20th century. Now we need to work out when that change took place and judge when the biggest turning point for women was in the 20th century. A turning point is a moment of decisive and significant change. We will study a number of events and periods of the 20th century, one of which you will choose as the turning point in the positon of women in the 20th Century.

1890s-1914 1939-1945 1970s

Suffragette and World War II Equal Pay Act suffragists

1960s 1914-1918 World War I Contraception & Women’s lib

As we have seen from our first two lessons, the position of women was very limited in the early 1900s compared to today. Whilst some women accepted their position, many wanted to challenge the limitations put on them and campaigned to improve their position and gain more rights for women. The right to vote was seen as particularly important because once women could vote, their opinions would start to influence politics, the government and the laws that were made.

Attitude towards women at the beginning of the 20th Century were that they too emotional to be involved in politics and couldn’t be trusted to make important decisions for the country.

As a result women were not allowed to have any say in politics- they could not

vote, and they could not be politicians.

Many people said that women weren’t even interested in politics…

But this was clearly not true, as shown by the acts of two groups of women, the suffragists and the suffragettes. Who publicly campaigned for women’s suffrage (the right to vote). Despite having the same aim, the two groups of women went about trying to get women the right to vote in very different ways.

The suffragists protested peacefully for the right to vote – using tactics like signing petitions and going on marches to bring attention to their cause.

1. Despite their differences, the Suffragists and Suffragettes main aim was… Better working conditions for Female suffrage (the right for to improve education for women women women to vote)

2. The suffragists tactics could be described as… Peaceful and legal Militant and illegal Peaceful but illegal 3. The suffragettes tactics could be described as… Peaceful and legal Militant and illegal Peaceful but illegal 4. The suffragists used methods such as… (pick two) Large-scale marches petitions Blowing up phone boxes 5. The suffragettes used methods such as.. Petitions Chaining themselves to railings Blowing up phone boxes

6. The suffragettes used these methods because they believed that the suffragist’s methods were… Not working Working well Very good

7. The suffragettes used methods such as.. Petitions Chaining themselves to railings Blowing up phone boxes

8. One of the most famous suffragettes was Emily Davison, she was... Killed setting off a bomb in the Killed trying to attach a ‘votes for Killed trying to attach a ‘votes for houses of parliament women’ scarf to the Queens Horse women’ scarf to the Kings Horse during the 1913 Epsom Derby during the 1913 Epsom Derby 8. The suffragettes and suffragists both stopped campaigning when… Emily Davison died t trying to attach World War I broke out and both It was clear that their campaigns a ‘votes for women’ scarf to the groups agreed to put their efforts were not working, so they gave up. Kings Horse during the 1913 Epsom into helping to win the war. Derby

Many people disagree over how effective the suffragists and suffragettes were at improving the position of women. When they stopped campaigning in 1914, women had not been given suffrage (the right to vote) but they had demonstrated that women were not happy with their limited position and wanted change.

Read through each source or interpretation. 1. Identify if the source or interpretation is talking about the suffragists or suffragettes. 2. Decide if it suggests they helped improve the position of women or if they hindered (stopped) the position of women improving. 3. Give a quote to support your answer.

Source A, From a newspaper article written in 1912, when window breaking was a popular tactic of the suffragettes

“Breaking windows is the best proof that women cannot be trusted to have any political power.”

I can infer that the author of this source thought that the Suffragettes/Suffragists did/did not help change the position of women. A detail that support this is…

Interpretation 1, Written by a historian in the 1960s in a history book

“The Suffragettes brought life back to the women’s rights protest. They knew that peaceful methods would not be enough. The police’s violence towards the Suffragettes also won the Suffragettes support for their bravery.”

I can infer that …

A detail that support this is…

Interpretation 2, By a writer of novels and history books about women in 2000

“It was peaceful protesters, not Suffragettes, who won the vote for women. In 1912, while the Suffragettes set things on fire, peaceful women made agreements with politicians, which eventually got women the vote.”

I can infer that …

A detail that support this is…

Interpretation 3, John D Clare, History Revision Website, 2016

“Some historians argue that, although they could not be seen to give in to Suffragette violence, politicians could not face a return to Suffragette violence after World War One ended, and that is why they gave women the vote in 1918.”

I can infer that …

A detail that support this is…

Source B, Mrs Millicent Fawcett, leader of the suffragists, writing in 1906

“In my opinion, the Suffragettes have done more during the last 12 months than our methods have achieved in 12 years”

I can infer that …

A detail that support this is…

Interpretation 4, written by a historian in the 1970s.

“Women were only given the vote because of what they did in World War I. The Suffragettes and Suffragists had not be campaigning for four years when women got the vote.”

I can infer that …

A detail that support this is…

Challenge! Answer these questions in your books.

4. Read source E again and look at who wrote it. Why might this source be very powerful for supporting the idea that the suffragettes did more to change the position of women than the suffragists?

Turning Point = a decisive/significant moment of change

Were the actions of the suffragists and/or the suffragettes a turning point in the position of women?

Complete the checklist giving examples of the changes that took place because of the suffragettes and/or suffragists

Turning Point Checklist Type of Change: Political Change Social Change Economic Change Extent of Change: None/Tiny/Small/Partial/ None/Tiny/Small/Partial/ None/Tiny/Small/Partial/ Large/massive/complete Large/massive/complete Large/massive/complete Evidence:

Overall, I think the actions of the ______were/were not a turning point in the position of women in the 20th century because______

4. Was World War I the biggest turning point for British Women in the 20th century? How big a turning point was World War I for British Women? Do Now:

1. Suffragists used ______tactics. 2. Suffragettes used ______tactics. 3. There have been ___ female Prime Ministers.

The BBC Bitesize website says that “The Great War (World War I) was a major turning point in the role of women in British society”. This suggests that it must have led to big changes and improvements in the position of women. Today, you will learn about what happened during the war and decide if you agree with the BBC Bitesize website.

If you can watch this video clip: https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/women-at-work-in- ww1/z42jmfr The first time you watch the clip, watch and listen carefully. The second time you watch the clip. Answer the questions below.

If you cannot watch the clip, read the following description of the video:

Jeremy Paxman visits the Royal Gunpowder Mills in Essex to tell us about the million women employed in making munitions, including bullets, shells and guns, and the dangers they faced from explosions and exposure to chemicals.

We hear about the huge increase in quantity and speed of production as a result. Some advanced weapons that had taken a year to make were being made in just 3 weeks. The focus is on the key role of women in the British war effort.

We see archive footage of the millions of British women who entered the workforce during the First World War, taking part in a social revolution by making munitions and replacing absent men in their jobs. We hear about the huge demand for workers to make the munitions being rapidly used up in this new industrial war.

When David Lloyd George became Minister for Munitions in May 1915, he decided to recruit huge numbers of women to make up the shortfall. We see photos and archive footage of women working in factories, fields, as bus conductors and firefighters.

In order to fight World War I the British army needed millions of… Bullets, shells and guns – known as Horses and other animals, to carry Tanks and other vehicles munitions heavy equipment Why women were suddenly wanted to join the workforce? People realised women were strong Lloyd George wanted equality for There were not enough workers women because most working age men joined the army What was different about the jobs that women did during the war? They began to do jobs which only There wasn’t anything different They did jobs that replaced men had done about the jobs they did machines Tick the type of jobs women did during the war. Services (such as the fire service) Farming Factory work Why was being a “munitionette” so dangerous? It was too hard work for women It involved toxic chemicals and the People disliked women working in ammunition could explode the ammunition factories Women were very successful at doing men’s jobs. For example, the time it took to make advanced weapons… Decreased from a year to three Increased from 3 weeks to a year Decreased twentyfold weeks

Turning Point = decisive/significant change. Turning Point = decisive/significant change.

Read the information about women during World War I. 1. Decide if it suggests World War I was or was not a turning point (cross out the wrong one) 2. Explain your decision 3. Categorise the information into political/Social/economic change

1. Women’s employment rates increased during WWI, from 23.6% of the working age population in 1914 to between 37.7% and 46.7% in 1918

This suggests that World War I was/was not a turning point for women because it lead to a large increase in the amount of women in work, rising by around 20%.

This is to do with the ______position of women Social Economic Political

2. With men going off to fight, women were needed to work in areas of work that were formerly reserved for men, for example as railway guards and ticket collectors, buses and tram conductors, postal workers, police, firefighters and as bank ‘tellers’ and clerks.

This suggests that World War I was/was not a turning point for women because______

______

This is to do with the ______position of women Social Economic Political

3. Some women also worked heavy machinery in engineering, and 20,000 joined the land army, taking over from farmers and farm labourers. Many people had said women would not be able to do these jobs because of the physical strength required.

This suggests that World War I was/was not a turning point for women because______

______

This is to do with the ______position of women Social Economic Political

4. Even though women were doing ‘men’s work’, they were still paid less than men were for doing the same job.

This suggests that World War I was/was not a turning point for women because______

______

This is to do with the ______position of women Social Economic Political

5. Women were not allowed to fight in the army. They could take on men’s jobs on the home front (back in England) but they could not become soldiers.

This suggests that World War I was/was not a turning point for women because______

______

This is to do with the ______position of women Social Economic Political

Challenge! Answer this question.

5. In which category did the position of women improve the most during World War I? Why?

Turning Point = a decisive/significant moment of change

Was World War I a turning point for women?

Complete the checklist giving examples of the changes that took place because of World War I

Overall, I think that World War I was/was not a turning point in the position of women in the 20th century because______

______

5. Was World War I the biggest turning point for British Women in the 20th century? Was World War I really a turning point? Do Now

1. During World War I women took on jobs that had previously been considered ‘____ work’.

2. The biggest employer of women were munitions factories, the women who worked there were called ______.

3. Emily Davison died trying to tie a scarf around the neck of the King’s horse, the scarf had the slogan ‘______for ______’.’ on it.

Last lesson we evaluated the claim from the BBC Bitesize website that “The Great War (World War I) was a major turning point in the role of women in British society’. However, we only analysed the position of women during World War I. To fully judge whether World War I was a turning point, we need to see what happened to women after World War I. Were the changes that took place permanent, or did the position of women go back to the way it was before the war?

When the war ended thousands of soldiers were demobilised, this meant that… They kept their jobs as soldiers They left the army and became They were given their old jobs back civilians again What did the Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act promise soldiers? Their old jobs back A house The right to vote What percentage of women were back in domestic service only a few years after World War I? 20% 25% 30% Some jobs were now considered ‘women’s work’, these included… Metal work Farming Clerks and Typists The Sex Discrimination Removal Act (1919) made it easier for some women to get work but married women suffered because… They were paid less than unmarried Marriage bars meant that they had They were less respected than women to leave work unmarried women The Representation of the People 1918 gave the right to vote to… All men and women over the age of All men over the age of 21 and All men over the age of 21 but no 21 women over the age of 30 with women. property

Read through the information about what happened to women after World War I. 1. Decide whether it shows a positive change for women or a negative change. 2. Explain your decision 3. Categorise the change into social, political or economic.

The position of women post World War I Positive or negative change for women Political, Social or Economic?

When the war ended the many women did Positive/Negative because women had to give up Economic/Social not keep their wartime jobs. Over 25% their wartime jobs even though they were good at were back in Domestic Service (working as them and of the women who stayed in maids, cooks, and cleaners) within a few employment, lots went back to ‘traditional’ years of the end of the war women’s jobs.

The 1918 Representation of the People Act Positive/Negative because… enfranchised (the right to vote) 8.5 million women, giving them a voice in Britain's government for the first time.

The Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act in Positive/Negative because… 1919 meant that returning soldiers were given their old jobs back.

Closure of most munitions factories meant Positive/Negative because… women workers were no longer needed.

Marriage Bars were introduced in a number Positive/Negative because… of professions, meaning women were not allowed to carry on working when they got married.

Was World War I really a turning point?

1. Use evidence from last lesson and today to complete the table below. Give specific examples including facts, figures and dates. 2. Label the evidence to show which category it belongs to: political, social, or economic.

Evidence for World War I being a turning point Evidence against World War I being a turning Point

During World War I many women took on men’s jobs

Answer the lesson question, ‘Was World War I really a turning point’?, using the evidence above to help you.

Success criteria: - Judge the extent of change (no change/tiny/small/partial/large/massive/complete) - Judge the length of change (temporary/short-term/long-term) - Give specific examples to support your answer (include facts, figures, dates) - Explain how your examples support your judgements)

In some ways, World War I was a turning point for women.

For example______More specifically______++Futhermore______This meant that World War I could be considered a turning point because______

On the other hand World War I was not a turning point for women.

For example______

More specifically______++Futhermore______This meant that World War I was not a turning point because______

Overall, World War I was/was not a turning point because______

Challenge! Answer these questions in your books.

6. In which category (social, political, economic) did the position of women improve the most because of World War I and in which category did it improve the least? Why?

6. Was World War I the biggest turning point for British Women in the 20th century? Was World War II better for women than World War I? Do Now: 1. Following World War I women over ______who owned property were given the right to vote.

2. However, only a few years after the war, the percentage of working women back in domestic service was ___%

3. Before World War I, women were not allowed to operate heavy machinery because people thought that they were not ______enough.

World War II broke out in 1939 and lasted until 1945. Once again, the turmoil of war would have an impact on the position of women.

World War II was similar to World War I because most working age men… Stayed at home Refused to fight Joined the army This meant that the jobs they left behind needed to be filled by children women Young people One difference between World War I and World War II was that women took on more roles in… factories The military Farming However, women were still not allowed to… fight vote Leave the home

Everybody writes. Complete the sentences

1. Women’s land Army

The Women’s Land Army (WLA) was first created in 1917, during the First World War. It was brought back in World War II because many of the men working on the farms went off to fight and merchant ships carrying food to Britain were being attacked, meaning Britain was reliant on producing her own food. To help increase food production, ‘Land Girls’ were sent out to farms as extra workers. By 1943, more than 80,000 women were working in the Land Army.

A large number came from rural areas and knew what the work would be like, but many of those from towns and cities had a shock in store. Life in the Land Army was very different from the recruitment posters. Land Girls found themselves driving tractors, catching rats, milking cows and harvesting crops. The work was hard, a 50- hour week, involving long days outdoors in all weathers, and the risk of injury.

The Women’s Land Army was not new in World War II, it had been created…

Britain needed women to work on the farms because…

Lots of women joined the Women’s Land Army, more specifically…

The types of jobs the ‘Land Girls’ did included…

Working as ‘Land Girls’ proved that women were capable of ‘men’s work’ because it was..

2. The WAAF

The Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) was formed in June 1939 and by 1943 there were 180,000 women in the WAAF.

To being with, members of the WAAF were given jobs as clerks, kitchen helpers and drivers, meaning the men who had done these jobs could go off and fight. However, more jobs became open to women as the war continued. Women in the WAAF were involved the interception of codes and ciphers, including at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park. They were mechanics, engineers, electricians and fitters for aeroplanes. Many members of the WAAF worked in the radar control system as reporters and plotters, telling the British pilots where the enemy planes were. Their work was vital during the Battle of Britain and later in guiding night-fighter aeroplanes against German bombers.

One of the hardest jobs in the WAAF was the operation of balloons sites. This involved raising and lowering the barrage balloons, which were designed to deter enemy bombers. There were doubts over whether women would have the physical strength or stamina as the balloons were 66 feet long and 30 feet high when inflated. But the female volunteers were so successful that women eventually ran more than 1,000 barrage balloon sites throughout Britain.

One job that the women of the WAAF were not allowed to do was fly. However, as more male pilots were needed fight in the war, the Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA) was created. 150 women flew with the ATA during the war, including the famous pilot Amy Johnson. ATA duties included delivering new planes from factories to RAF units and flying planes back for repairs. All ATA pilots were civilians, as the RAF thought it unacceptable to have women pilots flying military aircraft.

The WAAF was short for the…

At its highest, the number of women in the WAAF was…

Initially, the jobs given to women included…

However, women started taking on other jobs, such as…

Many people thought that women would not be able to operate barrage plans, they thought this because…

Women proved this belief wrong, evidence for this is that…

Some women ended up flying planes as part of the ATA, this involved them…

However, female pilots were not allowed to…

3. Women in vital sectors

With thousands of men away serving in the armed forces, British women took on a variety of jobs during the Second World War. Many of these roles had traditionally been done by men and were thought unsuitable for women because they were dirty or difficult. All over the country, women became train cleaners, bus conductors, volunteer policewomen; they worked with dangerous chemicals in factories, drove tractors on farms and transported coal on barges.

Before long, women made up one third of the total workforce in the metal and chemical industries, as well as in ship-building and vehicle manufacture.

Around 950,000 British women worked in munitions factories during the Second World War, making weapons like shells and bullets. Munitions work was often well-paid but involved long hours, sometimes up to seven days a week. Workers were also at serious risk from accidents with dangerous machinery or when working with highly explosive material.

In February 1944 there was a serious accident at the Royal Ordnance Factory in Kirby, Lancashire. In one building 19 workers, mainly women, were filling trays of anti-tank mine fuses when one of the fuses exploded, setting off the rest of the fuses in the tray.

The Daily Mail Newspaper reported that:

“The girl working on that tray was killed outright and her body disintegrated; two girls standing behind her were partly shielded from the blast by her body, but both were seriously injured, one fatally. The factory was badly damaged: the roof was blown off, electric fittings were dangling precariously; and one of the walls was swaying in the breeze.”

Women took on work considered ‘men’s jobs’ because the work was…

The jobs women took on included…

Women played a large part in many industries, we know this because…

Women took on incredibly dangerous jobs, for example…

The accident at the Royal Ordnance Factory in Kirby, in Feb 1944, shows the dangers women faced during World War II because…

Challenge! Answer these questions in your books.

7. Which category, social, political, or economic, changed the most for women during World War II? Why?

Just like with World War I, however, we need to see if these changes lasted in order to judge whether World War II was really a turning point for women.

Home sweet home?

Once the jubilation at war's end had subsided, did women have anything else to celebrate?

Women were praised for their wartime work, but expected to make way for the returning troops. As after WW1, there was an assumption that their temporary roles had been specifically linked to wartime. The government encouraged a return to domesticity. By 1951 the number of working women had returned almost to the pre-war level and a bar on married women working continued in many jobs. Trade unions still defended higher wages for men, despite an increase in women’s union membership.

The Women’s Land Army continued until 1950 – due to post-war food shortages. Permanent Women’s Services in the military had been created the previous year, with a primarily supporting role. They could not fly aircraft, command ships or fire weapons. A lasting legacy?

Mothers told their daughters what they had done during the war, and how their horizons had been limited afterwards. The 60s and 70s saw the emergence of feminist groups and heightened awareness of gender inequality – campaigning for more rights and greater opportunities saw very many more women aware of their potential and the need for change.

Women were praised for their wartime work, this suggests they had performed ‘men’s’ jobs______. poorly successfully What were women expected to do at the end of the war? Leave their jobs Stay in their jobs Whatever they wanted to do There was a drive to make it clear to women that the roles they had performed during WWII were…. temporary permanent Not important However, some women were allowed to remain in the military. They were allowed to…. Do all the jobs men could do do some jobs, but not others

Even though the number of women in work had dropped to almost pre-war levels by 1951 the changes in the position of women in World War II led to… Campaigning for more rights and The return of the suffragettes Nothing. greater opportunites

How similar were World War I and World War II on the impact they had on the position of women? 1. Complete the table below to show similarities and differences. 2. Judge how similar World War I and World War II were. Hint: Think about the changes that took place and types of work women took on. Also, think about how long these changes lasted for

Similarities between World War I and World War II Differences between World War I and World War II

In both wars, women took on…

Overall, World War I and World War I were not/quite/very similar in their impact on the position of women because

______

7. Was World War I the biggest turning point for British Women in the 20th century? How did access to contraception help women? Do Now 1. Following World War I women over __ who owned property were given the right to vote. 2. However, only a few years after the war, the percentage of working women back in domestic service was ___% 3. Before World War I, women were not allowed to operate heavy machinery because people thought that they were not______enough.

If you can, watch this video clip: https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/how-the-womens- movement-in-britain-fought-for-access-to-birth-control/z77jmfr

The first time you watch the clip, watch and listen carefully. The second time you watch the clip. Answer the questions below.

If you can’t watch the clip, read the following description of the video:

Radio 1 DJ Gemma Cairney traces the history of the women’s movement in Britain and discovers how women fought for access to birth control.

Childbirth in Victorian times was dangerous and difficult. Around 1900 there was a 1 in 20 chance of dying in labour. Victorian families were large and reliable contraception was not available. Even Queen Victoria had 9 children.

Marie Stopes believed that married women had a right to birth control. In 1921 the first birth control clinic in Britain was opened, but only for married women.

In 1961 the contraceptive pill was introduced. Illegal back street abortions were a leading cause of maternal death.

The 1967 Abortion Act made abortion legal and abortion still remains a controversial issue.

How many children did Queen Victoria have? 8 9 10 What proportion of women died in childbirth around 1900? 1 in 20 1 in 15 1 in 10 Having large families meant that poor women especially were tied… To their parents To their jobs To the home In 1921 contraception was available to… Married women All women Women over 30 What was invented in 1961 that changed contraception for women? The cup condoms The pill This form of contraception gave women… the choice of when to get married the choice of when to have children no choice about marriage or children What was the alternative before this? There were no alternatives Back Street Abortions Going to hospital

Abortion was legalised because to prevent pregnant women dying (maternal People making money from Women having too many children death) pregnant women Abortion was legalised in…. 1967 1968 1969

Everybody writes. Complete the sentences

1. How the contraceptive Pill changed Britain

The contraceptive pill has been called the ‘greatest scientific invention’ of the 20th Century. It was invented at a moment of social and political upheaval (change). In 1961, women often married at an early age, and most women were expected to stay at home and raise their expanding family while men went out to work. Contraceptives that prevented pregnancy, such as condoms, were mainly available to men, and most did not use them. This meant women had little choice over if and when they wanted to start a family. The pill changed this. Nowadays, women can choose if and when to have children, to stay in further education and chose their career on their own terms. By being able to choose when and if to have children, women were able to prioritise going to university and their careers, giving them greater chances of higher-skilled jobs and promotions, resulting in many women earning more money.

The pill has been described as ‘the greatest scientific invention’ of the 20th century, in other words…

Expectations of women in 1961 were still mainly the same as they had been for the 1st half of the 20th century because…

The amount of control women had over their own bodies was limited because…

The impact the pill had on the amount of choice women had was huge because…

"I don't think people thought it would be as revolutionary as it was," says Dame Valerie Beral, a professor of at Oxford University, who has spent the last 40 years researching the pill. She added that for women's health, it was the "most important thing in the latter half of the century - no question about it".

Dame Valerie Beral described the pill as ‘revolutionary’, in other words…

She said this because the pill…

2. Legalisation of abortion in England, Wales and Scotland.

The legalisation of abortion in 1967 also played a massive role in improving the health of women. In the decade before 1967, illegal abortion had become the biggest cause of maternal deaths (pregnant women dying), with between 50-60 pregnant women dying each year. If a woman became pregnant, she had very little choice but to have the child or seek a ‘back street abortion’. These were incredibly dangerous operations performed by the women themselves, or other people who usually had no medical training. Diane Munday, a woman who campaigned to legalise abortion, describes how “Women would drink bleach to try to induce miscarriage. They would have very hot baths, or move heavy furniture, or try to do it themselves with a needle or a crochet hook”. She also remembers that “It was illegal. People were sent to prison for having and carrying out abortions. It was never a word that was said. But having an abortion was a common experience for many. But I didn’t even know what it was to think about it”.

People like Diane Munday campaigned for legal abortions to improve women’s health and give them an actual choice. The campaigners received a lot of abuse from people who disagreed with them. At one meeting where Diane had been speaking about legalising abortion, her car was covered in red paint because people accused her of murdering children. Despite these attempts, Abortion was legalised in 1967. This meant women now had the option of a much safer procedure that would take in a hospital, in hygienic conditions.

Before the Abortion Act of 1967 illegal abortions were a huge problem, evidence for this is that…

Women had a terrible choice to make because back street abortions were…

It was also dangerous for the people performing back street abortions, because if they were caught…

People campaigning to legalise abortions did not have an easy job, for example…

The legalisation of Abortions in 1967 gave women a much better choice because…

1. Draw arrows to show the links between the different boxes 2. Label the links to show how the two boxes are connected

Abortion Act

Financial 1961 Independence

Social change Further Education 1967

More choice Economic for women change

Political change Invention of the Pill Reduced number of deaths

Control over their own bodies

Challenge! Answer these questions in your books.

8. Which category, social, political, or economic, did the invention of the pill and the legalisation of abortion change the most for women? Why?

8. Was World War I the biggest turning point for British Women in the 20th century? What did women’s lib’ achieve? Do Now:

1. The pill was invented in ____ .

2. Abortion was legalised in England, Scotland and Wales in _____ .

3. In the early 1900s only ___% of married women were employed.

If you can, watch the video clip here https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/clips/zr37pv4. The first time you watch the clip, watch and listen carefully. The second time you watch the clip. Answer the questions below.

If you can’t read the following:

The 1960s saw a boom in the number of jobs available to young, single women. More girls went on to higher education and in 1962 there were over 26,000 girls at university. Having lived away from home, and with greater intellectual and financial independence, many women could now have aspirations beyond being a wife or mother. Advertisers celebrated these ‘new’ women in a bid for their cash. Feminism began to find a voice in society, with movements like Women’s Lib demanding equal pay and opportunity

What changed in the 1960s to improve the economic position of women? A boom large (increase) in the A small increase in the number of A decrease in the number of jobs number of jobs for single women jobs for single women available to single women How many women were at university in 1962? Over 25,000 Over 26,000 Over 27,000 What impact did this have on women? It gave women greater expectations It made women want to be wives It had no impact on women and mothers What was the name of the campaign for women’s rights in the 1960s and 70s? Women’s Freedom Women’s movement Women’s Lib (short for liberation) What was the key demand of their movement? Votes for women Equal pay and equal opportunities Education for women Everybody writes. Complete the sentences 1. Read about each act and decide if it improved the social, political, and/or economic position of women. 2. Explain your choice. (Hint: Did it give women more freedom/independence/choice? Did it give women more power and control? Did it make women more equal with men in society?)

1. 1967—Abortion Law Reform Act

Abortion becomes legal up to 28 weeks of pregnancy.

This improved the Social/Political/Economic position of women because ______43

2. 1967– Contraceptive pill available from family planning clinics Women, regardless of whether they are married can get the pill.

This improved the Social/Political/Economic position of women because ______

3. 1970- Equal Pay Act

This law made it illegal to pay women less for doing the same job as a man

This improved the Social/Political/Economic position of women because ______

4. 1975– Sex Discrimination Act

It is illegal for employers to discriminate against women at work due to their gender.

This improved the Social/Political/Economic position of women because ______

5. 1975 Employment Protection Act

Women were given the right to 24 weeks of leave from work when pregnant/ having given birth. It is made illegal to sack someone for being pregnant.

This improved the Social/Political/Economic position of women because ______

6. 1979 Margaret Thatcher becomes the first female Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is elected to be the Prime Minister in the 1979 general election

This improved the Social/Political/Economic position of women because ______

7. 1980 Monetary Control Act Women were able to get a loan, or credit, in their own name for the first time rather than having their husband or father get it for them.

This improved the Social/Political/Economic position of women because ______

Challenge! Answer these questions in your books.

9. Which of these changes to the law improved the position of women the most? Why did it help women more than the other changes?

1. Did the laws change everyone’s attitudes towards women?

“Despite the 1970 Equal Pay Act, a gender pay gap still exists today. In some professions and at some levels women’s wages are equal to men’s. But on average women are still paid less than men to do the same jobs. In the 1970s women, on average, were paid about 50% of men’s wages in manufacturing and the professions.”

Quote from the British Library Website, in an article called ‘Sisterhood and After’

What can you infer from the article about the position of women in Britain today?

I can infer…

A detail that supports this is…

This suggests that the legal changes led to no/a slight/a partial/a large/a complete improvement in the position of women because…

This picture shows the Grunwick Strike, which took place from August 1976 to July 1978. The workers at the Grunwick Film Processing Laboratory were mostly Asian women, who were paid incredibly low wages and worked long hours in terrible conditions. In order to improve their conditions, they went on strike. The strike was led by Jayaben Desai, and after her and her co-workers spent a few months picketing outside the Grunwick factory, the cause of the Grunwick strikers was taken up by the wider trade union movement (organisations that support the rights of workers) of the day. By June 1977 there were marches in support of the Grunwick strikers, and on some days more than 20,000 people packed themselves into the narrow lanes near Dollis Hill tube station.

What can you infer from the article about the position of women in Britain in the 1970s?

I can infer…

A detail that supports this is…

This suggests that the legal changes that had taken place led to no/a slight/a partial/a large/a complete improvement in the position of women because…

Turning Point = a decisive/significant moment of change

Was the Women’s liberation campaign and the legal changes they achieved a turning point for women?

Complete the checklist giving examples of the changes that took place because of Women’s lib

Overall, I think that Women’s liberation was/was not a turning point in the position of women in the 20th century because______

______

“World War I the biggest turning point for British Women in the 20th century”, how far do you agree?

1. The 20th Century began in the year 1899 1900 1901

2. War was a key feature of the twentieth century, which wars changed the position of women? Battle of Hastings and World War I and World Battle of Hastings and English Civil War and World War II War II World War I World War I

3. What is the definition of a ‘turning point’ in history? An event or period that resulted in An event or period that resulted in An event of period that resulted in a small change decisive and significant change change in the position of women 4. When Dame Valerie Beral, a professor of at Oxford University, said the ‘pill was revolutionary’ she meant that The pill overthrew the government and caused violence The pill resulted in a large change in the position of and bloodshed women You are now going to prepare to answer our enquiry question. First, complete the quiz below. Then plan your essay. Finally, write up your essay. Remember, a turning point is a moment of decisive change, do you agree that World War I changed the course of the position of women, or do you think it was another event or period you have studied.

Position of women quiz

b) The position of women in the 1900 compared to today

1. In the early 1900s the percentage of married women in work was 9% 10% 11% 2. In the early 1900s almost all women left education at the age of 10 11 12 3. In the early 1900s people who had the right to vote included All men and women Some men and no women Some men and some women 4. Many people thought that women should not be involved in politics because they were (pick 2) Physically weak Too emotional Too intelligent Too strong Too busy Too stupid 47

5. Women did work in the early 1900s, but most of their jobs were… Low skilled Highly skilled Well paid 6. Women were not allowed to be MPs in the early 1900s, this meant they were limited… Socially Economically Politically 7. Today, 72% of working age women are now employed, this shows that… The economic position of women The social position of women has The political position of women has has improved improved got worse 8. The political position of women has improved since the early 1900s, this is demonstrated by the fact that the UK has had… 1 female Prime Minister 2 female Prime Ministers 3 female Prime Ministers 9. Today, women are more likely to go to university than men, in fact, they are… 30% more likely to go 35% more likely to go 40% more likely to go 10. The economic position of women has improved, but it still not equal to men as, on average, men earn… 9.0% more than women 9.1% more than women 9.2% more than women 11. The social position of women refers to… How much control they have over how and when they How much control they have over how the country is spend their time, including starting a family and run, including voting and becoming members of staying in education. parliament. c) Women’s Suffrage

1. Women’s Suffrage refers to… How much suffering women went Women having the right to vote How much suffering women put through members of parliament through 2. The group of women who used peaceful tactics such as petitions and marches were called the Suffragists Suffragettes 3. The group of women who used militant tactics, such as chaining themselves to railings and blowing up letter boxes were called the…Why did water from the Aldgate Pump taste strange? Suffragists Suffragettes

4. Emily Davison was killed trying to attach a ‘votes for women’ scarf to the Queens Horse during the 1913 Epsom Derby. She was a member of the Suffragists Suffragettes 5. Both the Suffragists and the Suffragettes agreed to stop campaigning when… Women had been given the right to Politicians told them women would World War I broke out in 1914 vote not get the right to vote

d) World War I 1. During World War I jobs that had been previously been considered ‘men’s work’ were taken over by… Young children Women Old people 2. In order to fight the war, millions of munitions were needed. Munitions means… Guns, Bullets, and shells Horses and other animals Tanks, Airplanes and other military vehicles 3. Women who made these munitions were known as Munitionittes Munitionettes Munitionists 4. Which of the following jobs were women not allowed to do during World War I Farmers Railway gaurds Postal workers firefighters Bank clerks Soldiers 5. World War I improved the economic positon of women, for example women employment rates increased to.. Between 37.7% and 46.7% Between 23..6% and 46.7% Between 23..6% and 37.7% 6. When World War I ended, thousands of soldiers were demobilised. This meant that… 48

They kept their jobs as soldiers They left the army and became They were given their old jobs back civilians again 7. Which Act promised men their jobs back? 1918 Representation of the People 1919 Restoration of Pre War 1919 Sex Discrimination Removal Act Practices Act Act 8. However, after the war some jobs were no longer considered ‘men’s work’, these included… Clerks and typists Metal Work Farming 9. The political position of women improved after World War I when the vote was given to… All men and women over the age of All men over the age of 21 and All men over the age of 21 but no 21 women over the age of 30 with women. property 10. The introduction of marriage bans after World War I meant that women were not allowed… To get married To carry on working in some jobs if To carry on working in some jobs if they got married they were not married

e) World War II 1. World War II was similar to World War I because most working age men… Stayed at home Refused to fight Joined the army 2. One difference between World War I and World War II was that women took on more roles in… factories The military farming 3. The women who took over working on farms were known as the ‘Women’s Land Army’, they were nicknamed Land workers Land Women Land Girls 4. By 1943 over 180,000 had women joined the WAAF. The WAAF stood for the… Women’s Auxiliary Airforce Women’s Auxiliary Army Force Women’s Assistant Airforce 5. By working on barrage balloons, women in the WAAF proved that they were… Stronger than people thought More intelligent than people Less emotional than people thought thought 6. However, when the war ended many women were expected to Leave their jobs Stay in their jobs Do whatever they wanted to do

f) Contraception and Abortion 1. What form of contraception was invented in 1961 that changed the position of women? The cup condoms The pill 2. This form of contraception gave women… the choice of when to get the choice of when to have no choice about marriage or married children children 3. This improved the social position of women because it meant that they could choose to continue their… Education Career 4. Abortion was legalised because to prevent pregnant women dying (maternal People making money from Women having too many children death) pregnant women 5. Abortion was legalised in…. 1969 1968 1967 6. Before Abortion was legalised, the number of women dying from backstreets abortions was between… 40-50 50-60 60-70

g) Campaigning for Equal rights and legal changes in the 1960s/70s/80s 1. What was the name of the campaign for women’s rights in the 1960s and 70s? Women’s Freedom Women’s movement Women’s Lib (short for liberation)

2. Which Act changed made it illegal to pay women less for doing the same job as a man… 1970 – Equal Pay Act 1975 – Sex Discrimination Act 1980 – Monetary Control Act 3. The economic position of women improved when they were able to get their own loans, rather than having to get them in the name of their husband or father, the Act that led to this improvement was the… 1970 – Equal Pay Act 1975 – Sex Discrimination Act 1980 – Monetary Control Act 4. The economic positon of women did not change completely however, because in the manufacturing Women’s wages were 50% less than Women’s wages were 50% more Women’s wages were 40% less than men’s than men’s men’s 5. The Grunwick Strike took place from August 1976-July 1978 July 1976- August 1978 July 1977-August 1978 6. The workers, who were mainly Asian women, went on strike because of low wages and long hours, many people supported the women and on some days the number of people was… Under 20,000 20,000 Over 20,000

9: World War I was the biggest turning point for British women in the 20th century. How far do you agree?

Historians agree that the position of women has changed since the start of the 20th century (1900). However, historians disagree over the exent (size) of change and when the most decisive and significant change took place.

As we have seen in the past few lessons, the BBC Bite size websites state that ‘“The Great War (World War I) was a major turning point in the role of women in British society”, however, others such as Dame Valerie Beral, a professor of at Oxford University, might claim that the major turning point was women gaining access to effective contraception in 1961. Others would claim that the Women’s Liberation Campaign changed the law more than any other event or campaign, and therefore, that Women’s Lib was the biggest turning point.

Turning Point Explain: In other words a turning point is…

Example: Examples of possible turning points in the position of women in the 20th century…

“ Position of women” In other words…

Evidence that the political position of women changed in the 20th century…

Evidence that the social position of women changed in the 20th century…

Evidence that the economic position of women changed in the 20th century…

PARAGRAPH ONE: World War I. Instructions for great writing: 1. Write out the BBC Biteszie quote about WWI and paraphrase it. 2. Describe examples of political, social, and economic change caused by World War I. 3. Explain why these examples demonstrate a change in the position of women 4. Use a counter-point to explain why World War I is not a turning point 5. Evaluate: overall, does this agree or disagree with World War I being the biggest turning point 6. Challenge; give more examples at bullet point 2 and 4.

The BBC Bitesize website says that ‘“The Great War (World War I) was a major turning point in the role of women in British society”, meaning that it was when the position of women changed most significantly in the 20th century.

There is a large amount of evidence that agrees with this interpretation. For example, the economic position of women improved dramatically as women took over the jobs previously done by the men who had joined the army. More specifically, women were employed in dangerous jobs and jobs that required physical labour, including making munitions, as munitionettes, working in factories, and on the farms. This resulted in the economic position of women dramatically improving during the war because many women earned their own money for the first time and were less reliant on men such as their husbands and fathers. However, these changes were short live, as when the war ended and the men returned, many women were forced to give up their jobs as a result of the Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act in 1919. Overall, World War I could be considered a turning point because it was the first time women had taken on many jobs that they had previously not been allowed to do, but because the changes were only short-term, it was not the biggest turning point in the 20th century. Rewrite For example..

More specifically..

Furthermore…

In addition….

This meant that….

This led to…

However + because…

Factor+because…

This agrees/disagrees with the interpretation that World War I was the biggest turning point in the position of women because…

PARAGRAPH TWO: Suffragettes & Suffragists/World War II/Contraception/Women’s Lib Instructions for great writing: 1. State your second turning point 2. Describe examples of political, social, and economic change caused by World War I. 3. Explain why these examples demonstrate a change in the position of women 4. Use a counter-point to explain why World War I is not a turning point 5. Evaluate: overall, does this agree or disagree with World War I being the biggest turning point 6. Challenge; give more examples at bullet point 2 and 4.

Notes from discussion

For example..

More specifically..

Furthermore…

In addition….

This meant that….

This led to…

However + because…

This agrees/disagrees with the interpretation that World War I was the biggest turning point in the position of women because…

PARAGRAPH THREE: Suffragettes & Suffragists/World War II/Contraception/Women’s Lib Instructions for great writing: 7. State your second turning point 8. Describe examples of political, social, and economic change caused by World War I. 9. Explain why these examples demonstrate a change in the position of women 10. Use a counter-point to explain why World War I is not a turning point 11. Evaluate: overall, does this agree or disagree with World War I being the biggest turning point 12. Challenge; give more examples at bullet point 2 and 4.

Notes from discussion

For example..

More specifically..

Furthermore…

In addition….

This meant that….

This led to…

However + because…

This agrees/disagrees with the interpretation that World War I was the biggest turning point in the position of women because…

PARAGRAPH FIVE: Conclusion Instructions for great writing: 1. Summarise your overall opinion about World War I as the biggest turning point in the 20th Century 2. Summarise the evidence about World War I as a turning point 3. Summarise the evidence about your second choice as a turning point 4. Summarise the evidence about your third choice as a turning point 5. Explain your overall opinion about the biggest turning point in the 20th century

Overall I slightly/partially/fully/do not agree with the BBC that World War I was the major turning point in the position of women in the 20th century. World War I could be considered a turning point because…

______could also be considered a turning point because…

Finally, ______could similarly be considered a turning point because…

Therefore I slightly/partially/fully/do not agree with the BBC that World War I was the major turning point in the position of women in the 20th century.

Learning Ladder I can…. Prove it!

Identify events key features of events that have affected the 1. List 3 ways in which women were limited in the early position of women 1900s 2. List 3 ways in which the position of women is different today than it was in the 1900s. 3. List 3 changes that took place during World War I 4. List 3 changes that took place after World War I 5. List 3 changes took place during or after World War II 6. List 2 changes that improved women’s health in the 1960s 7. List 4 laws that changed as a result of Women’s lib Describe events relating to the position of women. 1.. Describe 4 ways in which women were limited in the early 1900s Say a lot about a little, try and include at least 2. Describe 3 ways in which the position of women is three details. different today than it was in the 1900s. • For example…More specifically…. This meant 3. Describe changes that took place during World War I 4. Describe 3 changes that took place after World War I that… 5. Describe 3 3 changes took place during or after World War Women were limited economically in the early 1900s. For II example, many women did not have jobs. More specifically, 6. Describe 2 changes that improved women’s health in the only 11% of married women were employed, and even 1960s women who did work were paid low wages. This meant that 7. Describe 4 laws that changed as a result of Women’s lib women earnt very little money of their own and, as a result, 55 had very little financial independence. Most women had to rely on their husbands or fathers to support them. Explain the rate, nature and extent of changes of the position For each of the questions 1-7 above, identify and explain the of women rate, nature and extent of change

Use the change and continuity words. • The rate/nature/extent of this change was … because…

The position of women today has changed massively since the early 1900s. The nature of this change has been social, political and economic, because women have far more choice over how to spend their time and when and if to have a family, have a much larger say in how the country is run, and have a lot more financial independence with greater career prospects. Evaluate an historian’s interpretation of the Norman Overall, how far do you agree with the BBC that “The Great Conquest War (World War I) was a major turning point in the role of women in British society?” 6. Summarise you overall opinion about the BBC’s interpretation of World War I Overall I agree with the BBC’s interpretation that World War I was a major turning point to a large/certain/small extent.

7. Summarise the evidence that agrees with The BBC On the one hand, the BBC is right to argue that World War I 8. Summarise the evidence that disagrees with improved the position of women, such as… The BBC 9. Explain your overall opinion of the BBC’s However, this ignores the fact that…

interpretation Therefore, I agree to a large/certain/small extent because…

Glossary of Academic Vocabulary

Word Definition Because But So

Political

Social

Economic To do with money, work, jobs and finance Women were limited economically in the The economic position of women improved early 1900s because most women did not during World War I as they took on men’s work work and relied on their husbands for but this soon changed back when men took money over their old jobs again after the war.

Continue in the back of your exercise book