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ON OFFICIAL TRAVEL AMERICAN FOREIGN How various federal employees travel officially was being scrutinized from a SERVICE ASSOCIATION number of different angles this spring. As our national press pored over Governing Board presidential Chief of Staff John Sununu’s use of Air Force Gulfstream jets for mixed President. THEODORE S. WILKINSON State Vice President: RICHARD MILTON missions around the United States, the Washington Times zeroed in on a 10-day AID Vice President: PAULA BRYAN trip to the Paris air show in June, for which the prospective bill was said to be close USIA Vice President VANCE PACE Retiree Vice President: CHARLES A. SCHMITZ to $1 million Meanwhile, there was controversy within Foreign Service channels Secretary: MICHAEL COTTER about the requirement that employees use discounted airline fares for all their own Treasurer: MICHAEL DAVILA State Representatives: PURNELL DELLY official travel. And the Department of State’s historian published a most interesting DAVID T. JONES anthology on the Foreign Travels of the Secretary’ of State, 1866-1990. THOMAS MILLER SANDRA ODOR The White House is examining Mr. Sununu’s travel to ensure it meets ethical HARRY GALLAGHER standards, and there’s no reason for us to comment on it, except to note that budget AID Representatives: HELENE KAUFMAN USIA Representative: BERNARD HENSGEN austerity can be effective only if it’s observed across the board. Retired Representatives: JOHN J. HARTER Employee travel: The issue for Foreign Service people is avoiding missteps that L, BRUCE LAINGEN can cost them dearly during travel on temporary duty or between assignments. The DAVID SCHNEIDER Staff controversy was fueled by an article in the official State Department Newsletter Executive Director: SABINE SISK bringing home that when employees deviate from the department’s cut-rate Business Department contract fare arrangements with specified airlines, the differentials they may have Controller: CATHY FREGELETTE Executive Assistants- SANDRA DOUGLAS. to pay can mount rapidly into thousands of dollars. Furthermore, each individual STACEY M. CUMMINGS is responsible for his or her own travel, even if given incorrect advice about the Administrative Assistant CHAMPA JARMl L Lef>a I Services department’s often complex tangle of contracts. This stirred a hornet’s nest of General Counsel: TURN A R. LEWIS predictable questions, such as why the department hires travel clerks at all. State’s Legal Assistant: MARK W. SMITH Law Clerk: CHRISTIE E-LOON WOO administrative bureau has now sent a conciliatory circular message offering Member Sendees patience and counsel. But the facts are the facts. Personal responsibility for travel Director: CHRIS BAZAR Representative: CATHERINE SCHMITZ is in federal regulations, and no single agency can alter that. AFSA is looking for DEBORAH M. LEAHY ways to enhance the flexibility of the “city pair” contract system, but we cannot Membership Semces Director. JANET L. HEDRICK expect any basic change in the current system for official travel by foreign affairs Assistant IRENE LOWY agency employees. Professional Issues- RICHARD S. THOMPSON Travels with the secretary: If all of this leads you to ask yourself, “Is this trip Congressional Liaison: ROBERT M. BEERS necessary?”, the historian’s new survey suggests that modem secretaries of state KICK WEISS and their entourages might well ask the same question. Assuming that the historian Scholarship-Programs: GAIL VOLK Outreach Program didn’t overlook anything, no U.S. secretary of State traveled abroad on official Director: CHARLES SCHMITZ business between 1869 and 1905. Secretaries Root and Knox made 23 official trips Outreach Coordinator. JASON L. FELDMAN Outreach Assistant: CHRISTOPH DHEIN in the next eight years, all but one in this hemisphere. Dean Acheson made 22 trips The American Foreign Service Association, founded in 1924. is the professional association of the Foreign in fouryears, mostly now to Europe, but the first real quantum leap came with John Service and the official representative of all Foreign Foster Dulles, who managed to travel abroad on the average more than once a Service employees in the Department of State and the Agency for International Dev elopment under the terms month over the next six years, with destinations in eveiy corner of the globe. of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired Secretary Kissinger set new records with some 214 countries visited in three and employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Associ¬ a half years, or nearly five countries per month. George Shultz maintained nearly ate membership is open to persons having an interest in or close association with the Foreign Service. Annual the same pace over six years, and James Baker appeared to be operating at a pace dues: Active Members—$80-165; Retired Members— §43-55; Associate Members—$45. All AFSA members equal to Kissinger’s in his first 20 months, when the historian’s study ends. are members of the Foreign Service Club. Please note: AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may Far be it from us to suggest that travel by foreign ministers should or even could be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business be rolled back to the practice of the last century. Indeed, there’s a great deal to be expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship and AFSA Fund donations may lie deductible as said for forcing the definition and resolution of key issues by scheduling meetings charitable contributions. of ministers. But every once in a while we should count the costs—not just in time AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION. 2101 E Street NW, Washington. D.C. 20037. Executive offices, mem¬ and money, but in wear and tear on the ministers themselves, and in opportunities bership. professional issues, scholarship programs, insurance programs, JOURNAL offices: (202) 338-4045. foregone for achieving the same results at lower levels and in regular diplomatic Governing Board, standing committees, general coun¬ sel. labor-management relations, member services, channels. If there are savings to be had on official travel, let's make them at every grievances: (202) 647-8160. . FAX: (202) 338-6820 . level of the government. Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730. —TED WILKINSON

2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 FOREIGN SERVICE JUNE 1991 JOURNAL VOL. 68, NO. 6

Editorial Board Chairman HOWARD SCHAFFER

RICHARD AHERNE WILLIAM BEECHER C. STUART CALLISON HELEN STROTHER FOUCHE JOE B. JOHNSON BENJAMIN LOWE DANIEL NELSON HANS N. TUCH THEODORE S. WILKINSON China’s Problem 20 Speaking Out

“The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service” FEATURES

Editor From the Field: Taking Children out otthe Mainstream 15 ANNE STEVENSON-YANG Associate Editor: PAT OLSEN NANCY A. JOHNSON Assistant Editor/Advertising Manager China’s Problem Exorcising Mao 20 JULIA T. SCHIEKEN A. DANE BOWEN JR Editorial Assistant: DEREK TERRELL Design: Speaking Out: The Personal Side of Diplomacy 26 MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS DAVID D. NEWSOM

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990, is FOCUS: INTEGRATING ECONOMIES published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions Countering the Cold Warriors of Trade 30 of the writers and does not necessarily represent DORAL COOPER the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries are JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members -$9-50 included in annual dues; others - $40. Overseas Buying and Selling the USA: An Interview with Gary Hufbauer 32 subscription (except Canada) - $50 per year. Airmail not available. Partners or Rivals? America and the European Community 35 Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. ROBERT A. POLLARD and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. The Trade Agreement with Mexico 39 Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library SUSAN KAUFMAN PURCELL Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries America Inc.: A Strategy for Telecommunications 42 invited. The appearance of advertisements herein EDWARD J. MARKEY does not imply the endorsement of the services or goods offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 • TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045 or 338-4054. Diplomats in History: Trade in the Congo 46 American Foreign Service Association 1991 Books 48 John D. Stempel on moral choice in foreign policy; Jack H. Shellenberger on Charles Kuralt; Terry Jones on the Japanese business family Cover art DEPARTMENTS for the Journal AFSA Views 2 In Memory 45 Letters 4 Marketplace 53 by Washington area artist Clippings 8 Real Estate 56 50 Years Ago 13 Classifieds 60 G. Quinn Foreign Service Quiz 13 AFSA News 62

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 3 LATIN SOLUTIONS ing space to this “close enemy.” scheme, a variant on debt for equity and Alberto M. Fernandez debt for nature? To THE EDITOR: The ivriter is a Foreign Service officer Wayne Smith’s point that Cuba is not I was very disappointed with, but with USIA. Eastern Europe is well taken. Castro hardly surprised by, Wayne Smith’s ar¬ may not fall. But Smith’s is the classic ticle, “A Pragmatic Cuba Policy” in the To THE EDITOR: prescription of negotiations for negotia¬ April issue of the FSJ. As he has clearly The thoughtful issue on Central tions’ sake. Like Ahab and Moby Dick, demonstrated in his recent book and America [ FSJ, April 1991] shows how far the Cuban-American community and many articles, Smith has been itching to we have come from the lunacy of the Castro are locked in anger. Florida’s get the U.S. to recognize the aging 1980s (or was it the 1890s?). By the time electoral vote and Castro’s obduracy Caribbean tyrant for almost a decade this reaches print, there may be a doom incremental negotiations. Forget now. Although he now foresees the ceasefire in El Salvador, at last bringing about talking with Castro, and act on possibility that Castro may indeed be on an end to the killing by complying with what Oscar Alias said to me about the way out, he cannot seem to aban¬ a key provision of the Guatemala Accords Nicaragua on the eve of the 1988 don the hope, which he has expressed of August 1987, which brought peace ceasefire: “Dictators need enemies. . . . so widely, that we will have to “begin an and democracy to Nicaragua. If so, Don’t give them an excuse.” Why not issue-by-issue negotiating process” with pressure for ceasefire in Guatemala may end Castro’s excuse—the economic the Havana dictatorship . . . Smith become irresistible. embargo—and watch Cuba change? helpfully offers that the issues of human George Gedda’s article should pro¬ Commerce changed Spain under Franco, rights and democracy would be “inap¬ voke reflection about the differences another personal dictatorship supported propriate” for us to bring up with the among Afghanistan, Nicaragua, and by ideological structures that had rotted Cuban dictator. He never tells us why Southern Africa that made it impossible away under the dictator’s feet. we shouldn’t bring up these important for the “Reagan Doctrine” to fit at all well Frank McNeil matters, but he does chide the Bush outside of Afghanistan. But looking The author is former ambassador to Administration for “moving up the ahead is more important, particularly to Costa Rica. goalposts” by making them a central the tough issue that Cresencio Arcos theme of U.S. policy. raised in his article: shrinking Central WAYNE SMITH REPLIES: Surely his selection of our diplomacy America’s bloated militaries, which drain Mr. Fernandez is misinformed on the toward post-Tiananmen Square China the economy and threaten democracy. historical facts. The United States ex¬ and apartheid South Africa, both coun¬ Ideally, the Costa Rican solution— tended recognition to the Castro gov¬ tries where human rights and democ¬ abolish the military in favor of a modest ernment in January of 1959 and has racy are appropriate issues for discus¬ civil guard—is the best. But outside of never withdrawn it. I wouldn’t waste an sion, as precedents for dialogue with Panama it seems impractical for now. itch on something that has existed for 30 the Castro regime are unfortunate. A The region, however, has committed to years. much better comparison would be with force reductions, and Nicaragua’s What I have called for is a process of the recently concluded reestablishment President Violeta Chamorro has already negotiating our differences with Cuba. I of U.S. diplomatic relations with Alba¬ made significant cuts. If the solution— did not say in the article that we should nia (a country that Cuba has been major cuts in the military in El Salvador, not bring up human rights and internal resembling more and more throughout Guatemala, and Honduras—is obvious, liberalization. On the contrary, it is clear the Castro years), which occurred only making them jobless is too risky. The that while neither would be an appro¬ after Tirana had already announced the military need to be pensioned, given priate issue to place on the fonnal first multi-party elections in over 50 grub stakes, perhaps land in some places. agenda, there would have to be progress years. Since our assistance paid for the build¬ in both in order for the process to move Perhaps the real pragmatic policy is up, it would be just to use military aid to ahead. Why not on the agenda? Be¬ to do absolutely nothing and watch pay for the cuts. But the idea runs cause no self-respecting government from a safe distance as still another athwart our budget realities .What about sits down to negotiate its internal affairs bloated and brutal Marxist regime col¬ combining resources in the Inter- with another. And in that sense, the lapses from the weight of its own inter¬ American Bank (which receives sub¬ examples I gave are entirely cogent. nal contradictions. We should do noth¬ scriptions from Europe, Japan, and the Our policy of constructive engagement ing that would give comfort or breath¬ United States) with a debt for military in South Africa, for example, did not

4 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 involve U.S. and South African diplo¬ mats sitting down to negotiate the end of apartheid. Rather, it was a matter of the United States’ making it clear that our relations would prosper if there was progress toward that goal and suffer if there was not. That has been our ap¬ proach with most countries where such THE VIRGINIAN concerns have been present. Why not with Cuba? And as for Frank McNeil’s sugges¬ OFFERS THE LOWEST tion, I agree in principle. The embargo is indeed more of an excuse than a hindrance to Castro. That is not the SHORT AND 1JDNG TERM perception in the United States, how¬ ever, and it is therefore most unlikely that any president would simply lift it and move directly to full nonnalization RATES. with Cuba, even though that is the one thing we could do that would most perplex Castro. I am thus left to recom¬ mend incremental negotiations leading to normalization—whatever a small GUARANTEED. group in Miami may think of that strategy. you’d find at home, as well as some Such negotiations may be second best, you normally wouldn’t: • maid but they are feasible. Unfortunately, the service • outdoor swimming course Ambassador McNeil and I would pool and sundeck • men’s and both prefer is not. women’s sauna • fully furnished kitchens • individual heating and air conditioning • assigned out¬ door parking • cable television To THE EDITOR: with free HBO • maintenance . . . This historian dissents from services • coin-operated laundry [Charles] Maechling’s statement (“Dip¬ Now you can lease hotel facilities on premises • same day lomatic Scandal in Washington,” FSJ, convenience and residential laundry and valet service. April 1991) that, “historians agree that if comfort with a spacious apart¬ Located just a 10 minute Lord Grey had been able to confer with ment that costs a fraction of what walk from the Rosslyn Metro, President Wilson in the critical weeks you’d normally pay for a small The Virginian truly puts you before the Senate vote [on the League of hotel room. close to whatever your needs, The Virginian, overlooking business or pleasure. Nations], when the effects of the stroke Rosslyn, Virginia, is a short or For information, just call had worn off, he might have been able long term apartment residence our Sales Department at to soften the president’s opposition to with most of the amenities (703) 522-9600. the reservations without compromise wording.” I believe most historians would strongly doubt that Grey could have had such an impact on Wilson’s thinking and political posture so late in the day. Frank W. Brecher Neiv York, New York

CAREERS FOR SPOUSES Hotel Convenience To THE EDITOR: with Residential Comfort. The American Family Member Asso¬ ciate Program (AFMA), which the de¬ partment announced recently to over¬ 1500 Arlington Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22209 703-522-9600 seas posts, is presented as a first step in the department’s efforts to “improve

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 5 LETTER oppoitunities for spouses interested in quests it through the personnel or fam¬ must then determine whether there are pursuing more productive and reward¬ ily liaison system.Such a program would acceptable options within the system. ing employment with the service while be similarto the one recently announced The few positions offered under the PIT accompanying an employee on an for training for teaching positions. But it system are usually of short duration. overseas assignment.” would prepare spouses for a greater They are frequently offered during the The directive announces the variety of positions; and also allow for period corresponding to nonnal vaca¬ department’s decision to create a spe¬ the hiring of spouses for some jobs now tion travel to accommodate a primary cial program for spouses who want a performed by host country nationals. officer, who will return to claim his long-temi relationship with the gov¬ According to die Family Liaison Of¬ position. ernment. It also explains that only per¬ fice in Washington, spouse employ¬ Tire tandem couple relationship was sons currently employed by the govern¬ ment ranks as the number one issue of created in response to the emergent ment may apply for tire program, and it concern to families serving overseas. dual-career family in America. It is now gives application procedures. Since this is clearly the case, why is the time for a coherent and concrete ap¬ What is not clear from the directive is department’s response so tentative on proach that provides realistic work op¬ the content of the program itself—and this issue? Many families have already tions for the long term, both overseas what measures will address the needs of made the decision to live separately rather and in Washington, for those spouses spouses who are not currently em¬ than to endure postings offering no who are not following the ttaditional ployed by the department. oppoitunities for spouse career devel¬ dual-career pattern. Creating such a Many questions are left unanswered. opment. The resultant family problems program will benefit both the depart¬ What, for example, does “associate” mean? are beginning to be seen worldwide. ment and the families within it. Failure Are positions in this program extensions A spouse of an FSO or other govern¬ to act on this now will undoubtedly of existing PIT [part-time, intermittent, ment official working overseas is buf¬ have serious consequences for our gov¬ and temporary] and contract positions? feted continually between two mark¬ ernment services abroad. How are the responsibilities/benefits of edly different and difficult job markets— Dorothy P. Tua the new program different from these a highly competitive urban market on Embassy Brasilia temporary positions? Are new positions the one hand, and a highly specialized being created within the department as or greatly underdeveloped market on “MISSING" JUSTICE well as overseas? the other. The posting abroad frequendy If the program is designed only for calls for full language fluency for em¬ To THE EDITOR: those who already have interim appoint¬ ployment consideration. The spouse’s I should like to take this opportunity ments, then tire interests of other spouses position in Washington is hampered by to tell how the litigation for defamation in the service who might want to work the demographics of diat market, making against the makers of the film “Missing” will not be served. Furthennore, those it likely that he or she will have to finally came out and to thank the hun¬ who will benefit presumably will be contend with a series of part-time or dreds of friends in and out of the those willing to accept jobs of less temporary positions, with their attendant Foreign Service who contributed [to the responsibility, in exchange for the privi¬ consequences for career development. litigation fund] and lent moral as well as lege of a “continuing” relationship. The patchwork job history resulting material support to us. The generosity Much more is necessary in address¬ from these changes creates difficulties of [AFSA and AAFSW] and individual ing the vital issue of spouse employ¬ in each new environment. Even worse contributors was moving and heart¬ ment within our service. The changes is the psychological effect of this pattern warming. It meant a great deal to all of which have taken place in our society of continual trial and retrial. The Foreign us who were carrying forward this effort are not yet reflected in our Foreign Service spouse usually is caught in a in the conviction that we were acting to Service. Well-qualified and willing spiral of self-devaluation, as he or she is defend the integrity of the U.S. Foreign spouses, many of whom have given forced to start anew with a job search at Service and that of the U.S. military years of representational service to the every new location, and at return to the services as well as our own integrity. department free of charge, need a com¬ home post. The central issue... was the question prehensive and well-designed program An officer has no such difficulties. He of whether U.S. public officers in Chile of lateral entry, providing acceptable or she exists in a well-ordered job world [in 1973] might have been so corrupt as alternatives for working within the in which there is a hannony of effort, to order or to be complicit in the murder government both overseas and in accomplishment, and support systems— of an innocent young American living in Washington. Such a system must be both at home and abroad. The Foreign Santiago. On that central issue my fel¬ available to those not yet within the Service spouse is part of this system only low plaintiffs and I believe that we have department’s employ. peripherally. The spouse must over¬ been vindicated. Furthermore, training for such a pro¬ come considerable ingrained predispo¬ The plaintiffs were Captain Ray E. gram should be an option under depart¬ sitions concerning his or her suitability Davis, USN, head of the U.S. Military ment policy for any spouse who re¬ for embassy employment. He or she Group in Chile; Frederick Purdy, the

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Call AFSPA for more information and an enrollment packet! THIS IS A GOOD WAY TO PROTECT YOUR FAMILY U.S. consul in Chile; and myself. The judge ruled that we were all three “public figures” and therefore would have to prove actual malice on the part of the filmmakers or “reckless disregard of the taith.” . . . The defendants took the position that the film never made any accusation of U.S. official complic¬ ity in Charles Horman’s death. Those European continent. who have seen the film must judge for AMBASSADOR WITH A At the swearing-in ceremony, Seitz themselves. . . . The issue was also DIFFERENCE said he considered himself “an instru¬ complicated by the question of whether THE WASHINGTON POST, MAY 2, 1991 ment” of administrative confidence in a “docudrama” should be held to a test BY DON OBERDORFER the Foreign Service and, with the of truthfulness. . . .The case was finally For more than 200 years the ambas¬ secretary standing by, rebutted the settled by a negotiated agreement in sador to Great Britain has been a wide-spread view that Baker pays which we agreed not to appeal the political appointee. . . . Yesterday, for little heed to career officers and oper¬ judge’s first-instance mlings on unproven the first time, a career Foreign Service ates with a small “inner circle.” That malice and reckless disregard of the officer, Raymond G .H. Seitz, was sworn charge is untrue, Seitz declared with truth, in return for which the filmmakers in to do the job. tongue-in-cheek. “Its more like a trap¬ stated publicly and forthe record that it The former ambassador to London, ezoid.” was not their intention to suggest com¬ Henry E. Catto . . . said he believes plicity of any kind by any of us in Bush chose Seitz because he knew Charles Horman’s death and that they him, because of his five years’ experi¬ WAS THERE AN “OCTOBER would regret it if viewers of the film ence as deputy ambassador in London SURPRISE”? drew any such conclusion from it. and because of a desire to send a signal THE WASHINGTON POST, APRIL 29, 1991 In the more than 17 years since the to the British that the United States is It is such a loathsome act that it 1973 Chilean coup, no evidence has sending its best, without regard to the takes a large leap of imagination to come to light implicating U.S. officials in previous tradition of naming only po¬ think that anyone would have deliber¬ Chile in the death of Charles Horman. . litical appointees. ately contrived to delay the release of .. I hope that the accession to power of Catto said it is untrue that only the Khomeini’s 52 American diplomatic a democratically elected government in very wealthy can afford the entertain¬ hostages in order to confer political Chile may finally open the door to a ment expected of a U.S. ambassador in advantage on Ronald Reagan. . . . Not clarification of the circumstances under London. Seitz acknowledged that the only was the possibility loathsome, which Charles Honnan died. paucity of funds for entertainment by but no hard evidence supported it. Nathaniel Davis diplomats abroad is “a genuine prob¬ All this before the research and Claremont, California lem.” The entertainment allowance for analysis of Gary Sick came into the all officers in the London embassy this public domain—most notably in a Editor’s Note: The author, former year is $159,300. New York Times op-ed piece. . . . Mr. U.S. ambassador to Chile, wrote this As assistant secretary of state for Sick examined and in “hundreds of letter to accompany a contribution European and Canadian affairs since interviews,” expanded the still insuf¬ toAFSA’s scholarship program. The mid-1989, Seitz was an important fig¬ ficient factual record of this case. . . . donation representedthe remainder ure in U.S. diplomacy during the revo¬ William Casey . . . may have master¬ of an escrow fund established in lutionary change in Eastern and Cen¬ minded what might be called a delay- 1982 to helpfinance litigation in the tral Europe. . . . Having helped to for-arms negotiation in which, for “Missing” defamation suit. shape the new Europe, Seitz, as am¬ arms delivered by Israel, Iran under¬ bassador to London, will be among took to release the hostages, not on QUERY those who will deal with the conse¬ Jimmy Carter’s watch but on Ronald quences. Reagan’s. In fact, this is the way it I am about to embark on a biog¬ Britain, “either reluctantly or enthu¬ turned out. raphy of Ambassador Ellsworth Bun¬ siastically” has decided that much of its In politics, many matters are left ker. I’d appreciate receiving any ex¬ future lies in Europe and that its earlier murky, many loose ends left untied. . change of correspondence relevant rejection of deeper European ties was .. The matter is so grave, however, that to his career and would welcome the “probably a strategic mistake,” Seitz notwithstanding its evident sensitivity opportunity to interview those with said. In these conditions, he added, and openness to political abuse, it interesting personal or professional Britain will face the challenge of main¬ seems wrong to leave it where this recollections of him. Amb. Howard taining a strong alliance with the United latest, incomplete academic review has Schaffer, 4641 Rockwood Parkway, States while being “good Europeans,” left off. . . . The monstrous charges N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016, 202/ even as Washington seeks to sort out have now taken on a damaging enough 363-8701. ■ changes in its ties with London and the life to require resolution.

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10 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 sional micromanagement of foreign ployees who complain of unfair work¬ another contrast with recent years . . . aid. The imposition of more than 30 ing conditions are pushed out. more international terrorist attacks objectives and priorities and close to Johnnie Lindahl, VOA’s acting di¬ occurred in Latin America (162) and 300 reporting requirements burdens rector of personnel, says all the prob¬ Asia (96) than in the Middle East (63). and already overstretched agency. lems are being addressed and the VOA Chile and Pakistan led the world in Legislative earmarking has gotten out is working on several projects to in¬ international terrorist incidents with 64 of hand. . . . Obviously, the Foreign crease the hiring and promotion of and 45 respectively. Assistance Act needs an overhaul. women and minorities. Iraqi President Saddam Hussein’s But so does A.I.D. Sen. Patrick Leahy taking of thousands of Western hos¬ (D.-Vt.), chairman of the foreign op¬ BITTER AFTERTASTE tages . . . was not included in the U.S. erations subcommittee, argues that the THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, APRIL 15, 1991 accounting. quality of A. I. D.’s management is weak, BY IRVING KRISTOL which leaves the program vulnerable Why can’t the White House and the DIPLOMATIC TOURISTS to waste and fraud. A.I.D. has not State Department make their case THE WASHING!ON POST, MAY 3, 1991 placed an adequate premium on mak¬ against intervening militarily to help BY JOHN M GOSHKO ing good ideas work well. Until re¬ the Kurds? The reason is the case When selecting ambassadors to head cently, management and program would have to be made in the rhetoric the United States’ 138 overseas embas¬ evaluation have been largely after¬ of national interests—our allies and sies, recent presidents have relied al¬ thoughts. Last fall, Congress . . . ad¬ our own—and in a spirit of political most exclusively on career diplomats dressed these shortcomings by creat¬ realism, whereas the American politi¬ to staff posts with difficult or unhealthy ing an independent Commission on cal tradition in foreign policy has be¬ living conditions, while reserving the Management of A.I.D. ... In six come suffused with an abstract moral- more-attractive capitals for their non¬ months, it must issue a report with ism and a high sentimentalism. career, political appointees. recommendations to Congress and the In practice, American foreign policy That is among the findings of a new president. Now the White House needs is usually more subtle and realistic study on ambassadorial appointments to expedite the appointments. If for¬ than our political leaders would have by Warren W. Lenhart, of the Congres¬ eign aid is to advance U.S. interests in us believe. They don’t actually believe sional Research Service at the Library the world, the program must first un¬ that it is immoral to accept the (often of Congress. Much of Lenhart’s report dergo a reformation here at home. cruel) choices imposed by reality. We retraces familiar ground, including the don’t always resist aggression, or fight fact that during the Reagan and Bush YOA: SOUND OF MSERY oppression, or act to protect human administrations 30 percent of those FAIRFAX JOURNAL, APRIL 29, 1991 rights, or recognize a right to self- nominated as ambassadors were indi¬ BY BARBARA REYNOLDS determination. Eveiything depends on viduals from outside the career For¬ To 127 million people around the circumstances. Sometimes we do and eign Service. world, the Voice of America in 42 sometimes we don’t and sometimes But Lenhart also focuses on grow¬ foreign languages is the sound of we limit ourselves to symbolic ges¬ ing concern in Congress and else¬ Americana: democracy, freedom, jus¬ tures or humanitarian aid. The world where about “where political ambas¬ tice, pluralism at work. being the messy place that it is, this is sadorial appointees are serving rather But “the only thing democratic about as inevitable as it is sensible. The sharp than how many are serving. . . . Am¬ VOA is that they discriminate against dichotomy between the moral and the bassadorial appointments in both the everybody equally: women, blacks, realistic is, in practice, a false one. Caribbean and Western Europe have foreigners, and union workers,” says Prudence always has been, and always traditionally been favored spots . . . Gary A. Marco, a VOA radio technician will be, the mark of authentic states¬ Almost every president has saved and head of a National Federation of manship in foreign policy. embassy posts in Rome, Paris and Federal Employees local. “Unequal London for friends and supporters. treatment of foreign employees cre¬ TERRORIST INCIDENTS ... In France, 18 of the last 22 ates anti-American feelings,” says Verla DOWN ambassadors have been non-career Wiley, an international broadcaster who THE WASHINGTON POST, MAY 1, 1991 appointees, and each of the last 20 is asking Congress for help. BY GEORGE LARDNER JR. ambassadors to Ireland was a political Wiley says the most pressing com¬ International terrorist incidents pick. By contrast, Lenhart notes, there plaints, some of which are detailed in dropped by almost 15 percent last year are 26 countries, mostly in Africa and a damning 1989 GAO report, include despite the loud threats stemming from Asia, to which the United States has overall disrespect for African-Ameri¬ Iraq’s renewed association with terror¬ never sent a non-career ambassador. cans. In the African Division, five of ist groups throughout the world, the Lenhart cites statistics showing that the six broadcast service supervisors State Department reported yesterday. 58 of the 63 ambassadors to those are white. . . . Many examples exist of The attacks decreased from 533 in countries with hardship pay of 20 women doing the same or superior 1989 to 455 ... in 1988, the peak year, percent to 25 percent . . . are Foreign work as men while earning less. Em¬ 856 incidents were counted. ... In Service officers. Lenhart cites Australia

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 11 as a country that “has long been a apparently also overlooked Saddam and many others in addition to the preferred post for political ambassa¬ Hussein’s long histoiy of aggression powerful private sector. dors.” ... That circumstance has led to and brutality. Obviously in Iraq—as in The sum of those diverse views frequent criticism in the Australian press most Third World countries—the U.S. seldom produces a cogent long-range of “individuals who are felt to have government has lacked a coherent Third World country policy. . . . Until ‘bought’ their ambassadorships. How¬ policy based on in-depth countiy the crisis arrives, our “country policy” ever, “some countries have at times analysis. . . .The question of whether is usually a collection of separate and seemed to prefer a non-career ambas¬ Ambassador Glaspie delivered a stern disconnected agendas. To eliminate sador, even though he or she may be or an ambivalent warning ... is a side this fragmentation, the first step might less skilled than a seasoned diplomat.” issue involving tactics. . . . the real be the preparation of an analysis of a issue is not crisis management, but strategy recommendations for each LURCHING US. POLICY policy management. That requires a Third World nation. THE MIAMI HERALD, APRIL 5, 1991 comprehensive analysis and a sound America has improved the way that BY BRANDON ROBINSON AND GEORGE VOLSKY strategy for a given country prepared it fights when the battle is forced upon April C. Glaspie, the former ambas¬ by experts concerned with long-term us. Now it should improve the way sador to Iraq, has delivered, (no doubt U.S. national interests. . . .Fragmenta¬ that it promotes its interests and values unintentionally) a stinging indictment tion is the main defect of our Third in the Third World. of U.S. policy-making in the Near East. World foreign policy-making process. She told the Senate Foreign Relations Prior to World War II, the White House MOSCOW SECURITY NOT Committee that the only error that U.S. and the State Department made our COMPROMISED officials made in dealing with Saddam foreign policy. Today, the process also Hussein was their failure to “realize involves the National Security Council, THE WASHINGTON POST, MAY 3, 1991 that he was stupid.” the intelligence community, the De¬ BY DAVID HOFFMAN Was this our only mistake? Signifi¬ partments of Defense, Commerce, A preliminary investigation indicates cantly, Glaspie did not dwell on the Agriculture, and Treasury, A.I.D., USIA, that the most sensitive areas of the U.S. formulation of U.S. Iraqi policy, which the Drug Enforcement Administration, Embassy in Moscow “were not breached” during a March 28 fire there, but Soviet firefighters were allowed r= ——— ' unescorted access to portions of the How to Buy Auto Insurance Overseas building, State Department spokes¬ man Margaret Tutwiler said. There's really only one way. Select the agent who offers broad Tutwiler also reported “a number of experience and a high level of repeat business. Experience that helps computer disks were taken from open you avoid the pitfalls of a highly complex business. 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12 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 Washington In Defense Time

BY DUDLEY HARMON OF THE WASHINGTON POST, PUBLISHED IN THE FSJ, JUNE, 1941

Its about time that the City Beautiful was rechristened the City Booming. As the population of the metropolitan area nears the million mark, the Capital is now referred to casually as the hub of the world. Defense workers alone are pouring in at the rate of 4,000 a month. They range from the dollar-a-year industrialist to the stenographer who has just been called from Texas by the Civil Service Commission. The dollar-a-year folk pay big rent for small houses; the stenographers frequently sleep three and four in a single boarding house room. With thousands of automobiles blocking the streets of downtown Washington, many people were as much as an hour late for work. Deciding to Take Steps, the Traffic Commissioner arranged for government offices to stagger hours . . . now the situation is considerably improved. ■

Answers appear on page 64. 1. Tension between the Executive Branch and Congress has existed since the Department of Foreign Affairs was created in 1781. One president defied Congress’ ban against sending the fleet around the world in a display of might by finding funds to send the ships halfway around the world and then daring Congress to strand U.S. sailors so far from home. What president in this way received funding from a reluctant Congress? 2. What was the name of the group that provided information services abroad during World War P 3. Who was America’s first black diplomat and in what country did he serve? 4. For many years women Foreign Service officers had to resign from the service if they married. In what year did that practice end? 5. Who was the first secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and where was the department located? 6. An early letter written to the secretary of state complained of the inadequacy of the salaries of ministers abroad. The letter read in part, “House rent, furniture, carriage, and a certain number of servants, with the daily expenses of living, which cannot be avoided, without becoming the scorn of the world, and without being insulted by every footman and porter, consume all, and more than all, our allowance.” Who wrote the letter?

* Questions and answers 1-5 were taken from Profiles in Diplomacy: The U.S. Foreign Service, the WETA teacher’s guide to the Una Chapman Cox video.

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eneath the smiling, tranquil de¬ paced, less electronic, and more inter¬ help our children avoid behavior pat¬ B meanor that Foreign Service personal life typical of many posts over¬ terns that inhibit intellectual growth and parents display to friends and seas allows our children to develop and personal development. For example, family lurks a basic question: practice skills in reading, language, talking on the telephone is not habitual what is our career doing to our children? writing, and thinking that will show in many countries, as few nations have With each bid, each assignment, par¬ lifelong benefits. the multiple home telephones that al¬ ents review, weigh, and evaluate the A recent Wall Street Journal article low teenagers to indulge in intermi¬ known and the unknown in an attempt links the declining literacy rate of nable conversations behind closed to ensure that their children will emerge American children to “distractions of doors. Indeed, many Third World coun¬ enriched (or at least in¬ tries have limited telephone tact) from each posting. lines, or lines that rarely work The Foreign Service within the country. benefits for our children Letter-writing is the classic are many: travel, multi¬ and under-utilized alternative. cultural experiences,a Children will be more enthu¬ worldwide network of siastic about writing if they friends, a taste for exotic have their own stationeiy and foods and exotic adven¬ a quiet time to write. Writing tures. is a task far easier to postpone But will these advan¬ than to begin, yet writing be¬ tages get them into col¬ comes a way to expound, to lege? Will our children think out loud, to express mature into self-confident, feelings, and to dispel loneli¬ thinking adults? Or will ness. they miss some mystical Children, like adults, will childhood ingredient found only in modem life.” If there is one thing many want to write about some new adven¬ America? With each transfer, unresolved Foreign Service children do not have in ture or special event right after it hap¬ questions loom. Are the schools as good abundance, it is such distractions. Among pens, so don’t let that moment lapse; as those at home? Does the lifestyle offer the chief distractions cited were talking next week they’ll tell you they have at least some of the same opportuni¬ on the telephone, playing video games, nothing to write about. Encourage friends ties—sports, dance, music, outdoor ac¬ watching television, and, despite the to write back directly to the child, rather tivities—that are available in the United real merits of athletics—maintaining than to the family as a whole. Annotated States? What are the hardships and inordinately heavy sports schedules. artwork can be an easier method of adjustments that the family will face? The decline of the traditional dinnertime communicationforyoungerwriters, non¬ Few of us can answer positively for each and the mutual conversation that ac¬ writers, or proud artists. child, for every question. And some¬ companies it were also mentioned. times most of the answers are negative. Children now spend so many non¬ Turning off the Tube school hours in scheduled activities and Another impact on American fami¬ Less White Noise with electronic amusements that read¬ lies—television—is seen in the steady However, despite limitations, our ing for pleasure, creative play, writing, rise in viewing time by children, re¬ lifestyle is conducive to the develop¬ idle thinking, and even conversations placing other activities, such as creative ment of a positive family experience, as are becoming infrequent parts of their play and reading. However, in most well as excellent academic skills for our lives. countries of the world, foreign-language children, precisely because of our For¬ The transient and multi-cultural na¬ broadcasts and limited on-air schedules eign Service experience. The slower- ture of our Foreign Service lives can limit TV viewing. On the other hand,

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videotape opportunities at post are usu¬ Great Books ally on a par with opportunities at Friends at home often ask us what It’s difficult to remember a time home. It is easy to let the lack of we do at night in those far-off comers of alternative activities for children be¬ before video games, which have the world where we may be posted. For come an excuse for excessive video the most part, we read. We share books watching. Heat, boredom, lack of taken the present generation of with friends, bring along hundreds of neighborhood friends, or language pounds of them, subscribe to many youngsters by storm. The endless barriers can persuade a parent or care¬ periodicals, and make endless requests taker to give in to long afternoons of playing of these electronic for books from our families. Sometimes watching and rewatching tapes. we’re lucky to have lots of current Despite their protestations, children games, especially among boys, is reading and reference material at post. suddenly facing a day with no TV or Sometimes we have to make do with pervasive. There are many other video will adjust and find a variety of week-old newspapers, six-month-old activities to fill their day. Initially the uses of free time that may be magazines, and middling, molding adult must help provide other choices novels. But at work and at home, read¬ for playtime. Solitaire, checkers, board more constructive than playing ing is a way of life. games, story-writing and illustrating, The living room coffee table at our video games— reading, cooking, and art activities are house is invariably overflowing with still fun for today’s children. Offer attrac- and even more fun. literature of all types: newspapers, t i ve alternatives to TV, such as outings, get- magazines, catalogs, reading books, togethers with friends, or a special project school books, reference books, pattern with other children. Our family has spent the last two years with no TV and only an occasional video. All three children have survived—reading more books, learning new games together, and exploring their host-country environment. Next To The White House, No more Nintendo We’re The Best Place To Stay. It’s difficult to remember a time $87/Night* before video games, which have taken the present generation of youngsters FAMILY PACKAGE INCLUDES . . . by storm. The endless playing of these • One Bedroom Suite with Full Kitchen electronic games, especially among • One Day Tour Passes boys, is pervasive. There are many • Picnic Lunch with Tour other uses of free time that may be • Children’s Videos more constructive than playing video • Ice Cream Parlor Coupons games—and even more fun. The most basic method of control is not to own Located between two Metro Stations, with one—a possible solution when you in walking distance to the State Department, are separated by distance from the monuments, museums and restaurants. tremendous peer pressure among U.S. *Other Conditions apply. Offer valid through 9/15/91. Based on availability. children. Other packages available. The video movement replaces out¬ door play for far too many children. 2019 I Street NW, Washington DC 20006 (202) 828-2600 • (800) 424-5486 Outdoor play encourages creativity and group interaction, provides an opportu¬ nity to discharge vast amounts of energy and—however brief—offers a few mo¬ ments of respite for parents. While play¬ ground equipment, bicycles, and basket¬ ball backboards are nice, outdoor play can ■ be as simple as stepping out the door and letting the imagination run.

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 17 I 1 FROM THE FELD AUTHORIZED EXPORTER GENERAL @ ELECTRIC books, joke books. We all pick up a hand-me-down rotation. On home something in an idle moment and read leave, buy from second-hand book¬ it: adults and children read each other’s stores and yard sales. Ask a friend to buy literature. books for you at the fall AAFSW/AFSA GENERAL ELECTRONICS Children are often disinclined to book sale. poke through shelves and pick out Current reading can be just one topic INC. books for themselves. Parents need to of conversation at a family dinner time. see that children have an assortment of The regularity with which a family en¬ □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS books at the child’s interest and read¬ joys a dinner time of companionship □ RANGES □ MICROWAVE OVENS ing level. Chil¬ and conversation □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS □ WASHERS □ SMALL APPLIANCES dren love to be will vary, but over¬ □ AUDIO EQUIPMENT □ TELEVISION read to, although Create a space each day for seas it’s more likely □ DISHWASHERS □ TRANSFORM¬ we tend to forget, that the family will ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG reading. It is surprising how little (Please check box) once they gradu¬ eat together most ate from picture nights. Topics of a student may actually read in Available for All Electric books, that read¬ family, national, and Currents/Cycles ing aloud is the the classroom, and he may not international news best way to in¬ can be discussed. Immediate Shipping/Mailing yet have discovered the fun in From our Local Warehouse terest children in Foreign Service life reading. leads naturally to reading. We Can Also Furnish Create a space conversations on Replacement Parts for each day for wide-ranging issues. Most Manufactures reading. It is sur¬ Dinner guests may prising how little a student may actu¬ bring tales of adventure from unfamiliar SHOWROOM ally read in the classroom, and he or parts of die world. The search for a new General Electronics, Inc. she may not yet have discovered the assignment always brings up new pos¬ 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20016 fun in reading. Before bed is often the sibilities and opinions to be aired. When Tel. (202) 362-8300 easiest time for children to read at children actively participate in the con¬ FAX (202) 363-6538 home—when it is normally quiet and versation, they leam to listen, to ques¬ TWX 710-822-9450 they think they’re getting to stay up tion, to think, and to debate. Dinner GENELECINC WSH later than they might otherwise be al¬ time also teaches children courtesy. lowed. Children overseas often have opportu¬ When you’re overseas, it can be nities to attend special events that re¬ difficult to know what books to pur¬ quire their best behavior—behavior that chase, as your child’s abilities and can be practiced first with the family. interests change. A good reference is When you are informed of your new £5 O 03 The Read-Aloud Handbook by Jim assignment and begin to feel guilty, Trelease (Penguin Books, 1987). Fol¬ when you discreetly compare the per¬ formances of your friends’ children with Cts lowing an inspiring discussion on the hows and whys of reading aloud, yours during home leave, when you □ £ to

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BY A- DANE BOWEN JR. ORWElliAN NAME TbE "CREAT PROIETAR'

Protesting students in Tiananmen Square in May 1989 erected a statue of the “Goddess of Liberty.” Behind the statue, facing south on the square, looms the Monument to the People’s Heroes obelisk, and in the distant background, the mausoleum of Mao Zedong.

20 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 ian Cultural Revolution,” that Deng’s One great leader in his wisdom made grown son was thrown out of an our countless futures bare. upper-story window and abandoned Each and every marble staircase with a broken back. He is now spending covers heaps of bones beneath, PeaVe your the rest of his life in a wheelchair. From the eaves of such fine build¬ Why no casting out of Mao Zedong ings, fresh red blood drops every¬ from the Chinese Communist where. most hagiography? China seems unable to (Quoted in Jonathan D. Spence, The resolve its ambivalence about Mao. On Search for Modem China) one hand, his image is neglected and important his "‘little red book” impossible to find Just as Mao’s mausoleum domi¬ in China. Leaders speak of him only nates the south end of Tiananmen with some embarrassment. On the Square, so his portrait commands a other hand, there is no official repudia¬ central position over Tiananmen Gate, investment tion of his rule. Some students even from the top of which Mao in 1949 seem to admire him. proclaimed the founding of the People’s Republic. As the leaders of With the Resting in heavenly peace the Soviet Union stand on Lenin’s Mao’s tomb has not suffered the tomb to review the parades in Red fate of Stalin’s. When I visited Red Square, China’s leaders gather on management Square in Moscow in 1968, Stalin’s Tiananmen Gate to review functions body had recently been removed from in the square. The Chinese even once where it had rested on public display sang a popular song called “I Love beside Lenin’s. It was re-interred be¬ Tiananmen!” tween Lenin’s tomb—something of a During the height of the demonstra¬ forum for the nation—and the great tions in the square in May and June of you trust. medieval Kremlin wall, which affords 1989, some demonstrators splashed a backdrop to the tomb. Stalin’s grave paint on Mao’s portrait. Leaders of the was at the end of a long row of graves student demonstrators helped workers Rental ant) Management of old Bolsheviks, going back to the replace it! Moreover, demonstrators of Tine 'Properties in Russian Revolution of 1917. But un¬ shortly before the massacre earned Northwest ‘DC, CheVy Chase, like the other graves, which had a posters with huge portraits of Mao and bust of each on top of a fair-sized Zhou Enlai. This puzzled me at first, ‘Bethesda and Potomac headstone, and had the grave framed since I tended to assume that the by red granite, Stalin’s grave was students were very much against the unmarked. system Mao had created. In contrast, Mao’s cadaver remains But I recalled the reactions of some ensconced in the heart of Beijing, in an of my brightest students when I was enormous mausoleum in the middle of teaching, during the pro-democracy his creation, the enlarged Tiananmen movement, at a state university in Square, the largest in the world. The Changsha, capital of Mao’s native mausoleum is the southern terminus province of Hunan. Some of these of a central, north-south axis of the students thought very highly of Mao, imperial Forbidden City, which begins although close questioning revealed at the base of a hill in the north and that they knew practically nothing runs through building after building, about him other than the official line. pavilion after pavilion, courtyard after When I told a group of male students courtyard, and gate after gate, exiting that Mao kept a considerable stable of Executive Housing through Tiananmen Gate onto the young women, they shook their heads Consultants, Inc. Square, and ending with Mao’s remains. in disbelief. They insisted he had three 7315 Wisconsin Avenue Mao’s mausoleum thus blocks the im¬ wives, but all in seriatim and legally. perial symbolism of opening out to all Had not Mao ended multiple wives, Suite 1020 East of China to the south. foot-binding and concubinage? When Bethesda, Maryland 20814 I explained that beautiful young women 301/951-4111 Of this scene, a Chinese poet wrote had been sent to Mao from all over this bitter verse: China, that they were even sometimes Chairman’s tomb and Emperor’s seen marching together in a unit of the “We care for your home palace face each other across the People’s Liberation Army, they still did as if it Were our oWn. ” square, not believe me.

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 21 “Mr. Democracy go to Mao’s birthplace and boyhood One of only three statues of Mao home in the farming village of \\1 MAYTAG which I came across in teaching and Shaoshan, 75 miles to the west. The Washers and Dryers traveling in all the major regions of American novelist, Paul Theroux, China stands at Hunan University wrote in his travelogue of China, across the river from Changsha. During Riding the Iron Rooster, that no one We are proud to introduce the pro-democracy movement students went anymore to this village, virtually Maytag’s new line hung a huge sign on this imposing a shrine to Mao. That is a little bit of statue, reading, “Mr. Democracy, we an exaggeration, but certainly before Now on display in our welcome you.” While Mao may have Mao’s recent revival, not many did, showroom been a reformer of sorts and called for and I daresay no Chinese official or “mass participation” (meaning continu¬ bigwig goes there now. □ Manufactured for use over¬ ing revolution), he was certainly never Close by, 20 miles farther into the seas not converted or trans¬ a proponent of democracy. boondocks, I saw hordes of people formed One of the very few things the and black, chauffeur-driven limou¬ students really knew of the real Mao sines with Chinese officials visiting □ International warranty was that he twice purged Deng the birthplace and huge museum—20 Xiaoping, the current Chinese leader. times larger than Mao’s—of Liu Shaoqi. □ Free local delivery when And since the students were against Liu was Mao’s vice chairman, until he began to question some of Mao’s you mention this ad, when Deng, they figured that Mao must have been all right, based on the old policies, such as the break with the you place an order principle that the enemy of my enemy Soviet Union and the disastrous Great must be my friend. An idealistic school Leap Forward. Mao framed him, ar¬ □ Also featuring Amana, teacher turned tourist guide told a rested him, and let him die in prison. Frigidaire, Black and Deck¬ New York Times reporter that she pre¬ Deng has completely restored him. er, Caloric, Philips, Ken¬ ferred Mao to the current “grandfa¬ Just down the road from where I wood, Grunbig, Panasonic, thers” in the Chinese government. taught in Changsha is the normal Sansui, Sony On the evening ofMay4,1989,Isat school where Mao came as a country around bonfires with my Chinese stu¬ boy who had never seen a newspa¬ dents on the campus in Hunan Prov¬ per. He later returned to the same * Exclusively for use overseas ince, the occasion being the celebra¬ school to teach and to marry the tion of “the May 4th Movement,” a daughter of one of the other profes¬ student-led movement of 1919. Among sors. (She was arrested and executed the songs the students sang was “So¬ by the forces of Chiang Kai-shek in American Int'l Exports, Inc. cialism is Good.” Yet, many of these 1931.) One can see the bunk Mao (301) 585-7488 same students immediately before and slept in and the student desk he sat at, FAX: (301) 585-1804 after this officially sponsored celebra¬ but there is no statue of him out front. tion participated in the pro-democracy Huge concrete statues of Mao with demonstrations. raised arm in salute have been toppled all over China. Showroom at: Hometown “shrine” Mao founded a business (which 8834 Monard Drive When I first arrived in Changsha, I failed) in Changsha to help finance Silver Spring, MD was puzzled as to why this out-of-the- his revolutionary efforts. He often way provincial capital would have fought in and around Changsha, but such an imposing railroad station. I the city pretty much ignores his memory today. I was the only person Quality since 1964 discovered that it was much bigger and more impressive than the railroad going through his old normal school station in the former capital, Nanjing, the two times I visited it. The one train or in Canton, or even in Shanghai. that runs to his native village each day With its central tower, symmetrical leaves before 7 a.m., and does not n MAYTAG WBBPRTHE DEPENDABILITY PEOPLE wings, and position blocking the view seem to serve those going to venerate at the end of the city’s main drag, him. Wuyi Road, it reminded me of the About a billion copies of Mao’s state capitol in Austin, Texas. little red book were published, but Yet not only is Changsha no rail not only are they not on sale now, center, it is not even at the intersec¬ they are very hard to find. I mentioned tion of main rail lines. Only later did in all my classes that I would like to I read that some 20 trains a day used see one. After several weeks a Chinese to depart from this station on a spur to professor came by my apartment with

22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 one. Mao buttons with the likeness of turmoil in 1989, the Chinese govern¬ Central Committee asserted that using “the Great Helmsman” are almost as ment erected huge portraits of the lao Mao’s mistakes to “try to negate the scarce, even though a factoiy in Hunan zuzong (old ancestors, or originators scientific value of Mao Zedong thought once produced 30 million a year. While of communism) in Beijing’s Tiananmen and to deny its guiding role in our seated on a park revolution and bench in Guilin in construction” southwestern would be “entirely China, I once had o IN TIHE EVENii\q of MAY 4, I 989, I SAT AROUNCI boNfiRES whin My ChiNESE wrong.” The Cen¬ a young man sidle tral Committee

up to me, look STlldEINTS ON TIHE CAMpUS ilN HUNAN PROVINCE, TI-IE OCCASiON bEii\q TITE concluded, “Social¬ furtively over his ism and socialism shoulder, and start CElEbRATioiN of "TNE MAy 4TIH MOVEMENT," A STudENT-lEd MOVEMENT of alone can save to unwrap some¬ China.” thing. I was re¬ 1919. AMONQ TIHE SONQS TNE STUDENTS sANq WAS "SociAlisM is Good." YET, At the beginning minded of men of the 1980s Deng decades ago on MANy of TlrtESE SAME STudENTS iMMEdiATEly bEfORE ANd ApTER This offiCiAlly had worked against Paris’s Champs residual Maoism;

Elysees sliding up SpONSOREd CElEbRATiON pARTicipATEd iN TIHE pRO'dEMOCRACy dEMONSTRATiONS. the mere act of and whispering, opening up China “ F e e 1 t h y to Western ways peectures?” Sure and technologies enough, he after long years of wanted high prices for what he consid¬ Square. The four were Marx, Engels, isolation called into question many of ered to be, or pretended to consider to Lenin, and Stalin. China’s official line the fundamental premises of Maoism. be, exciting forbidden items—Mao on Stalin became the same as that on By 1982 one could criticize Mao within buttons. Mao, that he was about 70 percent the Chinese Communist Party. When Chinese professors came to right. Later there was some talk of With the current repression, how¬ visit me at my apartment on campus, I perhaps 50 percent. ever, various elements of Maoism are often raised the subject of Mao, and In the summer of 1983 the Chinese being dusted off. Immediately follow- invariably got the same reaction: first was the nervous giggle, as if they were saying, “Heh, heh, I wish you had not asked that.” Or, “Heh, heh, that is not a very polite question.” Then, what¬ o mum ever followed was always prefaced by k mm MLrnm the statement, “Mao was indubitably a great man.” The standard line that followed was, “Mao was 70 percent 'Stateffiazafflotel right and 30 percent wrong.” • Located across from the State Department, just minutes from the Kennedy Center, Georgetown, downtown, The The 70-30 formula Foggy Bottom Metro, and The State Department. Once Deng Xiaoping had recov¬ ■ Luxury suites each with fully equipped kitchens, living room, ered in 1978 from his second fall from dining room, bedroom or bedroom area. power, he launched a critical review of ■ The Garden Cafe Mao, Maoism, and the whole Cultural ■ Same-day valet service Revolution. The official line came to ■ Complimentary grocery shopping service be that Mao had been “70 percent right”—although the new leadership ■ Daily copy of The Washington Post publicly discussed more failures than ■ Special guest amenities would seem to fit into the “30 percent. ” ■ Complimentary Shoe Shine The Chinese Communist Party retained ■ Spectravision-in-room movies “Mao Zedong Thought” as its guiding principle, while actually rejecting most of what was Maoism. China has also resisted going along 2117 E street, N.W. with the Soviet Union’s de-Stalinization Washington, D.C. 20037 (202) 001-0200 ■ (000) 424-2050 program; the authorities in China have Fax (000) 202-2050 never undertaken a re-appraisal of Stalin. On each May Day until the

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keeps saying he is retiring, and, then, mistakes he had made, the fiction was keeps firing one handpicked succes¬ maintained that the Communist Party sor after another. One need look no was still infallible. That was possible further than Taiwan, with a per capita because the Soviets still had Lenin to income some 12 times that of China fall back on. Cheshire Cat Book Store and no oil, coal, and other resources, Mao was the legitimizer of the 5512 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. to see that in the end Mao’s legacy regime and all policies that flowed Washington, D.C. 20015 was to retard technological improve¬ from it, whether populism, anti-intel- (202) 244-3956 ments, economic growth, long-range lectualism, self-reliance, mass partici¬ stability, and a steady evolution toward pation, or continued revolution. Going Overseas? democracy. China’s problem in exorcising Mao is The New York Times reporter based that Mao is both the Lenin and the Coming Home? in Beijing, Nicholas Kristof, reports Stalin of the regime. A de-Leninization that “there has been a rising enthusi¬ requires much more time, but it will Welcome to the Capital’s asm for not only Zhou Enlai, but Mao come to China just as it has already oldest bookstore for as well. In the last two years in various started in the Soviet Union. ■ parts of the country, posters of Mao young people and even Mao buttons have reap¬ Large Selections of quality books, peared on a small scale.” He explains A. Dane Bowen Jr., professor of his¬ records, and tapes for children. the phenomenon in part as follows: tory and economics at Lock Haven Knowledgeable experienced staff. Call for our free newsletter. University of Pennsylvania, is a re¬ “For most of the 1980s, the trend tired Foreign Service officer. He Monday — Saturday 9:30 - 5:30 was toward cutting Mao down to was national security adviser to Thursdays until 8:00 size, and these days there is still Secretaries of the Treasury John Mastercard & Visa revulsion at his excesses. But many Connolly, George Shultz, and Wil¬ Chinese also express a yearning for liam Simon.

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 25 SPEAKING OUT DAVID D. NEWSOM The Personal Side of Diplomacy

The following is adapted from re¬ authority lie; it may not be with those marks delivered by David Newsom last ostensibly in charge. In many countries November on receiving the Georgetown with a democratic facade, it may lie with University School of Foreign Service’sJit the militaiy. It may lie with families or Trainor Award for distinction in the with elder statesmen not in office. Dip¬ conduct of diplomacy. Newsom is former lomats must acquire a sense of who’s in undersecretary of state for political af¬ charge. It is not easy. Many’s the foreign fairs; ambassador to Libya, Indonesia, diplomat in Washington who has, in and the Philippines, and director of the despair, asked that question here. Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Even though the world has changed, Georgetown University’s School of For¬ the fundamental tasks of diplomats re¬ eign Service. main constant. As representatives of a nation, they are still required to observe round the world today dip¬ in another society those trends that will A lomats are approaching affect their own country’s interests. To¬ governments to discuss po¬ day, our diplomats face peoples and sitions relating to the cur¬ and honors are for their country. At the personalities not previously encoun¬ rent crisis in the Persian Gulf. Although same time, diplomats are there as indi¬ tered. They meet the new leaders of old the policies themselves will be impor¬ viduals; their own temper, their own countries that are undergoing funda¬ tant to the success of these discussions, feelings, their humanity will, at times, be mental change. As old nations disinte¬ so also will the art of the diplomat in tested. Diplomats of the United States grate, diplomats encounter totally new presenting the policies and in discern¬ are more fortunate than those of nations political entities. ing and reporting the reaction. At such where diplomacy is a form of exile or Even in a stable world of familiar moments, diplomacy is a highly per¬ where the slightest dissent can mean nations, few of our diplomats could sonal endeavor; success depends on banishment or death. An American dip¬ claim true expertise in another society. the sensitivity of the diplomat to the lomat does not—or should not—upon The need to stay in touch with Washing¬ politics and culture of the host country entering the world of diplomacy leave ton and the routine requirements of the and on die ability to communicate and personality and principles at the door. service dictated frequent rotation. That interpret the response. It is that personal Diplomats are sojourners in other pattern will not change, but the need to aspect that I wish to address today. societies. I am sure I am not the only one understand other societies will be as One of the most exciting and yet who has felt confronted by a series of great as ever. We have not always been critical times in a diplomat’s life is that curtains that mask the inner impulses successful in the past; the challenge first day or week spent in a new country. and thoughts of another people. As time facing our diplomats in the future will The briefings in the State Department goes on, some curtains part, but more be formidable. are over; presumably the right books are beyond. And this can be as true in In a changed world, diplomats will have been read. But, suddenly, the European societies that seem outwardly need to develop a power of perception reality of the new post—the sights and familiar as in the more different cultures and a perception of power. This will sounds and smells—are all about. The of Asia, Africa, or Latin America. require quick learning and judgments Foreign Service officer must make de¬ The tasks of a diplomat include tempered by the humble realization cisions on how to spend his or her days, conveying a sense of one’s country, its that, in many societies, an outsider will the people to meet—and not meet—the policies, and its objectives to the officials never fully know the inner impulses occasions to attend, the priorities to of another country and, often, asking and secrets. establish. those officials, under the pressure of Judgments on power require per¬ Diplomats remind themselves that instructions from home, to make diffi¬ ceptive judgments on personalities. Al¬ they are in a country as a symbol; the cult policy choices. To do so requires an though in many cases, diplomats are attention, the trappings of prerogatives understanding of where power and isolated from opportunities to observe

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, e Talley has expertly protected valuables for Victory's customers Alexandria, Virginia for 32 years. (703) 751-5200 800-572-3131 SPEAKING OUT closely the leaders of another society, appointments can come suddenly. lomatic assessments, however accurate, unusual moments do come—in meet¬ Hopes for progress can be dashed by may not prevail. ings, in social events, in travel. The deep animosities, brutal tactics, and a Finally, rhetoric obscures perception interests abroad of a great country can mthless disregard for the truth. It is hard and communication. Ringing phrases, hinge on the whims of a single leader of in such circumstances for a diplomat to popular with political figures of all another—for good or for ill. Is the leader retain an honest skepticism that does countries, often disguise the true nature on whom a strategy is based personally not become cynicism or to achieve of issues. Diplomats who take them at confident and strongly supported? Do insights that are not clouded by bitter¬ face value can be misled—as can their vulnerable weaknesses of character or ness. In circumstances of tragedy and countrymen. habit appear? And what about those disaster, compassion fights with the Diplomats can be diverted, also, by around a leader? Are they loyal? Are requirements of an official perspective. an infatuation with a single issue. The rivals conspicuous? Does a democratic Should, for example, hostage lives be ambassador whose only messages plead system exist for a transfer of power? If risked for the honor of a state? And at for unpopular action on a single dispute not, is the ruler considering his or her times the diplomat faces a deep conflict or a single side of a dispute will soon own succession? between personal values and policies lose acceptance. Infatuation with a single A perceptive sense of die people is that are personally unacceptable, the issue, further, can damage the percep¬ also essential for a diplomat. As one choice of loyalty to a state or to one’s tion necessary to see the broader picture travels about the capital or the country, conscience. that may bear on that issue as well as are the normal courtesies that are ex¬ The perception of another society is others. tended to a diplomat contrived or of little use unless it can provide the Communication requires receiving genuine? Do officials limit access to the basis for effective communication—in as well as sending. The diplomat must population? If so, why? Do public re¬ two directions. Powers of persuasion be a good listener to the responses of a ceptions demonstrate true respect for are essential if the objectives of one’s foreigner. What is the foreign official the diplomat’s country, or scarcely dis¬ mission with a foreign government are really saying in a polite denial of a guised hostility? And what of the to be achieved. But the powers of request? “This is final. I can do no more”? population’s general satisfaction with effective communication with one’s own Or “Ask me again, perhaps in different their circumstances or with the regime? government are equally important. Re¬ words”? Or “Your government has got What does that attitude portend for cent history is, alas, full of examples of to pay a higher cost”? The diplomat future developments? Is the population the breakdown of this link, either because must also be a good inteipreter of the traditionally docile and subservient? of a lack of confidence in the diplomat sometimes opaque messages received Would an upheaval or challenge to or through political and bureaucratic from home and, further, must judge authority be contrary to character? Does obstacles. The perceptions of diplomats whether a message was sent “for the what people are saying represent their are often unpopular with both the host record,” or requires action, or seeks a true feelings or what they believe the government and with one’s own. Un¬ rebuttal to resolve a bureaucratic impasse diplomat wants to hear? pleasant news is unwelcome, especially in the department. Diplomats serve in some very at¬ if it upsets the premises of established Clearly, the development of the re¬ tractive countries. They can easily be policy. In such cases, both diplomats quired skills of perception and com¬ carried away by the customs, the dress, and policy can suffer. Diplomacy is full munication must be the product of the attimdes—including the attitudes of cases in which the diplomat as mes¬ formal education and the experience toward their own country—of another senger suffered because of the unpopu¬ that lies beyond. We need to encourage society. They meet some veiy appeal¬ larity of the message. in our future diplomats that capacity to ing people. They meet some individuals Politics may hinder perception and look beyond the facades of other soci¬ who, basically, are very unattractive, communication on both sides of the eties to determine the sources of power, but can make themselves personable. diplomatic divide. A government may the true nature of personalities, and the They meet others who have no attrac¬ agree with the position of a persuasive ability to communicate realities to those tive features other than their power. diplomat, but resist publicly supporting who may not wish to listen. Diplomats Discernment can be distorted by emo¬ this position for fear of local reactions. must build a solid confidence in them¬ tional involvements with countries and Conversely, the diplomat must recognize selves so that their individuality will not with individuals—either of blinding that politics at home may preclude the be suppressed or overcome by the admiration or bitter dislike. Neither serves acceptance of his or her recommenda¬ exigencies of an often unpleasant and the cause of effective diplomacy. tions. This does not mean warping a unpredictable world. In this way, the Other pitfalls waip the sound judg¬ message to cater to a prevailing mood; diplomat can catch the excitement and ment of another people. In a world of it does mean that diplomats must accept promise of participating in the making competing interests, surprises and dis¬ that other priorities exist and that dip¬ of history. ■

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BY DORAL COOPER

n the post-Cold War world, the United States has governing diverse aspects of international trade. Since its I yet to define its hopes and ambitions. One of the founding in 1948, the GATT has provided an architecture chief challenges lies in international economic within which private companies may export and import policy. According to one strain of conventional among GATT members with some certainty about the wisdom, economic vigor has replaced military charges and obstacles their goods will face in crossing might as the font of national security, and the borders. Equally important, the GATT has offered a government’s role should be to “deter” foreign mercan¬ forum for the gradual liberalization of trade. In seven tilism, “contain” unfair trading nations, and directly back successive rounds of multilateral negotiations, during U.S. firms trying to compete in the global marketplace. which the membership of GATT has continually expanded, Many elected officials and foreign affairs experts prescribe GATT members have agreed to progressive cuts in tariffs a more aggressive foreign trade policy' to counter rising and steady expansion of common rules regarding other economic competition, particularly from our Cold War trade-related issues, including standards, government political partners, such as Japan and Germany. The Cold procurement, and protection against dumped or subsi¬ War, they say, could be replaced by trade wars. dized exports. Because of the GATT, a common, if Trade policy, however, should differ from measures incomplete, code of trade conduct exists. designed to ensure the physical security of the nation. Critics of the GATT—and many of those who think the Markets work best and people thrive most when gov¬ United States should approach trade as it approached the ernments intervene least. More intense competition does Cold War—charge that the agreement today is out of not alter that axiom. Thus, the challenge for the United date. Indeed it is, but for reasons different from those States is to eliminate government-imposed barriers that usually cited. The GATT remains an efficient promoter of impede economic competition, and not yield to the rising trade, but its coverage of economic activities is insuffi¬ temptation to shield the nation from trade. The surest way cient, particularly in areas where the United States has a to advance that goal is to expand multilateral rules on comparative advantage. The United States is a major trade and investment in the so-called Urnguay Round. exporter of services; the GATT governs only goods. The worst way is to impose a Cold War mentality on Technological innovation is a key source of comparative international economic policy-making. advantage for American firms; the GATT does not address intellectual property. More and more American The architecture of trade firms are global firms, their production parceled out The Uruguay Round of trade negotiations is taking among plants located in different nations. The process of place within the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade getting a product to market—from design to distribu¬ (GATT), the framework of the multilateral trading system. tion—involves the integration of a global production The GATT is a series of common rules and regulations base. Yet the GATT is silent on foreign investment.

30 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 The inadequacies of the GATT hardly justify scrapping negotiations. GATT members originally hoped to con¬ it. Over the past four decades, the GATT has helped clude talks by December 1990 at a final ministerial generate an unprecedented expansion of international meeting in Brussels. The ministerial came and passed trade. And the United States has not been a loser in the with no agreement. The primary stumbling block was a process. In just the past five years, U.S. exports have deep disagreement between the United States and the increased 75 percent, from $228 billion to $394 billion. European Community—which negotiates trade policy as Exports have been the prime engine of economic a single entity—over agriculture. In a nutshell, the United growth. American consumers have gained from access to States proposed to draft GATT rules requiring significant a greater range of goods. And the GATT has helped the reductions in agricultural tariffs, export subsidies, and United States achieve some of its major foreign policy internal farm supports. The U.S. proposal would have goals, including the economic recovery of nations dev¬ required substantial changes in the EC’s Common Agri¬ astated during World War II and the development of cultural Policy (CAP). The EC—joined by Japan and nations directly facing a Communist threat. The experi¬ Korea—declared the U.S. proposal (and more modest ence of the United States and other nations under the proposals) unacceptable. The Brussels ministerial broke GATT proves Benjamin Franklin’s precept that “no nation up with the agricultural impasse unresolved, and with no was ever ruined by trade.” formula for resolving the con¬ Instead of turning away from flict in reach. the multilateral system, the chal¬ According to an increas¬ lenge is to extend it still further. Fears of ‘Fortress Europe’ ingly popular line of reason¬ After all, the GATT is a dynamic This stalemate has helped framework that has changed ing, the multilateral system fuel analysis concluding that considerably through seven the GATT is passe. Key GATT separate rounds of negotiations. is in decline, and in its members are no longer com¬ It needs refurbishing, not re¬ mitted to the trading system, place, three separate blocs placement. and they prefer instead to pur¬ are developing that can sue a separate destiny. Actions Ambitious liberalization external to the GATT seem¬ The Uruguay Round of nego¬ exist relatively indepen¬ ingly add evidence to this view. tiations represents the attempt The most significant “event” is dently and compete with by GATT members to overhaul the economic unification of the and update the multilateral one another. European Community by De¬ trading system. Formally begun cember 31, 1992. According to in 1986, the Uruguay Round has some, EC ’92, as it is popularly been repeatedly characterized as “the most ambitious” known, will produce a “Fortress Europe” impervious to round of trade negotiations ever, and for good reason. trade and generally self-sufficient. Recent EC trade policy The principal trade-liberalizing tool of other rounds has actions—such as an ongoing attempt to fashion a policy been tariff reduction. Tariffs occupy a relatively low rung toward Japanese auto imports—contribute to the image on the Uruguay Round agenda, where the key issues are of EC ’92 as an exercise in building walls. The simulta¬ agriculture, investment, intellectual property, and ser¬ neity of EC ’92 and the breakdown of the Uruguay Round vices. is seen by some as further proof that Europe has lost Negotiators from more than 100 nations are attempt¬ interest in the GATT. ing to develop common rules regarding the treatment of Indeed, the unification of the EC seems to suggest to agricultural production, foreign investment, intellectual some more than just an abandonment of the GATT, but property, and service industries—from architecture and an alternative approach to global economic organization. banking to telecommunications and tourism—as well as According to an increasingly popular line of reasoning, develop new or better rules in other areas related to the multilateral system is in decline, and in its place, three international trade and investment. While tariffs are separate blocs are developing that can exist relatively basically border measures, the “new areas” under ne¬ independently and compete with one another. The first gotiation in the Uruguay Round strike at the core of bloc would, of course, be Europe, which would draw a domestic and foreign economic policies (including the liberated Eastern Europe into its sphere of influence. A basic system of law under which a country operates). The second bloc would include the United States, Canada, overlap between the agenda of the Uruguay Round and and Mexico and would eventually be extended to South the organization and implementation of non-border America. The third bloc would be anchored byjapan and economic policies makes the round not only the most would consist of Pacific Rim nations. Each of the three ambitious multilateral trade negotiation, but also the most blocs would have the natural resources, labor, and controversial. technology to satisfy most needs independently. Many The breadth of the Uruguay Round agenda, combined U.S. GATT critics see some real advantages for the United with its penetration into domestic policy, has slowed States in a bloc-based system, rather than a multilateral

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 Is the character of our foreign policy-related investment BUVING AND SELLING THE USH disputes in the 1990s shifting? FfUFBAUER: There’s been a sea shift. You're quite right ... I wrote an article on appropriations disputes published HOW MUCH REGULATION IS GOOD sometime in the 1970s. Since then, that era has just FOR INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT? completely disappeared. Just almost vanished. There’s a whole realm of new issues. I think the new issues are basically two or threefold, and they're more subtle than expropriation—things like strate¬ Editor’s Note: Currently, the international trading system gic alliances between giant multinational firms where they regulates only a small part of a nation's investment— get together for a new generation of products or to trade-related investment that falls under the tides of the exchange technology. What does this do to global com¬ GATT. There is no internationally ratified consensus on petition, and who should be responsible for it? Should we other aspects of investment. The OrganizationforEconomic welcome it lor] be concerned about it? Will erstwhile Cooperation and Development (OECD) has formulated competitors get so much in bed with one another that some general guidelines, but even within the OECD, not all consumers everywhere will lose? countries accept the basic principle that foreign investors U.S. firms are often criticized for selling their technology have a right to establish themselves in any country (the too cheap. Will our firms be smart enough to get their "right of establishment"). Gary Hufbauer, an economist appropriate payment for their technology? We can take a with the Institute for International Economics in Washing¬ case in point—Boeing. Will Boeing give away the crown ton, D.C. and Marais Wallenbeigprofessorofinternational jewels to their Japanese partners in the aircraft business? financial diplomacy at Georgetown University, believes And then the question arises, does this require public that the international community needs to develop rules surveillance, or can we rely on Boeing’s own commercial for other aspects of investment, unrelated to trade. He judgment? discusses his views here in an interview with Deputy Another set of issues has to do with the tax base. Now Assistant Secretary for Near Eastern and South Asian we’ve already seen this in the congressional debate, that Affairs Teresita Schaffer. relative to the volume of sales, the reported costs seem to be rather small by foreign companies' [standards] generally, Teresita Schaffer: American investment outward has and particularly small by Japanese companies’. Is this just a grown a lot less rapidly than investment in the United States life-cycle phenomenon, that they're taking a loss because over tire past several years. What kind of impact do you it’s a new investment, or is there something deeper going think that has on our economic ties overseas and generally on? on our economic policy? I heard the following explanation from Japan just a Gary Hufbauer: What I drink it reflects is that all couple of weeks ago: Japanese companies don’t benefit by multinationals are not as competitive on a world scale as booking a lot of their profits in Japan as opposed to the they once were, and that’s a matter for regret. And that United States, because the average profits are higher. So reflects a variety of weaknesses . . . Lin] the American why would they do something as crazy as this? The economy and a variety' of strengths abroad. The fact is that argument was that the region manager in Japan—he wants we are not investing as much abroad and are not keeping to show a good profit in his division, so he takes the tax our position in terms of world investment that we once had. transfer at a higher level. So that’s the kind of thinking going 1 think the main consequence is this: it means drat our on that is driving this result. companies are less able to spread their very significant This division of the tax revenue base is a big issue for us. overhead costs for research, development, design, and so Clearly the United States wants as much revenue as it can forth on a large-scale basis. And those overhead costs are get from the Japanese firms located here, but do we want critical to recoup and go on to the next generation. If you to apply those same rules or have the Japanese apply those don’t have a large base, it’s harder, and that’s probably a same rules to U.S. linns located in Japan? And all the time major loss we are suffering. On die other hand, probably the you've got to think about the flip side of the issue. The result of having foreign investment come in to the United answer on any particular case is not so clear as some of the States especially by competitor Japanese firms and European events appear. firms is that we somewhat tune up the level of competition SCHAFFER: Are there issues relating to what type of regarding new management factors. investment is made, Such as buying up existing industries SCHAFFER: A generation ago, the classic investment versus creating new ones, or buying up strategic industries t dispute had to do with an American investor in typically a versus other kinds? developing country, where there were issues involving HUFBAUER: You could say the first big break is between repatriation, or nationalization, or other sovereignty issues. the green-field plants, where it’s hard to get much opposi-

32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 system. They argue that a de facto bloc-based trade re¬ gime, rather than a de jure multilateral order, would tion. Generally the kx'ality is in favor: most people are in allow the United States to pursue its economic interests favor of green-field plants. Much more ambiguous is buying with energy equal to its efforts to contain Soviet expansion up the household-name corporation, like Columbia Records, over the past four decades. Free of the constraint of the bought up by Sony. There, in the short run, it’s not a matter multilateral trading system, the United States could finally of creating new jobs, [but] maybe even destroying and manage its trade and eliminate its persistent imbalance laying people off as the new firm comes in. , . . Much less with Japan and the rest of the world. Many supporters of clear. this view believe the United States has been snookered Then you get into the firms that are on the margin of by the multilateral trading system. being strategic firms. Should we be very concerned if the Is such an organization of the global economy in the Japanese buy up a whole lot of little “acorn” semi-conductor U.S. interest? Probably not. One implication of competing firms? A lot of level-headed people wonder about a system and insular blocs could be a loss of many U.S. exports and where you permit foreign firms to come in and buy up associated jobs. In 1990, the United States exported $100 struggling, but promising, entrepreneurial firms in the billion worth of goods to die EC, $50 billion to Japan, and United States, especially when [tire firms are] slightly related another $41 billion to the four major countries presumed to or regarded as a strategic industry. A very difficult to fall into Japan’s bloc (Taiwan, Singapore, Korea, and question, because I don't know that there’s a theoretical Hong Kong). The United States also imported billions resolution to it. The worst-case scenario is taking some little worth of goods and services from these nations, and software company, draining it of its technology, taking its imports are not a pernicious influence on the U.S. technology off to the Netherlands or someplace, and closing: economy. In fact, imported products increase the range down the California company. And that can happen; it has of goods available to American consumers and constitute happened. The alternative model is taking this little strug¬ an important source of technology and components for gling company, which can never get financing or capital in American manufacturers. Proponents of trading blocs the United States, and suddenly the big foreign firm puts in operating free of multilateral constraints ignore the web a lot of money. I think it’s ultimately an empirical question. of financial and trade interdependence built up between And I think the United States will end up short, because companies within each bloc. Companies have developed we’re not very good at a government level of doing up-to- systems to optimize efficiencies available by integrating date, primary empirical studies. We don’t ever like to name manufacturing among “blocs.” It serves no one’s interest names of companies. I think infonned opinion will depend to drive a wedge into this system. Having blocs compete on what actually occurs rather than on a model of what with one another and the bloc-based system is almost should have happened. uniformly viewed as a way to create competing regional SCHAFFER: Your list of issues, the question of strategic economies—not symbiotic or interrelated ones. alliances between giant multinationals and the impact on More to the point, is such an organization of the global global competition, the crown jewels problem, the tax base economy actually occurring? On the surface, it appears problem, and then the even more basic problem of “un¬ so. EC ’92 is not a mirage. The United States has desirable” types of foreign investment—none of this comes concluded a free trade agreement with Canada and has anywhere near the types of things we’ve been trying to do proposed negotiating an agreement that would include in TRIMS [trade-related investment measures]. In only one Mexico. U.S. officials speak of an eventual free trade area case; namely the tax base, is there an existing: obvious stretching from Alaska to Argentina. Japanese companies bilateral instalment, a double tax treaty. Is there room for are steadily expanding their commercial presence something multilateral in this area? Is there room for throughout the Pacific Rim through trade and investment. expanding bilateralism? Is this an area where we’re going to have to develop new policy tools? Fitting blocs into the GATT HUFBAUER: Yes. The TRIMS issue really just deals with A deeper analysis reveals that regional integration the smallest part and not the most important part of this area, need not be in fundamental conflict with the expansion and this is one of the big new issues on the negotiating of the multilateral trading system. For example, the agenda for the 1990s. And then there's the question of style. evidence of the EC as a “fortress” after unification lags Are we going to do it in a series of bilateral deals or behind the imageiy. The Single Market Program that will multilaterally? Of course, my strong preference would be produce a unified Europe contains nearly 300 separate multilateral approaches, but that may turn out to be too directives, most of which have been enacted, and only a ambitious in this world. For instance, if the United States and few examples of outright protectionist actions can be Japan could come up and address some issues and come up found in this extensive regulatory agenda. A broadcast with a sensible resolution, then that’s probably multilateral directive includes a “European content” quota that will enough to start with. But I would guess that we’re not going limit American programming. A government procure¬ to do any of that, what we’re going to do is just lurch from ment directive establishes a “Buy European” preference. episode to episode. ■ The EC standards-making process excludes non-European companies. Few other directives exclude or limit foreign

JUNE 1991 • FOI1EIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 33 firms, and throughout the process of adopting common is not a sign that the EC has turned its back on the GATT. policies, the EC has been generally responsive to U.S. The Uruguay Round consists of 15 separate negotiating concerns and has in several instances modified policies groups, and in 14 the EC has proposed rules, offered after hearing U.S. complaints. The EC has by no means compromises, and brokered deals in an attempt to used the opportunity of EC ’92 to restore trade barriers the expand the GATT. To be sure, without a deal on GATT helped bring down. On a private level, U.S. agriculture, the Uruguay Round is doomed. A way out companies have continued to take advantage of new exists, but it requires a fresh perspective by the European opportunities provided by EC ’92 by increasing both Community, and by the United States. trade and investment, strengthening the interdepen¬ Clearly, as a first step, the EC must develop a common dence of the U.S. and EC economies. approach to agricultural issues that affect international GATT has not been a bystander as the world has trade. One problem dogging the Uruguay Round is not seemingly sped toward regionalism. Although difficult to implacable opposition to agricultural trade liberalization measure, the GATT has checked the protectionist by the EC, but continued division between EC members temptations of many policy¬ over the issue. If trade policy makers in both the EC and the were made in 50 state capitals United States. Its broad rules One problem dogging the instead of Washington, the and regulations establish a sys¬ United States might have a simi¬ tem for evaluating trade policies Uruguay Round is not lar problem. The EC approach enacted by its members, as well must include reform of compo¬ implacable opposition to as a system for declaring policies nents of the Common Agricul¬ to be inconsistent with GATT agricultural trade liberaliza¬ tural Policy that truly undermine obligations. The power of the international trade, such as its GATT to correct illegal national tion by the EC, but contin¬ export subsidies. The United policies is weak, but few nations States, for its part, must expect ued division between EC wish to flagrantly violate agree¬ less out of the Uaiguay Round. ments and usually alter rules members over the issue. The round has been sold vari¬ found to contravene GATT ously to Congress and the public commitments. Of course, gov¬ as a near-panacea for America’s ernments are endlessly creative in devising ways to trading problems or the last best chance for free trade, protect established economic interests without breaking and thus anything less than unconditional success could the rules, and the legal limits of the GATT prevent it from be interpreted as failure. In a negotiation involving more thwarting all forms of protectionism. That’s one more than 100 nations, the outcome will invariably fall short of reason to expand GATT, not abandon it for managed almost everyone’s expectations. trade or a bloc-based trading system that could quickly A more realistic approach would view the Uruguay degenerate into “beggar-thy-neighbor” policies. Thus, Round as the eighth in a line of multilateral trade even as regional economic integration projects occur, the negotiation rounds, not the ultimate round of talks that multilateral trading system must continue to expand and saves or sinks the multilateral trading system. It took assert its rule-making authority over new areas of trade seven rounds and three decades to reduce tariffs to their and investment. The question is: does the system retain current level, and there is ample room to reduce them sufficient allegiance of its two leading members—the more. Time will also be needed to fully liberalize United States and the European Community—to strike an agricultural, services, and textiles trade and adequately agreement doing so? protect intellectual property and foreign investment. Agricultural rules equal to current U.S. demands might Looking for a panacea not be achieved until the 10th round of talks. While that The multilateral trading system has clear and neces¬ prospect is admittedly unpleasant to contemplate after sary functions: it provides a framework for trade, a forum four years of inconclusive Uruguay Round negotiations, for liberalization, and limits on the scope of potential it is the reality of multilateral trade talks. Diminished protectionist actions by its members. It is not a perfect expectations by the United States in agriculture, and more system, but it works. Despite Cold War rhetoric and significant concessions by the EC, would help strike the predictions of the imminent fragmentation of the global bargain that gives the GATT the win it needs to keep the economy, the GATT retains the loyalty and commitment cold warriors of trade at bay. ■ of its main members. Nonetheless, translating that loyalty into new rules on trade has been difficult. That reflects not Doral Cooper is president of C&M International Ltd., so much lack of interest in the GATT as an attempt by the international trade consulting affiliate of the GATT members to take the multilateral system into Crowell & Moring late firm. Cooper formerly served uncharted ten'itory. as the assistant U.S. trade representative in the ex¬ Thus, although the U.S.-EC agricultural deadlock is a ecutive office of the president, where she was chief vety real threat to the success of the Uruguay Round, it negotiator for the U.S. -Israel Free Trade Agreement.

34 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 AMERICA AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY PARTNERS OR DUALS?

BY ROBERT A. POULARD

JSBggk mid the “Europhoria” surrounding EC government has become increasingly aggressive in de¬ 1992, many Americans have lost sight fending U.S. trade interests. Still, American policy is of a momentous and potentially dis- constrained by a reluctance to let trade disputes spoil our turbing development: the Euro- special relationship with Europe, as well as by a fear that pean Community has become not aggressive trade action against the EC could jeopardize only our best economic partner, a successful outcome to the Uruguay Round. This is but also one of our chief economic rivals. After World counter-productive, because the EC interprets an ac¬ War II, the United States enthusiastically supported the commodating response as weakness and rarely offers rise of a strong and prosperous Europe: an integrated trade concessions in response to moral suasion alone. Europe underpinned the Atlantic Alliance, and the Eu¬ Europeans complain loudly about the “unilateralism” of ropean Community was (and is) our best customer. Yet U.S. trade policy, but they are accomplished practitioners in recent years, the EC has been second only to Japan as of the art themselves—-and no saints when it comes to a source of trade friction with the United States, notably living up to their own GATT obligations. over agriculture in the Uruguay Round of negotiations under the GATT. Even if the Round concludes favorably, Problems that won’t go away America and the Community are likely to see more, not Conflict over trade is not inevitable, and both the less, conflict over trade issues in the 1990s. United States and the EC have much to lose from a trade The United States generally did not press Europe on war. After all, both sides are committed in principle to trade issues because of the overriding importance of freer trade and the GATT system, and the trade in our security relationship. For instance, the highly question in most disputes is small compared with the protectionist Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has overall volume of transatlantic commerce. Yet continued cost the United States billions of dollars in lost farm friction over trade with the EC is likely for several reasons: exports. With each enlargement of the EC, the figure • The dollar amounts, especially on agricultural trade, grew, yet until 1986 (when Spain and Portugal joined), are significant. the United States did very little about it. This perhaps • The EC tends to erect barriers to imports in precisely made sense when Europe was still recovering from the those areas—agriculture, entertainment (film), and high- Second World War and faced a formidable security tech (aerospace, semiconductors, telecommunications)— threat from the East. where the United States enjoys its greatest comparative Yet now chat Western Europe has become an economic advantage. giant—and as Cold War structures are crumbling—some • The EC, even more than the United States, skepticism about the benefits of a united Europe is in increasingly uses non-tariff and technical barriers to trade order. Thanks in part to congressional pressure, the U.S. in order to protect beleaguered or “infant” industries.

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 • The GATT system has failed to provide a satisfactory Stacking the deck mechanism for dispute settlement between the transat¬ What, then, is at the bottom of the U.S.-EC trade lantic economic superpowers. problem? First, certain aspects of the Single Market are • Members of Congress have become acutely discriminatory. Some fear that the EC is setting industrial sensitive to protectionism by the EC (and Japan) at a standards using established European norms, instead of time when the trade deficit is threatening jobs and international ones, disadvantaging U.S. suppliers. EC growth in their home districts. testing and certification rules, under which U.S. goods qualify to meet European standards, could prove time- Blessings of uniformity consuming and costly for American exporters. The EC What, then, are the sources of tension? Happily, the has also used anti-dumping laws in conjunction with much ballyhooed European Single Market program— “rules of origin” (which determine the nationality of a "EC 1992”—poses fewer problems than first thought. product) to send a signal to non-EC firms that they must By removing barriers to the free movement of goods, invest in the Community just to do business there. In one services, capital, and labor, EC 1992 makes it easier for case, a U.S. semiconductor maker allegedly built a big U.S. businessmen to enter European markets. For plant in Ireland for that very reason. In government example, the EC’s new system for the mutual recognition procurement, the EC has passed legislation that, in the of industrial and agricultural standards, covering tech¬ absence of a revision of the GATT procurement code, nical norms on everything from lawn mower noise could be far more protectionist than U.S. “Buy America” limits to machine safety, will make it possible for a legislation. manufacturer in Indiana to sell his goods in Europe Our most protracted and bitter disagreements with the without having to meet the specifications of 12 different EC concern agriculture. European intransigence on agri¬ countries. Likewise, uniform laws on banking and cultural reform at the December 1990 Brussels Ministerial financial services will permit a U.S. (or other non-EC) almost killed the Uruguay Round. The cancerous growth bank, insurance company, or stock brokerage to open of EC price supports and import barriers has gradually up a subsidiary in one EC country, and then set up squeezed U.S. farmers out of both the lucrative EC market branches in all the others-—a system even more liberal and third markets where the EC routinely dumps its than that of the United States. surplus farm goods. Recently, Brussels has proposed Though not formally part of the EC 1992 program, replacing price supports with income supports—paying other related programs, notably Economic and Monetary fanners to take land out of production rather than paying Union and the proposed “Social Charter,” may even¬ them to grow more and more unwanted goods—but tually establish a single European currency and central even if adopted, the reforms may come too little and too banking system and a common body of social legislation late to save the Round. that should simplify the operations of U.S. firms based The expansion of the EC to include new members in Europe. At the same time, the EC Commission is could mean the extension of pernicious agricultural committed to cutting massive member state subsidies to subsidies to much of the rest of Europe in the 1990s. smokestack industries (shipping, coal, steel, autos). With the creation of the Common Market in 1957, and Otherwise, these “state aids” could negate positive its subsequent expansions in 1973,1981, and 1986 to its benefits from the reduction of trade barriers in the present membership, U.S. farmers lost billions of dol¬ emerging “United States of Europe.” lars of export markets in Europe. This happened even In addition to the trade liberalizing effects of EC though GATT rules clearly state that the creation or 1992, the United States supports European integration enlargement of a customs union shall not disadvantage because, as the president has said, “A strong Europe third parties, and that in the event it does, such parties means a strong America.” Europe is our best ally, most are due compensation. EC members are NATO members, and the better off Not until 1986 (with the accession of Spain and they are, the more likely it is that Europe can help Portugal) did the United States seriously seek and win shoulder our common defense burden. Europe is also compensation (about $400 million) from the EC on our best customer. In 1990, we had a small trade enlargement, and then only after going to the brink of surplus: $6.1 billion, out of two-way trade worth $190 a trade war. In December 1990, when the original EC billion. Including sales by U.S. multinationals in Europe Enlargement Agreement expired, the U.S. government (1988: $620 billion) and by European multinationals in again was forced to threaten the EC with trade action the United States, plus two-way investment, ours is over (against $420 million of agricultural imports from the a $1 trillion relationship. EC) just to win a one-year extension of the agreement. Finally, the administration has embraced the Single (Negotiations will resume this June.) Aside from the Market because it serves as a model for Eastern Europe. substantive elements of the case, what is disturbing The EC offers leadership in funneling aid and encourag¬ about the EC Enlargement case is that, until we ing reforms in Eastern Europe. Since 1989, the Commu¬ threatened to take action against EC trade, Brussels nity has coordinated Western aid to the region via the “G- refused to engage in serious negotiations. 24” process. The list of agricultural disputes with the EC goes on.

36 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 In January 1990, the GATT Council approved a GATT panel report finding that EC subsidies to oilseed crushers violated the EC’s commitments to per¬ mit imports of soybeans and other oilseeds to enter its market duty-free. The U.S. industry estimates it is suffer¬ ing up to $2.1 billion annual trade damage. Yet the EC, after promising to act upon the GATT ailing this year, so far has refused to do so on the grounds that it had conditioned implementation upon completion of the Uruguay Round. Since last fall, the Community has also banned all imports of U.S. pork, be¬ cause American slaughterhouses are allegedly unsanitary. This happened at roughly the same time that U.S. regula¬ tory agencies were accelerating testing of a European fungicide to permit timely imports of French Beaujolais.

Spirited fighting U.S. willingness to compromise has not won good will, however. Since March 31, Brussels no longer permits marketing of American blended whis¬ key as “whiskey” in the EC; it must now bear the charming appellation “spirit drink.” The United States protects nu¬ merous European wines and liquors (e.g., Bordeaux, cognac) against com¬ petition in the U.S. market, yet the EC to date has refused to provide similar recognition to American bourbon and Tennessee whiskeys. Consultations have not been fruitful. Perhaps the worst instances of EC unilateralism are argument is not so much the repercussions for U.S. new non-tariff barriers in the product approval field, manufacturers of BST, although those would be seri¬ which U.S. Trade Representative Carla Hills identified ous, but rather the implications for all new products, as one of the major trade problem areas of the 1990s. especially bio-engineered ones. Socio-economic crite¬ For years, the EC has banned imports of U.S. beef ria could be used to ban almost anything. Washington (worth about $90 million) treated with hormones on favors the development of international norms to settle spurious health grounds; U.S. regulatory authorities, product approval issues. Fortunately, we have allies in who are generally tougher at screening health risks the EC Commission who understand the Pandora’s box than their European counterparts, have detected no that could be opened if countries resort to non- threat to human health from such substances. The EC scientific excuses for trade discrimination, and some also prohibited, pending further examination, market¬ compromise should be possible. ing of a synthetically reproduced, but naturally occur¬ ring, substance called BST that increases milk production Eurochauvinism at the movies in cows. Baissels acted partly because of alleged public Not so with the EC’s cultural protectionism. The fears about BST’s healthfulness, but mostly because of Community’s new broadcasting directive specifically “socio-economic” reasons: in particular, that BST may targets U.S. industry by requiring that at least half of favor big, “factory” farmers over small, family farmers. entertainment television shows consist of EC produc¬ (Clearly, the EC also fears that productivity gains from tions. Preservation of “European culture” is commonly BST could mean new additions to the EC’s “ butter berg,” cited as the directive’s rationale, yet under the EC’s with serious implications for the EC budget.) definition, a spaghetti Western filmed in Italy and dubbed What is worrisome about the EC’s socio-economic in English counts as a “European work” while a drama on

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 Henry the VIII filmed in Hollywood does not. aircraft industry. It is true that neither McDonnell Douglas Clearly, the main motivation behind the EC’s (especially nor Boeing is in imminent danger of bankruptcy. Yet French) offensive against American “cultural imperial¬ Airbus’ share of new orders for aircraft over 100 seats has ism” is to shore up its troubled TV and film industry, soared from 16 per cent in 1988 to 35 percent in 1990 which has a dreadful track record winning over native worldwide, largely because government supports make audiences with its tired fare—while Hollywood’s offer¬ it possible for Airbus to sell its products below cost. Most ings are enormously popular. important in the longer tenn, the American firms cannot Tire administration challenged the legality of broad¬ count on handouts from the U.S. government when it casting directives under the GATT, but the negotiations comes time to “bet the company” on new models to are deadlocked. (The United States claims the directive replace today’s 747s, DC-lOs, and 767s—whereas Airbus violates the GATT by restricting trade in film—a good— can, knowing that in the end the Airbus governments’ but the EC insists broadcasting is a service not covered by treasuries will bail it out if necessary. the GATT; there the matter rests.) Meanwhile, despite Airbus representatives argue that government direct repeated assurances that the directive would have no supports are necessary to counter the sizable “cross practical effect on U.S. industry, three major EC countries— subsidies” that U.S. civil aircraft manufacturers receive France, Italy, and the United Kingdom—have in place or from their highly profitable defense divisions. Yet the are about to enact quotas against non-EC (read: U.S.) Airbus companies are even more dependent on military films that are even stricter than the EC mandates. The contracts than Boeing and surely take advantage of such Community has also sought a “cultural carve-out” (ex¬ support at least as much as their American counterparts. emption) to the proposed services agreement of the Moreover, to underwrite the privatization of MBB (the Uruguay Round that would permit the EC to discriminate parent firm of Deutsche Airbus), the German government against imports of virtually all “cultural” goods. Fearful of has so far paid exchange rate guarantees worth $262 losses in its most lucrative overseas market, the Motion million to Daimler Benz—a practice that the U.S. gov¬ Picture Export Association of America has asked USTR to ernment is currently challenging before a GATT subsidies take action against the EC under the “Special 301” code panel. provision of the 1988 Trade Act. None of this catalogue of complaints is meant to The EC’s cultural exceptionalism is profoundly dis¬ suggest that we face trade problems with the EC as turbing because, first, the stakes are so big: U.S. audiovi¬ serious as those with Japan, but for friends of the Atlantic sual exports totaled $5 billion in 1989, of which television community, that should be small comfort. First and programming sales to the EC accounted for $880 million. foremost on the list of priorities for the EC should be The EC directive limits the degree to which U.S. film quick and comprehensive agricultural reform. For its producers can share in the growing European audiovi¬ part, the United States clearly needs to get its fiscal house sual market. Consider, too, the example that the directive in order; most economists associate the massive budget sets for developing countries when the EC, representing deficits of the 1980s with America’s chronic red ink on the some of the richest countries on earth, invents new trade ledger. Both the United States and the EC have a categories of protectionism. The EC’s “cultural” argument, strong interest in strengthening the GATT system, the like the socio-economic criterion for product approval, dispute settlement process in particular is pathetically opens the door wide open to more and more protectionism inadequate, driving the U.S. government to rely in¬ on arbitrary grounds. creasingly on, various trade measures like Section 301 to protect its interests. High-protection In the meantime, Brussels could improve relations by Yet another area of contention is the massive subsidies adopting a more forthcoming attitude toward bilateral that the EC member states give to high-tech industries, consultations and negotiations on trade. Even if the U.S. notably Airbus Industrie. Since the consortium’s birth administration were to become less demanding of its key two decades ago, the Airbus governments (France, European partner on trade matters—and that is unlikely— Germany, Britain, and Spain) have offered the the Congress surely will not. With the Cold War no longer consortium’s member companies $13-5 billion in grants looming large in transatlantic relations, and with trade and soft loans to develop civil aircraft and maintain issues receiving increasing scrutiny on the Hill, the European competitiveness in this cutting edge industry. prospect in the 1990s may be for even more of the The EC Commission, representing the Airbus govern¬ “unilateralism” in U.S. trade policy that European leaders ments in negotiations with the United States, argues profess to deplore. ■ that development aid is necessary for the struggling European “infant industry” to compete with its giant Robert A. Pollard has covered EC 1992 and European American competitors. But in the international trade trade issues in the State Department’s Economic and arena, Airbus behaves more like a gangling, threaten¬ Business Bureau for the last two years. Tlje views ing teenager than a babe in arms. expressed in this essay are solely those of the author According to the U.S. government, subsidies to Airbus and do not necessarily represent those of the Depart¬ pose a major long-term risk to the health of the U.S. civil ment of State or any other U.S. government agency.

38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 THE U. S. - MEXICO AGREEMENT: IUHV AN FTR UJOUU) DO US BOTH GOOD

BY SUSAN KAUFMAN PURCELL

Hjj§§fj| or years, the United States had a rela¬ of the U.S.-Mexico relationship hinge on a successful f tionship with its neighbor to the south conclusion of the agreement. ■MB that seemed to alternate between thin cordiality and undisguised testiness. Warming up Now, however, economic liberalization in Recent decades have been somewhat troubled ones Mexico, greater pragmatism in the United States, for the bilateral relationship, as Washington viewed the the end of the Cold War, and increasing globalization world through an East-West prism while Mexico viewed of the world economy are it through a North-South one. causing the interests of both In the 1950s and 1960s, when countries to converge. Mexico’s economy was grow¬ This growing harmony of Ironically, the left-of-center ing at 6-8 percent annually, the interests means that for the first opposition essentially advo¬ United States paid little atten¬ time in many years both tion to Mexico, and was criti¬ countries have become impor¬ cates a return to the eco¬ cized for taking its neighbor tant to each other for positive for granted. Later, when the rather than negative reasons. nomic past. Its approach has United States did focus on The 2,000-mile shared border more in common with the Mexico in the 1970s and early has come increasingly to be 1980s, it was often with exas¬ viewed on both sides not as a traditional policies of the old peration: Mexico’s Third World curse but as an opportunity. moralizing sounded empty to Support for greater eco¬ PRI, from which Cardenas Washington when viewed nomic cooperation, however, defected, than with those of against a record of inefficient, is still fragile. In the United if not corrupt, domestic ad¬ States, organized labor fears President Salinas. ministration. massive job losses to lower- The United States, never¬ paid Mexican workers. And in theless, responded rapidly to Mexico, political leaders are under strong pressure to Mexico’s economic crisis in August 1982, helping Mexico show positive results from recent policies of liberaliza¬ avoid an economic and political collapse. The United tion and economic opening to the United States. States provided enough aid and support to allow Greater integration with the United States, represented Mexico’s economic transformation, without providing by the Free Trade Agreement, would enable them to do so much help as to make the economic restructuring so. Thus, important political and economic dimensions unnecessary. Mexico, in turn, subsequently gained U.S.

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 39 good will by repudiating demagogic leaders and elect¬ deepen remains unclear. President Salinas is in a race ing more responsible presidents—Miguel de la Madrid against time, as pressure on him grows to show that his and Carlos Salinas de Gortari—who not only refomied economic policies can produce growth. the economy, but also sought to rebuild a constructive Mexico’s economic liberalization in the mid-1980s and cooperative relationship with the United States. did not flow from popular demands. Instead, the initiative came from above and was met with substantial Opening the economy opposition, both from vested interests with a stake in Within Mexico, the big news has been the countiy’s the highly protected economy and from large segments transformation, beginning in 1985, from a closed and of the population who had been led to believe that highly protected economy into one of the most open Mexico’s identity as a nation depended on maintaining economies in the world. The catalyst was the debt crisis its distance from the United States. of 1982, which made it impossible for Mexico to continue This opposition helped produce an unprecedented borrowing money in order to sustain its highly inefficient challenge to the candidate of the dominant party, the and expensive development strategy. The liberalization PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) in the 1988 of the Mexican economy was presidential election. The paralleled by a more positive Mexican economy’s low, nega¬ attitude toward private invest¬ Popular support for both tive, or zero growth during the ment, both domestic and for¬ preceding years was also im¬ eign, as well as a desire for President Salinas and his portant to the slim electoral greater economic integration economic policies still de¬ margin of Carlos Salinas de with the “colossus ofthe north.” Gortari. Cuauhtemoc Cardenas, Although these changes pends on public perceptions the candidate of the left-of-cen- predated the end of the Cold ter opposition front, the Party of War, they were reinforced and that Mexico has a bright Democratic Revolution, de¬ accelerated by the collapse of economic future and that nounced the election results as communism in Eastern Eu¬ fraudulent and proceeded to rope and the disintegration of this future is intimately launch a broad-based attack on the Soviet economy and po¬ the policies of the Salinas Ad¬ litical system. Both develop¬ linked with Mexico's entry ministration. ments undermined the legiti¬ into a North American free- macy of statist development Knee-jerk opposition strategies and of socialist al¬ trade area. Ironically, the left-of-center ternatives to capitalism. They opposition essentially advocates also ratified the new economic a return to the economic past. direction being taken by the Mexican leadership. Its approach has more in common with the traditional Emerging competition from the new Eastern Euro¬ policies of the old PRI, from which Cardenas defected, pean democracies for limited amounts of investment than with those of President Salinas. The Cardenistas capital also caused President Salinas to deepen the believe that the economic opening is going too far and economic reform process. Believing that the world too fast. They continue to favor development led by the was dividing into regional trading blocs, he became state rather than the private sector, and they remain more convinced that Mexico’s future was tied to that suspicious of foreign investment. They are particularly of North America. wary of the growing economic integration between At the same time, the United States adopted a fresh Mexico and the United States, arguing that Mexico attitude toward Mexico. The end of the Cold War meant should look to the south rather than to the north in that U.S. policy toward Latin America could finally forging economic alliances. downplay security concerns and give greater importance The Cardenistas, however, also advocate greater to economic ones. The coming of Europe 1992, combined democratization of the political system. To date, they with Japan’s growing economic integration with South¬ have focused on electoral fraud, which they claim east Asia, likewise led Washington to think in terms of a explains the PRI’s dominance in Mexico. As part of their North American free trade area that eventually might campaign for democracy, they have joined forces with include the entire Western Hemisphere. The idea of the right-of-center opposition party, the PAN (Partido expanding the U.S.-Canada free trade agreement to de Accion Nacional) in an effort to make the countiy’s include Mexico seemed a logical first step, given Mexico’s electoral process more transparent and enable opposi¬ newly liberalized economy. tion parties to play on a level playing field. They have also invited foreign observers to oversee local elections Liberalization by fiat and regularly publicize their grievances in the U.S. Although the new, more constructive bilateral rela¬ media, arguing that their access to the Mexican media tionship looks promising, whether it will continue to is thwarted by the governing party.

40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 The Cardenistas believe that the PRI’s economic reforms could not have been imple¬ mented had Mexico had a democratic political system. They are correct. In a very real sense, the Mexican government was ahead of its own people. There was little domestic un¬ derstanding of or support for a drastic reversal of economic policy in the mid-1980s, away from a statist, protected economy and toward an open, internationally competitive one based on free trade and private investment. Nor had the rest of the world yet witnessed the discrediting of socialism and the enthusiastic embrace of both democratic and free-mar- ket systems. Aware of this, President Salinas allowed the liberaliza¬ tion of the Mexican economy to far outpace the liberalization of the political system, despite the greater popular support for the latter, at least initially. Now, however, results produced by economic reforms have changed the perception. Most Mexican finns are proving more adaptable than many Mexicans had originally believed pos¬ sible, flight capital has begun to return, foreign investment is increasing substantially, and the prospects for economic growth look good. In fact, growing evidence suggests that, if subjected almost all his eggs in the free-trade basket. to a popular vote today, Mexico’s new development A free-trade agreement with the United States and strategy would receive widespread popular support. Canada translates into increased investor confidence in Public opinion polls show that President Salinas is Mexico by signaling that Mexico’s new economic extremely popular. And recent surveys of attitudes policies will not be easily reversed. Conversely, the toward a free-trade agreement with the United States rejection of such an agreement by the U.S. Congress indicate that more than two-thirds of the Mexicans would have the opposite effect. It would also give those questioned favor such an agreement. who oppose President Salinas’ economic policies an Current support for both economic and political opportunity to play on anti-American, nationalist sen¬ liberalization does not, however, mean that Mexico is timents that many Mexicans still cherish. The result home free. Popular support for both President Salinas could be exactly what President Salinas had earlier and his economic policies still depends on public hoped to avoid—the undermining of Mexico’s eco¬ perceptions that Mexico has a bright economic future and nomic opening by its political one. ■ that this future is intimately linked with Mexico’s entry into a North American free-trade area. A U.S. rejection of Susan Kaufman Purcell is vice president for Latin the free-trade agreement with Mexico would precipi¬ American Affairs at the Americas Society in New tously decrease support for both the president and his York. She served on the State Department’s Policy policies. This is because the Mexican president has put Planning Stafffrom January 1980 through June 1981

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 41 AMERICA INC. A STRHTEGV FOR TELECommiJMcmiONS

EDWARD J. MARKEY

eorge Orwell’s nightmare of a to¬ forces and have seized the initiative in a number of G talitarian regime that twists ad¬ industries—especially telecommunications. They are al¬ vanced technologies into the ulti¬ ready in the seventh inning of a tightly fought ball game, mate tools of repression did not while we are still arguing over how to get to the ballpark. come true. On the contrary, just the opposite has occurred. Rigid politi¬ New standards cal controls on the flow of information proved Both Japan and Western Europe are today investing unsustainable in a world of copying machines, faxes, heavily in emerging telecommunications technologies satellite dishes, and video recorders. As the means of such as high definition television (HDTV), supercomputers, producing information has become more available, more optical fiber networks, and artificial intelligence. Both accessible, and more pervasive, it has been increasingly have developed plans to direct public and private sector difficult for the next generation of Goebbels and Stalins efforts aimed at promoting their success in these tech¬ to keep information solely in their control. nologies, because both know that telecommunications At a certain point, we need to accept victory in the technologies will be the infrastructure of the Infonnation Cold War and begin to deal with its consequences, for Age. European and Japanese efforts in this field are while our traditional foes, the Soviets, are paralyzed by coordinated and stimulated by direct and indirect govern¬ unprecedented internal and economic tunnoil, and while ment activities, including public regulation and tax policy, we in Washington are paralyzed by the budget crisis, our direct subsidies, and even government procurement. traditional allies—Japan and Western Europe—ate already For example, the British are investing billions of beginning an assault on the world marketplace. They have dollars and have allocated 200 megahertz of frequency recognized what we have not: that the resources defining spectrum to the development of the next generation of success in the Industrial Age—natural resources, heavy cellular phone technology. France’s government-owned manufacturing capabilities, and manpower—have given way telephone company has invested almost $2.5 billion to tlie resources of the Infonnation Age—high-tech manu¬ since 1981 in network improvements, including the free facturing capabilities, scientific and technical knowledge, and distribution of “Miniter terminals to consumers across instantaneous transmission of information and resources that country. across national boundaries. In addition to such efforts at the national level, It is clear that telecommunications and its associated European governments are working together on com¬ technologies will be to the future what coal and steel mon strategies for dealing with entertainment programs were to our past and oil is to our present—the essential that will be transmitted over the broadcast and cable fuel of the 21st century. Our competitors already have systems of the future. Television programs are already recognized the shifting global economic and political being developed that anticipate the time in 1992 when

42 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 the 12 nations of the European community will be united tions trade policy, or even an effective telecommunica¬ in a single mass television market of 325 million people. tions corporate strategy. What we have is a patchwork At the same time, the European Community has adopted quilt of regulatory, tax, trade, and anti-trust policies that several directives aimed at harmonizing their telecom¬ frequently work at cross purposes, and a telecommuni¬ munications policies and markets, including directives to cations industry that needs to focus more on long-term establish a European telecommunications standards in¬ investment in emerging technologies and infrastructure. stitute, a pan-European digital cellular radio communi¬ While the Japanese and the Europeans have special cations network, common standards for introduction of government ministers with jurisdiction over telecommu¬ Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) in EC mem¬ nications policy, the United States spreads telecommuni¬ ber countries, and restrictions on the U.S. entertainment cations jurisdiction among several often obscure agen¬ industry’s access to the EC market. cies in the executive branch and allows a single federal At this point, it remains unclear whether the EC’s district court judge to set de facto national policy for seven actions will result in a substantial opening of its tele¬ of our nation’s largest telecommunications firms on the communications market—valued at $14 billion—to U.S. basis of the anti-trust decree that broke up AT&T. suppliers, or whether the regional telecommunications While our competitors have been formulating com¬ market established by EC-92 will be a “Fortress Europe” prehensive plans for bringing sophisticated voice, data, in which U.S. firms are largely walled out. and video services to all homes, the U.S. government is funding a $2 billion program for supercomputer research Japanese synergy and a high-speed data transmission network that would In Japan, we’re seeing even more aggressive efforts to link elite university research institutes and Fortune 500 take on the United States in key sectors of the interna¬ companies. It is the equivalent of constructing an eight- tional telecommunications market. With government lane superhighway only for owners of luxury cars. support and encouragement, Japan’s Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Co. has embarked on a massive $240 Geopolitical red herrings billion capital improvement program aimed at bringing All too often, U.S. economic interests have been sold sophisticated voice, data, and video services to every down the river because of foreign policy considerations. business in Japan by the early 1990s. At the height of the Cold War, there was a certain logic The Sony Corp. purchased Columbia Pictures in order to the argument that issues of war and peace, capitalism to obtain a source of entertainment “software” to go with and communism being played out by surrogates in its new video Walkman and obtain an edge in the coming Eastern, Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia battle over high-definition television. Sony’s strategy was should take precedence over the national economic simple: use a combination of new programming, new interest. Thus, time and time again the United States products, and its newly acquired 2,700-title film library to sacrificed its economic interest on the altar of Cold War whet the appetites of U.S. consumers for Sony’s HDTV geopolitics, refusing to act for 15 years, for example, technologies, which would in turn dominate the global when Japanese television companies were violating U.S. marketplace. anti-trust laws by dumping television sets on the U.S. Not to be outdone, Japan’s Matsushita Corp. is now market. When the Reagan Administration finally inter¬ attempting to buy MCA in order to pursue a similar vened in the lawsuit filed by the U.S. television manufac¬ strategy of mating its vast hardware empire (including turers challenging the Japanese dumping, it took the side brand names such as Panasonic, Technics, and Quasar) of the Japanese companies, arguing that the Japanese with MCA’s huge video software library. The important firms shouldn’t be held liable for their anti-competitive policy question raised by both the Sony-Columbia and activities because the Japanese government had directed Matshushita-MCA deals is not if foreigners control these activities—an action it termed “sovereign compul¬ the broadcast rights to our beloved cultural icons such as sion.” In order to preserve a “comity among sovereign “The Big Chill,” “Wheel of Fortune,” “Jaws,” or “ET,” but nations,” the administration said, we shouldn’t punish who controls the technology markets of the future. Japanese companies for actions taken in accordance with directives issued by the Japanese government. Just do it Meanwhile, America has been engaged in an arcane Compounding old mistakes and eye-watering debate over industrial policy—what it In the future, instead of appeasing acts of sovereign is and isn’t and whether it poisons the crystal springs of compulsion, we need a policy that compels foreign capitalism. The industrial policy debate has been waged sovereigns to halt unfair and predatory trade practices. largely in think tanks and academic forums. It holds little We must be vigorous in our investigation and prosecu¬ interest, I believe, to the American people. Americans are tion of anti-competitive activities, and we must be willing not ideological, they are pragmatic—they want to do to make use of remedies such as those provided in what works. Section 301 of the Trade Act. A recent report by the The problem we have today is that we lack a coherent Commerce Department found that “barriers to foreign national telecommunications strategy, a telecommunica¬ market access continue to disadvantage the international

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 43 competitiveness of U.S. telecommunications finns.” In large telecommunications strategy from the White House, part because of those barriers, in 1988 the United States ran Congress will move forward to fill in the blanks. There are an almost $4 billion deficit in telecommunications equipment at least four objectives I believe we must work to achieve: and services, compared to a $1 billion surplus in 1978. • a forward-looking national strategy; Concerns have also been raised that our telecommu¬ • an executive branch that is more capable of imple¬ nications export control policies have worked to disad¬ menting this strategy; vantage U.S. competitive interests. Consider, for ex¬ • a policy toward our trading partners that demands ample, the administration’s decision in June of this year both respect and fair treatment for our industries; and, to block a $500 million proposal by US West to install a • an export control policy that eliminates outdated fiber optic line to connect the Soviet Union, Europe, and restrictions on sales of telecommunications equip¬ Asia for civilian long-distance phone service and business ment to the East while simultaneously tightening data communications. This proposal was good for U.S. controls on the flow of weapons of mass destruction industry and it would have helped give the Soviet people to unstable regimes in the Third World. the telecommunications tools they need to build demo¬ We must not allow the debate over industrial policy to cratic institutions and free markets. Nevertheless, the become a curse. To date, it has been an obstacle because Bush Administration blocked the US West deal at the it has locked us into a paralyzing debate between two instigation of the intelligence community, which is extreme points of view—unfettered free markets on the one fundamentally opposed to any fiber optics exports to the hand and rigidly planned economies on the other. Neither Soviets because it fears that establishing a modem constitutes a viable approach at the close of the 20th century. telecommunications system in that country will make it It is critical that America move beyond this debate. more difficult to eavesdrop on the civilian telephone The time has come for us to construct a cohesive system in the Soviet Union. national telecommunications policy. The world is They are cOnect: it will. But in Eastern Europe and the changing, and we must change with it if our nation is to Soviet Union, our overarching national interest must be to prosper and evolve to meet the challenges we face. ■ actively encourage the transition to pluralistic, free market societies by providing these countries with the telecommu¬ Representative Edward J. Markey (D-MA) chairs the nications tools they need to enter the Information Age. House Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Fi¬ In the absence of a coherent and comprehensive nance.

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44 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 Charles M. Gerrlty, 91, died March Berlin. He joined the State Department Foreign Service Board of Examiners. 29. in 1951 as economic development of¬ After retirement in 1966, he held posi¬ A native of Scranton, Pennslyvania, ficer for the Office of South Asian Affairs. tions with the National Council for he attended Columbia University and He later served in Greece and Germany Community Service and Meridian House, entered the Foreign Service in 1920. His and with the Bureau of International and retired again in 1973. assignments included posts in Den¬ Organizational Affairs and as deputy He is survived by his wife, Ida Miles mark, Czechoslovakia, Norway, U.S. permanent representative to Richards of Bethesda, Maryland, a daugh¬ Lithuania, Germany, Canada, India, UNESCO. He also served in Rome and ter, Sarah Richards Nunminen of Pennsyl¬ Ireland, Spain, Panama, Japan, and Italy. Tel Aviv. vania; two sons, Hubert and John, of the A life member of Dacor-Bacon House In addition to his wife, Theresa Washington D.C. area; four grandchildren, and a Jubilee Member of AFSA, he was Plakias, survivors include a son, George, and one great grandson. a recipient of the Cross of the Eloy of Wollaston, Massachusetts; a daugh¬ Wilma May Wilder died after a long Alfaro Foundation for promoting better ter, Eleni, of Los Angeles; a brother, and illness on March 27 at her home in relations between the United States and three sisters, all of Lowell. Aptos, California. Panama. Arthur L Richards, 88, former Wilder graduated from San Jose State He is survived by his wife, Irene of ambassador to Ethiopia, died of heart University with a degree in music and Alpharetta, Georgia; a daughter, Louise failure at home in Bethesda, Maryland later served as a flight instructor in the Vollertsen, and a grandaughter. on February 22. Navy. In 1952 she joined the Foreign Benjamin Hulley, 92, died January Bom on a ranch near Emmett, Idaho Service, serving with A.I.D. in Afghani¬ 11 in Hyannis, Massachusetts. in 1907, Richards entered the Foreign stan, Cambodia, Tunisia, Sudan, Bra¬ Born in Lewisberg, Pennsylvania, he Service in 1930 after graduating from zil, Nicaragua, and Vietnam. She retired was a graduate of Stetson College and George Washington University. Subse¬ in 1971. earned a master’s degree in history at quent assignments included Guadalajara, She is survived by her brother, Harvard University and Oxford Univer¬ Teheran, Jerusalem, Cairo, Cape Town, Walter E. Wilder; a niece, nephews, sity, where he was a Rhodes scholar. and Pretoria. At the end of World War II, and their children. Hulley served 30 years in the Foreign Richards returned to the Department of Orme Wilson, Jr., 70, died of a heart Service, from 1924-1954, and held posts State as assistant chief of the British attack March 30 at his farm in Virginia. in Stockholm, Dublin, Nantes, Paris, Commonwealth Division and later Wilson was bom in New York City Reykjavik, Helsinki, and London. served as director of the Office of Greek, and graduated from Harvard University. Hulley retired to Hyannis in 1955, Turkish, and Iranian Affairs. Subse¬ During World War II, he was a pilot in where he was an active sailor, and quently he served as deputy represen¬ the Navy, attaining the rank of lieuten¬ member of the Barnstable Comedy Club, tative to two international conferences ant commander. After the war he was a and the oldest participating member in in Geneva. Other overseas assignments pilot for Pan American Airways and in the Hyannis Society of Friends. His wife, included consul general in Istanbul and 1951 was commissioned in the Foreign the former Joan Carrington, died in ambassador to Ethiopia. Service. His posts included Frankfurt, 1984. Richards often recalled an incident Southhampton, Belgrade, and Athens. Survivors include a daughter, Bar¬ that occurred while he was ambassa¬ He served as consul general in Zagreb, bara Ackermann of Cambridge; two dor. He came to the palace, complete and then was posted to the United sons, Stephen of Mill Valley, California with top hat and tails, to help negotiate Nations and to NATO. He retired in and John of Jerusalem; seven grandchil¬ a settlement to political unrest. While 1980. Past director of the Laurel Race dren, and two great grandchildren. there, an attempted coup against Haile Course, he had been president of the Michael Kelakos died of compli¬ Selassie began with machine gunfire. Virginia Thoroughbred Association since cations from Parkinson’s disease on The ambassador climbed through a 1990. February 27 in South Yarmouth. window, ran across the veranda, and Survivors include his wife, Mildred Born in Lowell, Massachusetts, he commandeered a Jeep, which he and Dunn Wilson of White Post; three chil¬ was a 1935 graduate of MIT. He served an aide drove away—with top hat and dren, Marshall Wilson of Mobile, Elsie in the army during World War II, attain¬ tails flying in the breeze. Wilson Thompson of Charlottesville, ing the rank of colonel, and then served His final position with the depart¬ and Orme Wilson III of Louisville; and as deputy chief of the U.S. mission in ment was as chief examiner of the seven grandchildren. ■

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 45 DIPLOMATS IN HISTORY: TRADE IN THE CONGO

Dollar Note: The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALIS indebted to Foreign Service officer Peter Eicher for the following historic despatch and ex¬ Diplomacy planatory note. the American From U.S. Agent to the States of the “factories” or stations in different parts, Congo Association, W.P. Tisdel to Secre¬ engage help acclimated and familiar tary of State Bayard, 1885. with the country and the natives, and In 1878, King Leopold II of Belgium with a knowledge of both the Portu¬ way and American explorer and adveitturer guese and Fiote languages, make pre¬ Henry Stanleyfounded the International sents to the chiefs of tribes, and in this Congo Association, a private organiza¬ manner induce the natives to come in to Come to American tion aimed at developing the Congo the newly established “factories.” All Service Center for diplomatic basin. In subsequent travels through this takes time and money and little or immunity from high prices. If Africa, Stanley signed treaties with hun¬ no return can be expected for at least a you are on an overseas dreds of chiefs, bringing them under the year. assignment, and carry a umbrella of the association. In 1885, the The most valuable productions of diplomatic or official passport, United States became the first country to the country and for which there is an you can save on the purchase grant official recognition to the Interna¬ ever-increasing demand, are rubber, palm kernels and palm oil, gum copal, of a new Mercedez-Benz with tional Congo Association—later the Congo Free State and then the Belgian ground-nuts, and wax. The rubber and U.S. equipment, shipped Congo—as a friendly state. The Ameri¬ palm trees are of spontaneous growth directly to the United States or can recognition came about partly as and to be found everywhere in the for pick up in Stuttgart*. the result of the reports by U.S. Agent lowlands. The supply is not equal to the Contact Erik Granholm, W.P. Tisdel, the first official American to demand, yet there is no limit to the our Diplomatic and Tourist travel through portions of central Af¬ quantity of these rich products which Sales Manager. rica. Thefollowing report is Tisdel’sfirst might be taken from the country if the account of the conditions and trade natives could be induced to work. Here opportunities in centraland west Africa. again arises the question of labor, and to me it seems feasible to create wants Lisbon, Portugal, April 25, 1885 amongst the tribes of the low and coast Sir: lands which will after a time induce I have the honor to report my return them to gather and bring to the traders to the coast at Banana, the 20th ultimo, in large quantities the products which having traveled by special caravan to they can so readily exchange for any¬ the interior of Africa as far as Stanley thing which they may require. . . . Pool . . . calling at Kinchassa, De I may remark here that a few bottles lerican Brassaville, and other points, and visit¬ of trade gin will go much further in trade ing the native villages bordering the with the natives titan ten times its value Service Center pool. in cloth. ... A native man can be 585 North Glebe Road ... I recommend most earnestly that induced to work at a “factory” for one or Arlington, Virginia 22203 Americans who contemplate establish¬ two days at a time upon the assurance 703/525-2100 ing themselves on the Lower Congo, or that... he can have a bottle of gin, while FAX: 703/525-1430 *Car must be imported into US within anywhere on the west coast of Africa, if you offer him a piece of cloth it is 6 months after taking delivery in Europe. should not do so unless supplied with a doubtful whether he would work at all. large capital, which will enable them to The coast women are fond of cloth, Mercedes-Benz-Registerd Trademarks of Daimler-Benz AG, having a preference for the gaudy col¬ Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany compete with the long-established Dutch, English, and German houses, ors. They are the work-people of the which control almost the entire trade of country, and if it were not for their the west coast. . . . They must locate industry little or nothing would be gath-

46 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 ered for foreign markets. The men lounge were going or what they were going for. execution. I might add, however, that about, drinking, gossiping, fighting or As to the government on the Lower they are informing themselves in the hunting as it may suit their tastes. Congo or on the coast north of Angola matter of improved fire-arms, and chiefs . . . Very great precaution must be there is none, nor even a semblance of of tribes are now demanding repeating exercised during the first year’s stay in government, until we arrive at Gaboon or magazine rifles with prepared metal¬ the country, in order that the system or Fernando Po, where we first come lic cartridges. may be kept free from the poisonous upon the military rule of the French and There are no manufactories in the influences of the malaria which overhangs Spanish. country, excepting for rum; consequently the entire country.. . . Good shelter, with At Banana, at points along the Lower everything but the commonest articles an abundance of good wholesome food Congo, on the coast, and in the lowland of food is required from abroad. and a fair allowance of pure Bordeaux or interior, at each station or “factory,” the In Cameroon, the Germans, by rea¬ Portuguese wine, with indoor occupation traders have a small armory, and not son of recent conquests, control the or amusement after nightfall, would, I am infrequently are they required to resort trade, and, though the country is very sure, go veiy far towards a guarantee of to arms for defense from attacks by the rich, I do not think it possible for an fairly good health. natives, or to punish the natives for American to get a foothold there. The Common cotton and woolen goods, some offense committed. Upon the same may be said of Fernando Po, mm, gin, glass beads, guns, powder, slightest provocation or even without under Spanish rule, and of the lower tobacco, and common cutlery make up provocation, the natives often attack the Niger country, the principal imports Whether or not “factories,” burn the buildings, and Goree, Daker, and San Luis, in the the cotton goods of an American manu¬ plunder the stores. French African possessions of Senegal, facturer can be laid down on the Congo The natives are all armed with old are thriving business places, but the and along the coast as cheaply as those flint-lock muskets, which have been French look so well after their trades¬ from England, I cannot say (certainly we sold to them by the traders, and it is an people that I could hardly recommend cannot produce them of a poorer quality exceptional case to meet a native man an American merchant to venture in than sampled). without one unless he be a slave, and these parts. Yankee enterprise, has, There are no hotels or even stopping even slaves are oftentimes armed. They however, shown itself in Goree, where places, and several cases of extreme do not well understand the use of fire¬ an American house, against all odds, is hardship and suffering have come to my arms, and, notwithstanding they carry doing a fair business. notice, where agents have been sent to guns, they prefer the poisoned arrow or I Have, &c., die coast without knowing where they spear, with which they do much better W.P.TISDEL Put Your Most Valuable Asset In Our Hands. A member of the [ Sears Financial Network I COLDUieLL BANKER □ (703) 556-6100

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JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 47 BOOKS

Organization and wasteful.” He takes a number of cheap democracy,” but he ends on a hopeful shots at both these organizations and note. He writes that, while citizens can moral choice others. But his analysis will be inter¬ do little to change the system, they can FOREIGN POLICY WITHOUT ILLUSIONS esting—if annoying—to Foreign Ser¬ do much to make it function effec¬ By Howard Wiarda, Scott, Foresnian/ vice officers, because even if not fully tively and to dampen down the ideo¬ Little, Brown, 1990, $15.16 softcover justified (and this reviewer thinks he logical swings of recent years. overdoes it), it indicates some serious George Weigel, a Roman Catholic AMERICAN INTERESTS, AMERICAN attitudinal problems in dealing with theologian who is president of the Eth¬ PURPOSE: MORAL REASONING AND impoitant constituencies. ics and Public Policy Center in Washing¬ Wiarda thoroughly describes the ton, also has some rather large bones to U.S. FOREIGN POLICY conflict, confusion, and disarray of pick with ideology. For Weigel, how¬ By George Weigel, Center for Strategic contemporary foreign policy and ex- ever, these bones are the remnants of and International Studies, 1989, $34.95 Wilsonian moralism, which he believes hardcover, $11.95 softcover has bedeviled U.S. foreign policy since The State Department takes its the early years of this century. Reviewed by John D. Stempel Drawing on sources as diverse as These two volumes make a com¬ lumps—it can’t conceptualize, Evelyn Waugh’s war novels and the prehensive kit for studying both orga¬ debate over nuclear deterrence, he se¬ nizational issues and questions of moral relies on impressionistic analy¬ verely criticizes moral policy argument choice in foreign policy. In doing so, that does not include a calculation of the books illuminate options in a pe¬ sis, and is hostile to outsiders. consequences. He deplores the narrow riod of change. moralism of pacifists who argue for Wiarda’s book was written expressly In fact, Wiarda believes State’s unilateral disarmament regardless of as a text for the study of American the consequences, as well as that of foreign policy, but he calls upon his problem is not organization, realpolitikers who insist there is no own experience as a policy kibitzer as room for moral choice in foreign affairs. well as his academic expertise to give but “it is the people and the The real question is not “whether it unusually rich depth. Chapter nine, we shall apply moral norms and values “The Washington Social Circuit,” is particular subculture at State. ” to foreign policy, but how.” Weigel worth reading for even the most jaded suggests that it is time to reconsider the player in the game, and the preceding theory of “just war” to take into account chapter, “The New Powerhouses: Think the pressures that terrorism and other Tanks and Foreign Policy,” is an out¬ tends the analysis of many of the same types of low-intensity conflict place on standing review of organizations that causes that Gelb, Lake, and Destler democratic societies. all Foreign Service officers and their first identified five years ago in Ou r Own His broader argument is that there is political betters should be aware of— Worst Enemy. There is little except a case for promoting democracy, as and frequently are not. projection on the Bush Administra¬ well as what liberation theologists call The State Department takes its tion, scant notice of the expanding a “preferential option for the poor.” lumps—it can’t conceptualize, relies role of states and cities—but ample Weigel argues that support for de¬ on impressionistic analysis, and is and good material on other private mocratization is not only morally right hostile to outsiders. In fact, Wiarda organizations—and only passing ref¬ but in the U.S. national interest as well. believes State’s problem is not orga¬ erence to the National Endowment for He is perhaps a bit overenthusiastic in nization, but “it is the people and the Democracy and its offshoots, which selling his point. It may not be true in the particular subculture at State.” Defense, are playing an increasingly important short run, for example, that “Democra¬ on the other hand, has some of the role in Central Europe. cies are more likely to provide political “nicest, smartest, most capable people Wiarda concludes that much of re¬ stability than traditional to be found anywhere,” but a system cent American foreign policy “comes authoritarianisms.” But he sees this as a that is “frustrating, debilitating, and closer to guerrilla theater rather than helpful policy for building the consen-

48 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 sus that Wiarda believes will be difficult waterfall in Appalachia, this narrative But that’s what the Kuralt experi¬ to generate. Read against the surprising has all of that and a great deal more. As ence is all about. “The reporter is a developments in Germany, Central Eu¬ a former radio journalist, I related to stone skipping on a pond, taking an rope, and die Soviet Union, his analysis Kuralt’s account of his early years as an instant to tell one story and ricocheting is more in tune with unfolding reality apprentice CBS newswriter, who on to the next, covering a lot of water than most. one occasion had the temerity to sug¬ while only skimming the surface.” He Whether one agrees or disagrees gest a wording change in a commen¬ gets good and wet in places like Matadi with Weigel, this volume is one of the tary drafted by one Edward R. Murrow. in the then Belgian Congo, in Saigon, few works on the subject that will find Foreign Service people will relate to “the most seductive of cities,” and an echoing chord in foreign policy Kuralt’s peripatetic lifestyle as he “filled along the Mississippi. Charles Kuralt is practitioners and not automatically set one suitcase with my clothes, another a river junkie. “America is a great their teeth on edge. In the contempo¬ one with volumes of Latin American story, ” he writes, “and there’s a river on rary period, that’s a definite plus, when history and diplomacy, and went off to every page of it.” everyone is going back to school. Rio studying Spanish and Portuguese The subject of one of Kuralt’s “On the John D. Stempel teaches U.S. foreign phrasebooks on the plane.” This was Road” pieces in the 1970s is George policy at the Patterson School of in 1961, when Kuralt was named CBS Black, a 90-year-old brickmaker. A Diplomacy and International Commerce, bureau chief for Latin America. U.S.A.I.D. official sees the piece on the University of Kentucky. Cross-cultural training came early. evening news and decides this is the “You talk too fast when people come person A.I.D. needs to teach the villag¬ to the office,” his secretary told him, ers of Guyana brickmaking. Black is Out and About “You press too hard, and you do not eager to be dispatched, and a contract is offer them coffee.” His office time was drawn, when a senior A.I.D. official A LIFE ON THE ROAD By Charles Kuralt, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, sporadic, however, given his 20-country decides not to approve. Black is just too beat, and the incessant demands of his old. But before A.I.D. can turn it off, the New York, 1990, $19-95, hardcover boss in New York, who imagined that brickmaker “envoy” is in the national Latin America was about the size of press. Reviewed by Jack H. Shellenberger Pennsylvania. Kuralt’s coverage of the “I don’t have many souvenirs from For those of us who associate Charles territory is telescoped into 22 pages, my adventures on the road,” Kuralt Kuralt with TV images of turn-of-the- including tight shots of Castro’s Cuba writes, “but from the story of George century general stores and a pond or in that regime’s early days. Black, I have two. The first is one of his

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JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 49 enough “Japan alert” and “Japan bash¬ ness. He provides striking examples of ing” books to satisfy the most avid women acting as both partners and BOOKS reader. Hamabata’s book is unusual in competitors with men. that it manages to provide insights with¬ His descriptions of the machinations bricks, solid and strong, like the man out judging. Hamabata has no message behind the standard omiai (arranged who made it. The second is a photo¬ he wants to carry to policy-makers, and match) are fascinating. He shows how a graph of President Nixon . . . flanked he lets the reader decide what his wrong marriage can put the future of by Mr. Black. observations might mean. younger siblings and even a family There are 26 such pieces in A Life on Crested Kimono is a 10-year study on business in jeopardy. Hamabata that the Road and each is a skip on a pond marital and filial relations in the attain¬ maniage is necessary for career success, as wide and varied as the globe itself. ment of power and transmission of because it stabilizes people and makes resources among wealthy Japanese. The them “reasonable.” Jack Shellenberger is dean of area author looks behind the public facade This account shows us the “structural studies at the Foreign Service Institute. to see the human interactions in promi¬ impediments” faced by foreign busi¬ nent Japanese families, viewing their nesses. The insights into the Japanese Business and Pleasure private dilemmas, as shaped by institu¬ concepts of “insider” and “outsider” tional and cultural settings. His writing would be useful in shaping U.S. nego¬ CRESTED KIMONO: POWER AND LOVE IN style is unpretentious, fluent, and tiating positions. This book will give the THE JAPANESE BUSINESS FAMILY unobtrusive. reader a feel for presenting a tatemae or By Matthews Masayuki Hamabata. Hamabata breaks new ground by public face to best advantage and how Cowell University Press, 1990, $17.95, focusing on women and their role. to save the visitor and the Japanese host hardcover While so many writers on Japan seem to from public embarrassment. Most im¬ believe that in a male-dominated cul¬ portant, the book is fun to read.® Reviewed by Terry Jones ture only men are worth studying, this The current book market reflects book documents the role of women as Terry Jones is a Foreign Service officer Americans’ desire to better understand essential parts of die kinship network on sabbatical as an Una Chapman Cox their Japanese counterparts. There are that is so important to Japanese busi¬ Fellow. WORLDWIDE INSURANCE FOR FOREIGN SERVICE PERSONNEL PERSONAL PROPERTY ■ AUTO MARINE ■ MARINE TRIP Exclusively administered by HUNTINGTON T. BLOCK INSURANCE 2101 L Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 Telephone 1-202-223-0673 Toll-Free 1-800-424-8830 Telefax 202-331-8409

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The Foreign Service Journal needs your writing skills. We are particularly interested in submissions your real estate needs for the Postcards from Abroad section, featuring are my speciality snapshots of life overseas, and for the Speaking Out and From the Field columns. Reviews of books published in the current year are also welcome.

Send submissions not exceeding 4,000 words for features or 2,000 words for columns to:

Editor, Foreign Service Journal RE/MAX 2101 E Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20037 properties of distinction, inc. Please include a return address and telephone 4600-c lee highway number, and allow six weeks for review by our staff arlington va 22207 and editorial board. 703/522-1940 fax 703/564-0466 Don’t resist your literary impulses. Submit today to the Foreign ServiceJournal. PROPERTY MGMT. Salvo (703) 243-8835, 1606 Key Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209 or PEAKE PROPERTIES LTD.: Lee Mason (State/DS/STD). Specializing in the leasing and LURAY, VA-3 BR home on management of your Northern Shenandoah River. Panoramic Virginia home. Caring, personal mountain views. All amenities attention. Nearly 20 years of ex¬ for secluded vacation/romantic perience in serving the FS weekend. 90 minutes from DC. community’s property manage¬ (804) 479-3604. ment needs. Muriel Peake, Bro¬ GOING OVERSEAS? Why ker. 1350 Beverly Rd., Suite your upper Cleveland Park, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 951- not buy this magnificently reno¬ 220B, McLean, VA 22101. (703) Chevy Chase, Bethesda or 4111. Reserve early! Avoid dis¬ vated four bedroom Victorian 448-0212, FAX (703) 448-9652. Rockville area home. 1-2 year appointment! town house with one bedroom FAHEY & ASSOCIATES: exchange desired beginning WILL YOU NEED A FULLY basement income unit on lovely Professional, residential, prop¬ July 1991. Must accept pets. FURNISHED apartment five historic area in cosmopolitan erty management service for Write Alison Tinsley, P.O. Box minutes’ walk from FSI and and historic Dupont Circle. Very Northern Virginia properties. 1315, Mesilla Park, N.M. 88047 Rosslyn subway? We have first high rents J. Prashar (202) 232- Expertise and personal attention or call (505) 524-3492. class efficiencies, one bed¬ 7980. to detail are the hallmarks of BLOWING ROCK, N.C rooms, and some two bedrooms OFFICE SPACE to share our established firm. References Cool Mountain Air, 2 bedroom and penthouses in River Place. with four non-profits-all en¬ provided. JIM FAHEY, 9520B time share chalet sleeps six. Au¬ They are completely furnished gaged in foreign policy educa¬ Lee Highway, Fairfax, VA 22031 gust 17th to September 14th. including CATV, all utilities, tion. One windowed office. Op¬ $400/wk. or $1050 3 wks. telephone, linens, etc. Shortterm (703) 691-2006, FAX (703) 691- tion for additional secretarial (904) 241-9106. leases of 2+ months available. 2009. space. Share fax, xerox, $500- WASHINGTON MANAGE¬ HOME LEAVE in rural New Write Foreign Service Associ¬ $750. Contact Julie Chitwood, MENT SERVICES: Residential Hampshire. Completely fur¬ ates, P.O. Box 12855, Arlington, (202) 293-1051. 1726 M Street, property management is our nished home-linens, china, VA 22209-8855. Call or FAX 1- N.W. only business. Call, write or fax utensils, etc. 5 bedrooms, 2 1/2 703-636-7606. Children wel¬ ARLINGTON/ROSSLYN, Mary Beth Otto, 2015 Q St. NW, baths, 2-car garage, canoe, 7 come. Please send us dates. Virginia. Walk to Metro! From Washington, D.C. 20009. Tel wooded acres near three lakes. EXECUTIVE CLUB ARLING¬ this immaculate two bedroom (202) 462-7212, Fax (202) 332- Children welcome., July 1991, TON AND OLD TOWN ALEX¬ unit in convenient Colonial Vil¬ ANDRIA. Immaculate and 0798. $1600 plus utilities. James lage! Call Gary at (202) 637- MANOR SERVICES: Former Curran, Hancock, NH 03449. beautifully furnished apartments 6011. ($890/month). federal law enforcement agent (603) 525-6672. with full hotel services. One- FARA APARTMENT RENT¬ letting his 10-year residential WASHINGTON, D.C. AR¬ two bedrooms, some with dens, ALS: Fully furnished efficiency, management company expand LINGTON, VA. Personalized re¬ all with equipped kitchens. one and two bedroom apart¬ upon retirement. Best tenant location, short or long term. We Complimentary shuttle to Metro, ments. One block from State screening. Frequent property in¬ specialize in walk-to-Metro sales Rossolyn, and Pentagon. Health Dept. Competitive rates. Call spection. Mortgages paid. Re¬ and furnished rentals. Arlington Club and outdoor pool. Many (202) 462-3910. Write FARA pairs. Close personal attention. Villas, 1-1/2 blocks from Metro, extras. Rates within your per housing, Rm 2928, Dept, of We’re small but very effective. luxurious studio, 1, 2, 3 bed¬ diem. Shorter or longer terms State, Washington, DC 20520. FS and military references. Low¬ room. Fully furnished. Washer/ available. Executive Clubs, 610 est rates, Best service. Tersh dryer, micro-wave, cable, lin¬ Bashford Lane, Alexandria. VA TAX RETURNS Norton, Box 42429, Washing¬ ens. American Realty Group, 22304 (703) 739-2582, (800) ton, D.C. 20015, (202) 363-2990. 915 N Stafford St., Arlington, VA 535-2582. TAX PLANNING & prepara¬ J.P.PROPERTIES, Complete 22203. (703) 524-0482 or (703) AUSTIN, TEXAS: Lakeway tion 15 years experience. Vir¬ professional dedication to the 276-1200. Children welcomed. homes and homesites outside of ginia M. Test, CPA, 3485 management of residential Pets on approval. Austin on 65-mile-long Lake Brittlewood Ave., Las Vegas, NV BACK FOR TRAINING? Travis. Three 18 hole golf property in Northern Virginia. 89120. courses, world of tennis center, Brokers with Foreign Service HOME LEAVE? D.C. TOUR? FREE TAX CONSULTATION overseas living experience and We are The Washington Metro 400 slip marina, 4000 ft. airstrip: for overseas personnel. We pro¬ Area Short-Term Rental Special¬ contact Roy & Associates for in¬ 13 years in residential real es¬ cess returns as received, with¬ tate. We work for you. Joann ists. Excellent locations. Wide formation, 2300 Lohmans Cross¬ out delay. Preparation and rep¬ Piekney, 301 Maple Avenue price range. In Virginia walk to ing, Suite 122, Austin, TX 78734 resentation by enrolled agents, (512) 263-2181. West, Vienna, Virgina 22180. FSI. In D.C. and Maryland walk avg. fee $195 includes return TOWNHOUSE TO SHARE. Phone: (703) 938-0909, FAX: to Metro. Large selection of fur¬ and TAX Trax, unique mini-fi¬ nished and equipped efficien¬ Short or long term. Large bed¬ (703) 281-9782. nancial planning review with cies, 1-bedrooms, 2-bedrooms room, private bath available for recommendations. Full planning and some furnished houses. professional person. Share re¬ REAL ESTATE available. Milton E. Carb, E.A., Many welcome pets. For bro¬ mainder of house with single, and Barry B. De Marr, E.A.CFP, chures & info: EXECUTIVE male State Department officer. HOUSE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL FORECASTS, metro HOUSING CONSULTANTS, Utilities, phone, TV included. WANTED. Our Las Cruces, New location 933 N. Kenmore St. INC., Short Term Rental, 7315 Reasonable rates. One block Mexico country home on 2 #217 Arlington, VA 22201(703) Wisconsin Ave., Suite 1020 East, from FSI and two blocks from acres with swimming pool for 841-1040. Rossyln Metro. Contact Bernard

60 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 AFSA TAX COUNSELING: BOOKS P.C., Suite D, 307 Maple Av¬ AUTO PARTS/ETC. Problems of Tax and Finance: enue, West, Vienna, VA 22180. Never a charge to AFSA mem¬ BOOKSELLER specializing Tel.(703)281-2l6l, FAX (703) AUTOMOTIVE PARTS & bers for telephone guidance. in supplying scholarly and refer¬ 281-9464. ACCESSORIES: Original equip¬ R.N. Bob Dussell (ex-A.I.D.). At ence material to libraries and re¬ SPECIALIZING IN SERV ment and aftermarket for most tax work since 1937 and now search scholars will purchase ING FOREIGN SERVICE OF¬ makes. Servicing FSO’s and em¬ still in practice solely to assist small or large collections and FICERS AND THEIR FAMI- bassies A.S.A.P. AUTO PARTS, Foreign Service employees and individual valuable books in the I.IES-Onr firm can assist you in DIVISION OF HUMCO, INC. their famiies. Also lecture on following subject areas: History, drafting wills and powers of at¬ (301) 327-4000 FAX: (301) 327- taxes monthly at FSI in Rosslyn, travel, biography, folklore, mili¬ torney, administering estates, 7909. VA. Office located across from tary history, exploration, sociol¬ establishing conservatorships AUTOMOBILE STORAGE: Virginia Square Metro Station, ogy and ethnography. Please and guardianships and provid¬ Controlled, indoor heated, in¬ 3601 N. Fairfax Dr., Arlington, contact W.B. O’Neill, P.O. Box ing advice on real estate mat¬ sured, high security, long-term/ VA 22201. (703) 841-0158. 2275, Reston, Virginia 22090, or ters. Prompt response to your short term, TSR or private auto¬ ATTORNEYS specializing in call (703) 860-0872, or FAX: inquiries. CLIFFORD, FARHA & vault, division of HUMCO, Inc. tax planning and return prepa¬ (703) 620-0153. SANDERS 1606 New Hampshire Tel: (301) 327-4000. ration for the Foreign Service EARN CASH with writing Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. Community available for consul¬ skills! Details: EARS, Box 1664 20009 FAX: (202) 265-1474 PET MOVING SERVICES tation on the tax implications of Manassas, VA 22110. Tel: (202) 667-5111. investment decsions, business- BOOKS, BOOKS, BOOKS! AIR ANIMAL, "the pet mov¬ related deductions, separate We have thousands in stock, do FINANCIAL PLANNING ers” an IATA air freight for¬ maintenance allowances, real special-orders daily, search for warder USA origin pet shipping estate purchases and rentals, out-of-print books. “Free book ROLAND S. HEARD, CPA, services 4120 W. Cypress- home leave deductions, audits, reviews.” Visa, Discover or has worked overseas and is fa¬ Tampa, FL 33607. Voice 813/ etc. Contact Susan Sanders or Mastercard. The Vermont Book miliar with foreign service and 879-3210, FAX (813) 874-6722. Paul Clifford Farha & Sanders Shop, 38 Main Street, contract employee situations, USA/Canada 1-800-635-3448. 1606 New Hampshire Ave., NW, Middlebury 05753. computerized tax services, fi¬ Contact Dr. W. Woof-Veterinar¬ Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) YOUR PERSONAL BOOK¬ nancial planning, member ian. 667-5111, FAX: (202) 265-1474. STORE AWAY FROM HOME: AICPA, Tax Division and Per¬ ATTORNEY, FORMER FOR¬ Order any U.S. book in print. sonal Financial Mgmt. Division. HOUSE SITTING EIGN SERVICE OFFICER: Ex¬ Store credit available. Salma¬ (703) 242-8559. P.O. Box 1144 tensive experience with tax gundi Books Ltd. 66 Main Vienna, VA. FOREIGN SERVICE problems peculiar to the For¬ Street, Cold Spring, NY 10516. ORGANIZED FINANCES FAMILY with 22 years’ service eign Service. Available for con¬ UNLIMITED. Bill paying, per¬ want to housesit or rent your sultation, tax planning, and ATTORNEYS/WILLS sonal budgeting, net worth and small home (Mclean-Vienna preparation of returns. No cash flow analyses, financial area) for two months beginning charge for telephone advice. M. FORMER FOREIGN SER¬ planning. Kathy Jatras, CFP, July 1, 1991. Contact: Pat Tua, BRUCE HIRSHORN, BORING VICE OFFICER NOW PRAC¬ 3209 North Nottingham Street, American Embassy/Brasilia, PARROTT & FOUST, P.C., Suite TICING LAW in D.C./Maryland, Arlington, VA 22207, (703) 237- APO Miami 34030. Phone: 61- D, 307 Maple Avenue, West, general practice, estate plan¬ 5592. 366-1217 (Brazil). Renters are Vienna, VA 22180. Tel. (703) ning, real estate, domestic. Gre¬ INVESTMENT SERVICES one adult and two near-adult 281-2161, FAX: (703) 281-9464. gory V. Powell, Furey, Doolan former FSO specializes in pro¬ children. & Abell, 8401 Connecticut Ave., viding, financial services for For¬ MAIL ORDER PH-1, Chevy Chase, MD 20815. eign Service personnel-stocks, EMPLOYMENT (301) 652-6880. bonds, tax-free, mutual funds, FOR A FREE CATALOG of REX R. KRAKAUER, ES¬ money management. Call COL¬ PARTNERS OF THE premium hair, skin nutrition QUIRE Providing representation LECT worldwide (202) 857- AMERICAS, international products and tapes, write: for the special legal problems of 5485, Peter de Castro, Second service-oriented organization is Theresa A. Emey, 9888 Par Dr., Foreign Service Personnel and Vice President, Smith Barney, seeking an executive secretary Nokesville, VA 22123. Staff living abroad. Divorce, 1776 Eye Street, NW, Washing¬ with supervisory experience. NON-RUN PANTYHOSE, as Pensions, Real Estate, Wills and ton, D.C. 20006. Salary commensurate with seen on T.V. 5 pair, $20.00, plus other matters. 51 Monroe Street, experience. Contact Mrs. Staten $2.50. S & H. Sizes: S,M,L col¬ Suite #1400, Rockville, Maryland HOUSE REPAIRS (202) 628-2300. ors: white, black, off-black, 20850. Telephone: (301) 294- nude, suntan, pearl/check or 6100, Fax: (301) 738-8802. PAINTING, plastering, dry VACATION RENTALS money order. Allow 3 to 4 WILLS ESTATE PLANNING wall, roofing and internal and weeks delivery. Pantyhose, 125 by attorney who is a former external repairs expertly and SOUTHWEST HARBOR, N. Kresson St., Baltimore, MD Foreign Service officer. Have reasonably done or arranged by MAINE, Shore Cottage for five. 21224-1711. FAX: (301) 327- your will reviewed and up¬ a Foreign Service scion, William Privacy, convenience, gorgeous 7909. dated, or a new one prepared. Cave (301) 681-7285. For refer¬ view of Acadia Park, $750/ AVON for free catalog No charge for initial consulta¬ ences contact Lehfeldt (301) week. Ph.: 301-652^2356. mailed to you, write: Stephanie tion. M. BRUCE HIRSHORN, 365-2561 or Precht (216) 932- Y. Hughes, 713 Grandview BORING, PARROTT & FOUST, 8651. Drive, Alexandria, VA 22305.

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 61 AF S A ♦ N E W

AFSA award winners, 1991 The 1991 AFSA Awards were con¬ ferred at a ceremony on May 3, Foreign Service Day, in the Dean Acheson auditorium of the Depart¬ ment of State. Three awards are given to Foreign Service officers for “extraordinary accomplishment involving initiative, integrity, intel¬ lectual courage, and creative dis¬ sent.” The winner of the Christian A. Herter Award, for senior officers, was David C. Dunford. The award was presented by Christian A. Her¬ ter Jr., who read the following cita¬ tion: “As charge d’affaires and deputy chief of mission at the American Embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, he demonstrated lead¬ Award presenters included (I to r) Christian A. Herter, Jr.; Mrs. John Sterry ership, creative initiative, integrity, Long; Ambassador Nathaniel Howell; Pamela Harriman; Ambassador Bruce intellectual courage, and loyal dis¬ Laingen; William B. Wharton II; and Clifford R. Wharton Jr. sent in dealing with the critical and the Office of the U.S. Trade Jamaica, Somalia, Washington, and problems raised by the Gulf crisis. Representative. Saudi Arabia. His next assignment He established a crisis management The William R. Rivkin Award, will be as chief of the Economic system, ensured that key policy is¬ for mid-level officers, was pre¬ Section in newly liberated Kuwait. sues were addressed, worked hard sented by Mrs. John Steny Long, Michael J. Fitzpatrick received to ensure the welfare of the local widow of the late Ambassador Riv¬ the W. Averell Harriman Award, for American community, established kin, to Paul B. Daley. Daley was junior officers, from Pamela Harri¬ effective working relations with the cited for his work as an economic man. His citation noted that “as a U.S. military command, and officer in Riyadh, where he “pro¬ achieved cordial relationships be¬ vided extraordinary leadership and tween half a million American initiative in establishing close coop¬ servicemen and women and their eration with the host government Saudi hosts.” and national oil company during Dunford joined the department the Gulf War. He demonstrated a in 1966 and has served overseas high level of courage to resolve previously in Cairo, Quito, and crucial strategic energy issues re¬ Helsinki. He is no stranger to cri¬ lated to the conflict, and thus ses, having dealt with several hi¬ made a vital contribution to the jackings, including that of the war effort and to the interests of Achille Lauro, as director of Egyp¬ the United States.” tian Affairs from 1984 to 1987. He Daley graduated from Columbia also has held a series of important University after completing a four- economic positions in the Bureau year tour in the U.S. Marine Corps. Pamela Harriman presents the W. of Economic and Business Affairs Since joining the Foreign Service in Averell Harriman Award to Michael 1977, he has served in Bangladesh, J. Fitzpatrick.

62 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 Winners: Christine Tefft AFSA/AAFSW Merit Awards announced Lisa Ann Bleyle Megan Tiedt The 16th AFSA/AAFSW Merit Awards, named in memory of Ambassador Rachel Bonkovsky Jared Von Arx Clifton Reginald Wharton, were presented by two of his sons, Clifton R. Basit Chaudhry Honorable Wharton Jr. and William B. Whaiton II, on Foreign Service Day to the Merit Jason Failla Mention: Award winners. Ambassador Wharton was honored as the first black Ameri¬ Matthew Herbert Leilani Arthurs can to attain the rank of career minister. Aharon Levy Theresa Augustus Robert Livingston Of the 20 winners, nine are female and 11 are male. Eight are graduat¬ Matthew Cohen Colin McCormick ing from schools in the Washington, D.C. area, six attend schools out of the Felicia B. Denny David Moore Oliver Fringer area, and six attend overseas schools. Fourteen winners come from State Jessica Oppen Nicole Holzman families, two from USIA, and four are from A.I.D. Katherine Parker Betsy Kerksiek Jose Santos Marcia MacNeil Joseph Silver Lisa Marinelli Richard Snyder Andrew Martin Jennifer Somers Elizabeth Moran Laura Spruce Laura Sell Kimberly Taylor Seth Shortlidge

Mr. and Mrs. William Wharton met The Merit Award winners from the Washington area pose at the award with local Merit Scholarship Award ceremony with Dr. Clifton Wharton Jr., William B. Wharton II winners at a reception before the award presentations. political officer in the American Em¬ officer in 1988 and Lima is his first eight secretaries thereafter organ¬ bassy in Lima, Peru, he demon¬ post. ized a conference in Brussels with strated outstanding courage and The new award for Foreign Ser¬ management officials from Washing¬ integrity by insisting that reports vice secretaries, the Delavan ton and secretarial representatives on human rights be factual and ac¬ Award, given for extraordinary con¬ from several European posts, curate, regardless of the source of tributions to effectiveness, profes¬ which made specific proposals the abuses. Because human rights sionalism, and morale, was with regard to recruitment, issues threatened anti-narcotics conferred jointly on two groups compensation for specialized skills, cooperation with a friendly govern¬ known as the “Bonn Group” and career development, training, per¬ ment in the country that produces the “USNATO Group.” Kathryn Klei- sonnel management, and promo¬ most of the cocaine consumed in man and Beverly Rochester of the tions. These secretaries the United States, he took the initia¬ Bonn Group and Carol MacLeod of demonstrated unusual initiative, tive in developing policy proposals the USNATO Group were present leadership, and intellectual courage to deal with this conflict between to receive the awards from Ambas¬ and have made an outstanding con¬ two urgent foreign policy goals.” sador W. Nathaniel Howell, who tribution to the effectiveness, pro¬ Fitzpatrick first joined the State read the citation: “The ‘Bonn fessionalism, and morale of the Department in 1986 as a presiden¬ Group’ of 10 Foreign Service Foreign Service secretarial corps.” tial management intern asssigned secretaries launched a worldwide The other members of the Bonn to the Bureau of Inter-American Af¬ discussion of the problems and fu¬ Group are: Shirley A. Adams, Su¬ fairs. He became a Foreign Service ture prospects of the secretarial zanne Chapman, Judy Copenhaver, corps. The ‘USNATO Group’ of Virginia Crawford, Elizabeth Franke, Elizabeth Krause, Barbara

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 63 A F S A • NEWS

The following individuals were chosen by the Sinclaire Selection Committee to receive honorable mention: John C. Clarkson (Finn¬ ish), Dan Fried (Polish), Robert D. Griffiths (Thai), Eva J. Groening (Bulgarian), Dennis J. Ortblad (Japa¬ nese), Thomas B. Robertson (Hungarian), David L. Shuler (Jap¬ anese), and David A. Tyler (He¬ brew). At the same ceremony, newly in¬ stalled DACOR President Joseph Ambassador Howell gives the Delavan Award for secretaries to (L to R) Carol Donelan Jr. conferred the Foreign Emery, Beverly Rochester and Kathryn Kleiman. Service Cup on Ambassador Wil¬ McLaughlin, and Margaret Tindall. ideals of voluntarism, human con¬ liam H. Luers, former U.S. envoy The remaining members of the cern, and hard work. She estab¬ to Venezuela and Czechoslovakia, USNATO Group are: Jocelyn lished pre-natal classes for who, upon retirement, was ap¬ Baskey, Carol Emery, Catherine M. expectant Egyptian mothers, organ¬ pointed president of the Metropoli¬ Lawson, Noel Harrington-Aydin, ized volunteers to help at a local tan Museum of Art. Ambassador W. Barbara Maloney, Adda Million, leper colony, assisted the Marine Tapley Bennett Jr. received the Di¬ and Carolyn Smith (USIA). detachment, and opened the rector General’s Cup from Director The Avis Bohlen Award, given Hambley home to hundreds of General Perkins for a distinguished to a member of a Foreign Service American sailors on port calls to Al¬ career spanning more than 40 family for outstanding volunteer exandria. She extended help tire¬ years, including ambassadorships lessly and unselfishly to large to the Dominican Republic, Portu¬ numbers of individual Americans gal, and NATO. and Egyptians who needed assis¬ tance.” Patricia Hambley is a native of Scotland and a trained nurse. She had various nursing positions in the Australian outback and Yemen before marrying into the Foreign Answers to the Service and traveling with her hus¬ band to Tunis, Tripoli, Jeddah, Foreign Service Cairo, Washington, and Alexandria. Quiz Ralph L. Boyce Sr., a Foreign Ser¬ vice veteran of A.I.D. and USIA, re¬ (Questions appear on page 13.) ceived from Ambassador L. Bruce Laingen the Matilda W. Sinclaire 1. Theodore Roosevelt Award on behalf of his son, Ralph 2. The Creel Committee Patrica Hambley receives the Avis L. Boyce Jr., political counselor in 3- Ebenezer Don Carlos Bassett Bohlen Award from Pamela Harriman. Bangkok. The Sinclaire Awards are served as minister resident and work, was won by Patricia Ham¬ granted for distinguished achieve¬ consul general in Haiti from 1869- bley, the spouse of Mark G. Ham¬ ment in the study of a hard lan¬ 1877. bley, American ambassador to guage and its associated culture. 4. 1971 Qatar. This award was also pre¬ The other Sinclaire winners were 5. Robert Livingston set up the sented by Pamela Harriman, and Richard A. Christenson (Korean), J. first office in Philadelphia in 1781. was accompanied by the following Michael Cleverley (Greek), Jon F. 6. John Adams wrote from Lon¬ citation: “As the spouse of the Danilowicz (Bengali), Philo L. Dib¬ don to Secretary of State John American Consul General in Alexa¬ ble (Arabic), John M. Koehig (In¬ Hay in December 1785. ndria, Egypt, from 1986 to 1989 donesian), Robert W. Ogbum, her dedication tremendously fur¬ (Korean), Russell A. Powell (Pers¬ thered the interests of the United ian/Farsi), and Derwood K. States by epitomizing the American Staeben (Greek).

64 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 Streamlining The Secretary’s Pin for Outstanding EEO claims Volunteerism Proposed legislation would The Association of American Foreign Service Women (AAFSW) pre¬ amend the Foreign Service Act and sented the first annual Secretary of State’s pin for outstanding volunteer¬ allow Foreign Service employees to ism to winners from the five geographic bureaus who demonstrated bring EEO action before the For¬ exceptional service to the community and outstanding activities directed eign Service Grievance Board toward the host country. (FSGB). On April 11, 1991, AFSA Jairo Granados, Maputo, was honored for his efforts to improve the testified before the House Subcom¬ lives of Mozambican children. Accepting for him was Gloria Kirk. mittee on Civil Service of the Mai-Anh Adams, Port Au Prince, was recognized for opening her Committee on Post Office and Civil home to all members of tire mission. She helped raise $31,000 for local Service supporting the proposed charities then spent months visiting hospitals, orphanages, and other facil¬ legislation. ities to determine how best to distribute the money. A provision of the Foreign Ser¬ Joanne Grady was honored for her volunteer work in Beijing, where vice Act of 1980 has the effect of she established the Beijing International Volunteers. She also works with prohibiting Foreign Service employ¬ the China Disabled Persons Federation and serves as an adviser to the ees from bringing discrimination Special Olympics International. In addition, she was an organizer of the claims, including those based on U.S.-China Women’s Conference. age, sex, race, and religion, before Sheila Switzer, Madrid, received an award for founding and directing a the FSGB. This means that when group of volunteers from the international community in Madrid whose cases involve both an EEO action purpose is to aid the handicapped, terminally.il!, orphans, single mothers, and an action subject to grievance, and the needy. the Foreign Service employee must Finally, Patty Stammerman was honored for her work in Dharan, bifurcate his or her complaint and Saudi Arabia, where, with no CLO, no staff, and no budget, she kept mo¬ file part with the FSGB and part rale high and provided a contact point for the ex-patriot and military through the Equal Employment communities. Opportunity process. Anne Kauzlarich, former head of AAFSW, presented the five awards. In its testimony, AFSA pointed out that the proposed legislation would provide Foreign Service em¬ privilege. The procedure is not de¬ dures in the area of EEO com¬ ployees with rights already enjoyed nied to them by law, however, as plaints. It is the only cabinet-level by Civil Service employees in it is for Foreign Service employees. agency without an affirmative-ac¬ many agencies. The department also testified tion plan and has the third-worst The Department of State that the professional Grievance time record in the government for strongly opposed these possible Board staff would not be able to resolving discrimination com¬ changes in the act, since State’s handle the additional cases that plaints—-with a backlog of claims Civil Service employees currently this legislation would generate, al¬ dating from 1983. do not have the right to take EEO though the FSGB itself has indi¬ The proposed amendment was complaints to their equivalent of cated no concern over this. approved by the Post Office and the FSGB, the Merit System Protec¬ There is ample evidence that Civil Service Committee on April tion Board because they have not the Department of State needs to 30. We hope for passage of the bill organized and negotiated for that do something to improve its proce¬ by Congress later in the year. Assignments and promotions: State management met with AFSA CALENDAR April 11 to fulfill its commitment to mid-term discussions of assign¬ June 7: Deadline for applications for the Federal Employee Education ments and promotions. The talks and Assistance Fund scholarships and educational loans. Federal employ¬ stemmed from the two-year pack¬ ees and their families are eligible. Contact Steve Bauer, 303/933-7580 age of labor-management under¬ June 13: AFSA conference on “American Pharmaceuticals in the World standings agreed upon in 1990. Economy” Management, expressing satisfac¬ June 27: International Associates Council luncheon. tion with the 1990 experience, State Standing Committee: Mondays at 12:30. Room to be announced. placed particular emphasis on the A.I.D. Standing Committee: Tuesdays at 12 noon. value to the department of the

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 65 early, priority assignment period most objectionable—the scheduling sage. Employees should read care- during which DCM, principal offi¬ of promotions and assignments. fully all official communications on cer, and special embassy program The department proposed to re¬ the 1991 cycles and query AFSA positions were filled. turn to promotion selection boards on any unclear details. The two AFSA expressed concern that ne¬ during the summer months, with most important changes are: gotiation of new agreements in the announcement of senior promo- • Open Assignments. Bids will spring of 1992 might be protracted tions in September and all others be due September 1 and the pri¬ and difficult if the current “experi¬ in mid-October. ority assignment period will ment” could not be modified to AFSA will shortly be reviewing begin October 1—both dates ameliorate the provisions Foreign the department’s open assignments prior to the mid-October promo¬ Service officers had already found notice for 1991. We will insist on tion announcement. This is not clarity and consistency in the mes- the sequence in effect before News Briefs Prescriptive Relief: AFSA successfully countered State’s efforts in the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on International Operations to eliminate prescriptive relief from the Foreign Service Act of 1980. In an appearance before the subcommittee and in subsequent informal exchanges, AFSA pointed out that testimony from the department was flawed and that existing law did not “require” the department to keep “convicted criminals” on the payroll for extended periods. This concern was addressed by the last Congress, which amended the Foreign Seivice Act to forbid it for employees convicted of felonies for which a term of imprisonment had been imposed. AFSA this year carried the matter one step further, urging approval by the subcommittee of an amendment that will eliminate the "sentence of imprisonment" provision from the ban. We were persuaded that circumstances often arise in felony cases that preclude such sentences, without miti¬ gating the seriousness of the felonies. As this edition of the Journal went to print, AFSA was awaiting Foreign Affairs Committee consideration of the subcommittee’s amendment to the Foreign Service Act. Unknown was whether or not the department would make another attempt to get outright abolition of prescriptive relief by having its preferred amendment introduced in the full committee, despite its defeat in the Subcommittee. Honoraria Ban: Final attempts to prevent implementation of the 1989 Ethics Act honoraria ban have fail¬ ed. On March 15, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals declined to impose a preliminary injunction, ensuring that the ban will continue while the merits of the lawsuit challenging it are argued in District Court. The appeals court judges suggested that if the ban is later struck down, employees could accept freelance earnings they had put in escrow. Legislation is progressing through both the House and Senate which would end the ban for most federal employees below the GS-16 pay rate. Pending the resolution of this issue, AFSA advises employees to place freelance earnings in escrow. Government Housing and Privacy: In an exchange of letters with State management, AFSA has con¬ firmed a reasonable right to privacy in connection with government-owned or -leased housing when the em¬ ployee occupant is absent. After a recent evacuation, mission employees entered at least two residences, issued instructions to household employees to stay out of the way, moved personal belongings to storage in a bedroom, and commenced to use the homes as temporary school buildings for the duration of the emer¬ gency. In its response to AFSA’s complaint, the department noted that although 6 FAM 720 authorizes alterna¬ tive uses of such properties, it was improper to take such actions without the consent of the occupants. Contract Travel Rules: AFSA met with State transportation officials April 30 to review the immense dissatis¬ faction of members with current contract travel requirements. Management indicated they had received many official messages recently in addition to the cases raised by AFSA. We were pleased by A/OPR’s expressions of determination to be reasonable in the interpretation of the rules, but had to note that theirs was not the of¬ fice that reviews travel vouchers. The department has at least beefed up its capacity to respond to inquiries about proposed itineraries. AFSA insisted that compliance had to be made simple and urged the department to work with GSA to make the addition of private funds to contract travel acceptable by the airlines. We pointed out that the result would frequently be additional revenue for the industry at no cost to the government. The A/OPR officials ad¬ mitted the logic of such a proposal and agreed to explore the matter. AFSA pointed out that the season for most transfers was about to begin and asked for timely action on the suggestion.

66 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1991 N E S

1990. It is an improvement over 1990, however, and AFSA se¬ Paul Volcker: Public Diplomacy cured a written commitment by Award the department to curtail assign¬ Better prospects Vernon A. Walters, ambassador ments to a very few select offi¬ for the world to the Federal Republic of Ger¬ cers early in October, prior to many, has received the Public Di¬ the promotions announcement. economy plomacy Award from the Public Promoted officers still unas¬ Richard S. Thompson Members Association of the For¬ signed will be permitted to alter Professional Issues Coordinator eign Service. The award honors a their bid lists by telegram after diplomat who has “performed out¬ the selection board announce¬ Former Federal Reserve Chair¬ standing service in increasing pub¬ ments. man Paul A. Volcker, speaking in lic appreciation of the foreign • “Core" Bids. AFSA concurred in the “New Diplomacy for a New policy of the United States and/or one significant change to bid¬ Era” series, told a Foreign Setvice international issues facing this coun- ding procedures, which we view Club audience April 8 that he was as an experiment. All bidders in increasingly optimistic about the HL” 1991 will have to initially submit long-term prospects for the world ward political progress and the de¬ bid lists which contain at least economy from the middle of the velopment of markets will con¬ six “core” bids—bids that are at- decade on. But he warned that his tinue, and will lay the groundwork grade, in-cone, or for Interna¬ forecast allows no room for mis¬ for better economic results in that tional Relations Officer, General, takes, and the path would not be region later. and do not involve details or easy. Volcker suggested one intangible training. Bidders must possess Volcker conditioned his opti¬ reason for optimism: success in the the language fluency required mism on several assumptions: that Gulf has reversed the process in for any language-designated the United States of turning inward “core” bid. No more than three and has given the country in¬ of the bids can be in one over¬ creased confidence, which aids in seas geographic region, and two dealing effectively with internation¬ of the “core” bids must be “fair al problems, including trade issues. share” bids if the bidder is a “fair share” candidate. No more than three of a senior’s “core” THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY bids can be for DCM/PO posi¬ wASHNCimDC tions. No particular priority need be assigned to these bids. Serve Your Country a Second Time AFSA urges all State Foreign Ser¬ Transition-to-Teaching Programs for Early Leavers/Career Switchers from vice officers to give particular con¬ Government Service sideration to three aspects of the The need for teachers, particularly in secondary 1991 cycles: math and science, will increase dramatically • carefully consider responding throughout the 1990s. The American University when the department calls for the U.S. recession—mirrored in sev¬ School of Education offers professionally volunteers to serve on the pro¬ eral other key countries—will level accredited, master’s level programs that lead to off, and slow recovery will begin. elementary and secondary school certification motion selection boards. It is im¬ for persons who have B.A. or B.S. degrees portant that we get the best Europe and Japan will avoid reces¬ and are interested in making a career transition possible composition of the sion and keep growing, and oil to teaching. prices will stay low. These factors boards. If you are interested in obtaining information • use the narrative portion of your combined suggest a good prospect about the teacher preparation programs at The bid list message to give your for reduction in the inflation rate American University, please write or call: and lower interest rates. He also as¬ CDO arguments he or she can School of Education use to support your job prefer¬ sumed that the “fast track author¬ The American University ences. ity” necessary for the Mexican Free McKinley Building, Room 109 (Box F) Trade Agreement will be approved, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW • plan now on giving AFSA your Washington, DC 20016 and that budget restraint and re¬ observations and suggestions on (202) 885-3720 sponsible monetary policy will con¬ the 1991 cycles at the end of the tinue. Finally, he assumed that the The American University provides equal opportunity to all year. qualified persons in its educational programs and activities. basic thrust in Eastern Europe to-

JUNE 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 67 NEWS

Legislative Issues Rick Weiss rope (CSCE) and Nuclear Risk Re¬ the “prescriptive relief” amendment Congressional Liaison duction Center; and pay costs re¬ proposed by the department; the lated to the unification of Germany expanded arrest authority recom¬ As Congress departed for its Me¬ and a Panama Canal study. mended by the department was morial Day recess, both the For¬ 2. Consular Affairs ($24 million): changed, and Moscow Embassy eign Affairs and Appropriations For increased work required to im¬ provisions were changed. committees had completed most of plement the Immigration Reform Other legislative activities have their hearings on the State, USIA, Act of 1990. included briefing the members and and A.I.D. authorization and fund¬ 3. Infrastructure Improvements staff on overtime pay for Foreign ing legislation for FY 1992. ($13-5 million): To implement the Service Diplomatic Security officers. Jill Kent, chief financial officer Financial Officer Act of 1990 and The department has granted the of the Department of State, presen¬ Beltsville Information Management adjustments to Civil Service Secu¬ ted the department request to the Center. rity personnel in the department committees. In summary, she 4. Security ($3 million): To pay but has not approved it for Foreign stated: “For 1992 salaries and ex¬ for security upgrades for 800 over¬ Service security officers. penses (S&E), the department is seas residences and 40 patrol vehi¬ Other legislation that AFSA is requesting appropriations totaling cles for local guard programs. monitoring on the Hill includes $2,049,572,000. This is a net in¬ Chairman Howard Berman (D- pay comparability and geographic crease of $179 million over the en¬ CA) of the International Operations pay increases for the Washington, acted 1991 appropriation level. Subcommittee of the House For¬ D.C. area, family medical leave, Within S&E, the majority of the in¬ eign Affairs Committee and Con¬ and due process for employees in crease is for mandatory inflation in¬ gresswoman Olympia Snowe the security-clearance process. creases ($114 million), while only (R-ME), ranking Republican, have $65 million is for program initia¬ modified the authorization bill in tives.” five areas. The departmental re¬ The $65 million would be for quest for reorganization/elimination the following: of bureaus and seventh-floor re¬ EVERYONE DESERVES 1. Foreignsponsibilities policy commitments was dropped from THE RIGHT TO DRINK PURE WATFR ($24.9 million): To reopen the em¬ the bill; a proposed new assistant bassy at Tirana, Albania; increase secretary for South Asia was added Durastill water purification participation in the Conference on by the committee; language accept¬ equipment produces pure Security and Cooperation in Eu- able to AFSA was substituted for water through distillation.

Erratum: This photograph of John K. Kills: bacteria !!! Naland was inadvertently omitted from Removes: chemicals the election statements in the May The Election Committee has Journal. John Naland is a candidate nitrates for State constituency representative been asked by the Continu¬ heavy metals lead, sodium, etc. in AFSA’s 1991 elections. Ballots are ity and Outreach Slate to due on June 30. Used worldwide: in homes, convey the following mes¬ offices, embassies, jungle outposts, etc. sage: “The Continuity and Simple to use, economical, Outreach Slate urges AFSA durable, all stainless steel. Write or call: members to regard Mr. DURASTILL EXPORT, INC. Harry Gallagher a member 112 UNION ST. SO. WEYMOUTH MA 02190 of the slate and to include FAX: 617-340-0364 USA TEL: 617-337-7990 him in what the slate hopes Special Discount to FSJ readers (References upon request) will be votes for the straight ticket. ”

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