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Analisi Del Contenuto Stomacale Degli Esemplari Di Stenella Striata (S

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Analisi Del Contenuto Stomacale Degli Esemplari Di Stenella Striata (S UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PISA FACOLTÀ DI SCIENZE MATEMATICHE, FISICHE E NATURALI Corso di Laurea in Biologia Marina TESI DI LAUREA MAGISTRALE Analisi del contenuto stomacale degli esemplari di stenella striata (S. coeruleoalba, Meyen, 1833) spiaggiati lungo le coste della Toscana Relatori: Candidata: Prof. Alberto Castelli Alessandra Berti Dott.ssa Cecilia Mancusi ANNO ACCADEMICO 2012/2013 Indice Indice Indice delle figure ..................................................................................... 5 Indice delle tabelle .................................................................................... 7 Riassunto .................................................................................................. 8 Introduzione ........................................................................................... 10 1. Ordine Cetacea......................................................................................................... 10 1.1 I cetacei del Mediterraneo ................................................................................... 13 2. La dieta dei Mammiferi marini ................................................................................ 15 2.1 Analisi del contenuto stomacale .......................................................................... 17 2.2 La dieta di Stenella coeruleoalba ........................................................................ 20 3. Apparato digerente di una stenella .......................................................................... 21 4. Specie oggetto di studio: Stenella coeruleoalba...................................................... 23 4.1 Ecologia e biologia .............................................................................................. 25 4.2 Minacce................................................................................................................ 26 5. Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale della Toscana (ARPAT) ........... 27 Scopo della tesi........................................................................................ 28 Materiali e Metodi .................................................................................. 29 1. Area di Studio .......................................................................................................... 29 2 Indice 2. Campionamento ....................................................................................................... 32 3. Analisi del contenuto stomacale .............................................................................. 34 3.1 Analisi statistica...................................................................................................... 36 3.2 Ampiezza della nicchia trofica ............................................................................... 38 Risultati .................................................................................................. 42 1. Campionamento ....................................................................................................... 42 2. Analisi del contenuto stomacale .............................................................................. 48 3. Analisi dei dati ......................................................................................................... 57 Discussione.............................................................................................. 72 Conclusioni ............................................................................................. 77 Appendice 1 ............................................................................................ 78 1. Test Simper per il fattore sesso................................................................................ 78 2. Test Simper per il fattore anno ................................................................................ 82 3. Test Simper per aree geografiche ............................................................................ 95 4. Test Simper per stagione ....................................................................................... 101 5. Test Simper per area geografica e stagione ........................................................... 105 Appendice 2 .......................................................................................... 112 1. Osteitti.................................................................................................................... 112 2. Cefalopodi.............................................................................................................. 118 3 Indice Bibliografia ........................................................................................... 121 Siti Internet........................................................................................... 132 Ringraziamenti ..................................................................................... 133 4 Indice delle figure Indice delle figure Figura 1: Esemplare di Orcinus orca in attività predatoria, Sottordine odontoceti ........... 11 Figura 2: Esemplare di Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781), Sottordine misticeti. ............................................................................................................................................. 12 Figura 3: A – Otolite di Merluccius merluccius (Linneo, 1758). B – Esemplare intero di M. merluccius. ..................................................................................................................... 18 Figura 4: A – Becco inferiore di Illex coindetii (Vèrany, 1839). B – Esemplare intero di I. coindetii. .............................................................................................................................. 18 Figura 5: Schema dei compartimenti gastrici di un delfino. .............................................. 22 Figura 6: S. coeruleoalba. .................................................................................................. 23 Figura 7: Esemplari di S. coeruleoalba. ............................................................................. 24 Figura 8: Area di studio. ..................................................................................................... 30 Figura 9: Circolazione delle correnti nell’area di studio. ................................................... 31 Figura 10: Scheda standard di registrazione di uno spiaggiamento. .................................. 33 Figura 11: Flusso di intervento in caso di cetaceo spiaggiato vivo o morto. ..................... 34 Figura 12: Esemplari di stenella striata spiaggiati lungo le coste della Toscana dal 1990 al 2013. .................................................................................................................................... 42 5 Indice delle figure Figura 13: Esemplari di stenella striata spiaggiati nel corso dei vari mesi dell’anno dal 1990 al 2013. ....................................................................................................................... 43 Figura 14: Localizzazione geografica dei 27 animali campionati...................................... 46 Figura 15: Distribuzione spaziale e batimetrica dell’osteitte M. merluccius nel Tirreno Settentrionale. ...................................................................................................................... 54 Figura 16: Distribuzione di taglia degli esemplari di M. merluccius predati dalle stenelle RT15S (N=133); RT24S (N=81) e RT58Sc (N=43). .......................................................... 55 Figura 17: Distribuzione spaziale e batimetrica dell’osteitte Myctophum punctatum nel Tirreno Settentrionale. ......................................................................................................... 56 Figura 18: Distribuzione spaziale e batimetrica del cafalopode I. coindetii nel Tirreno Settentrionale. ...................................................................................................................... 57 Figura 19: Importanza percentuale delle tre categorie tassonomiche principali. ............... 58 Figura 20: Correlazione tra il numero di specie e il numero di individui. ......................... 62 Figura 21: MDS degli stomaci basata sugli osteitti presenti. ............................................. 64 Figura 22: MDS degli stomaci basata sui cefalopodi presenti. .......................................... 65 Figura 23: Analisi dei gruppi effettuata a livello di specie. ............................................... 66 Figura 24: MDS degli stomaci basata sulle specie presenti. .............................................. 67 Figura 25: In rosso le aree di nursery del nasello, M. merluccius, in Toscana. ................ 75 Figura 26: Gli avvistamenti di stenella nell’area Toscana effettuati sulla tratta Livorno- Bastia (Sardinia e Corsica Ferries, 2011). ........................................................................... 76 6 Indice delle tabelle Indice delle tabelle Tabella 1: Elenco degli esemplari spiaggiati di S. coeruleoalba dei quali è stata fatta l’analisi del contenuto stomacale. I=indeterminato, M=maschio, F=femmina. .................. 45 Tabella 2: Riepilogo spiaggiamenti del 2013 lungo le coste italiane aggiornato al 31 marzo 2013. Bp (Balaenoptera physalus); Gg (Grampus griseus); Gm (Globicephala melas); Sc (Stenella coeruleoalba); Tt (Tursiops truncatus); Ind (Indeterminato).............................. 47 Tabella 3: Lista faunistica delle prede di S. coeruleoalba (1 di 3). .................................... 50 Tabella 4: Lista faunistica
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