DOCSLIB.ORG

Vetgirl Forelimb Lameness Webinar 12-2015

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vetgirl Forelimb Lameness Webinar 12-2015 12/11/15! Deciphering the Head Bob! Forelimb Lameness in Dogs ! Michelle Trappler, VMD, DACVS! December 16, 2015! Introduction! Garret Pachtinger, VMD, DACVECC! COO, VETgirl! Introduction! Justine A. Lee, DVM,! DACVECC, DABT! CEO, VETgirl! 1! 12/11/15! Conflict of Interest Disclosure! VETgirl…On-The-Run! The tech-savvy way to get online veterinary CE!! A subscription-based podcast and webinar service offering veterinary RACE-approved CE! VETgirl ELITE! 50-60 podcasts/year plus 24+ hours of webinars!! $199/year! 30+ hours of RACE-CE! 2! 12/11/15! TEAM Memberships!! Recorded, Archived, Available!! Easier playback, less buffering – better!! Download our iTunes podcasts free!! 3! 12/11/15! Social media and our blog!! Logistics: CE Certificates! ! No need to raise your hand! ! Type in ques3ons ! Emailed to you 48 hours aer the webinar ! Ac3ve par3cipaon = no quiz ! Watching video later, must complete quiz ! ELITE members only ! Email / contact with ANY ques3ons ! [email protected] ! [email protected] Call in from Smart Phone!! 4! 12/11/15! Introduction! Michelle Trappler, VMD, DACVS! Surgeon at Hospital Veterinario San Francisco de Asis! Forelimb Lameness ! History and Presentation! Gait Observation! Orthopedic and Neurologic Exam! Specific Conditions! History and Presentation! Acute vs. Chronic?! Progressive- improving vs. worsening?! Exacerbated by activity?! Changes with medications?! Why presenting now?! 5! 12/11/15! Gait Observation! Watch from afar! Check posture! Look for asymmetry and muscle atrophy! Gait Observation! Look at relationship of carpus and elbow! Gait Observation! Straight line walk and trot! Circles to both sides! Video Credit: Dr. Sherman Canapp, VOSM! 6! 12/11/15! Gait Observation! Abduction/ Adduction! Stride length! Orthopedic/Neurologic Exam ! • Start at the toes and work your way up! • Palpate each bone for pain, fractures! • Metaphyseal vs Diaphyseal ! • Check joints for increased/decreased/painful/abnormal ROM! • Localize any swelling! • Joint effusion vs soft tissue swelling! • Check tendons and ligaments as you go! • Save injured limb for last! ROM Normals! 7! 12/11/15! Orthopedic/Neurologic Exam! • Paw pads! • Nail bed! • Interdigital areas! • Toe ROM! • Nails! • Flex and extend toes! Orthopedic/Neurologic Exam! • Metacarpals! • Carpal ROM! • Carpal joint effusion! • Med/Lat Stability! Orthopedic/Neurologic Exam! • Radius/Ulnar palpation! • Look for angular limb deformities! 8! 12/11/15! Orthopedic/Neurologic Exam! • Flexion/Extension of elbow! • Isolate medial compartment ! • Hyperextension! • Medial/Lateral instability ! • ROM, Effusion! • Crepitus! Orthopedic/Neurologic Exam! • Humerus palpation! Orthopedic/Neurologic Exam! • Flexion/Extension of shoulder! • Abduction/Adduction! • Biceps stretch! • Supraspinatus stretch! • Palpate biceps tendon! • Palpate supraspinatus tendon! 9! 12/11/15! Orthopedic/Neurologic Exam! • Palpate scapula for fx, pain! • Note scapular spine! • Note any supra/infra atrophy! • Check relationship to thoracic wall! Orthopedic/Neurologic Exam! Check ROM of neck! Check CPs! Check withdrawl, biceps, triceps reflexes! Check toes for scuffing! Palpate axillary area! Specific Conditions! Carpal Hyperextension! Elbow Dysplasia Complex! Shoulder OCD! Biceps tendonopathy ! Supraspinatus Tendonopathy! Medial Shoulder Syndrome/Instability! Cervical IVDD! Brachial plexus! 10! 12/11/15! Carpal Hyperextension! Can be seen in puppies due to excessive ligament laxity, as a result of trauma, or due to degeneration! Carpal Hyperextension! Stressed radiographs- very important!! Elbow Dysplasia Complex! Radio-ulnar incongruity (RUI)! Ununited Anconeal Process (UAP) (2)! Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process (FMCP) (3)! Humeral OC/OCD (4)! 11! 12/11/15! Elbow Dysplasia Complex! Leading cause of forelimb lameness in dogs! Large to giant breed, juvenilles! Genetic basis, *Heritable*! Elbow Dysplasia Complex! Unilateral or bilateral forelimb lameness! Lameness exacerbated by activity! Abduction of limb on gait analysis! Elbow Dysplasia Complex! Decreased ROM (normal flexion 70-75o)! Pain on hyperflexion, hyperextension! Pain on isolation of medial compartment! Thickening of elbow, effusion! Crepitus with ROM! 12! 12/11/15! Elbow Dysplasia Complex! Look for radiographs signs that point to elbow:! Osteophytes along anconeus! Sclerosis of ulnar notch! Osteophytosis, Osteoarthritis! Elbow Dysplasia Complex- RUI! Radio-Ulnar Incongruity (RUI)! Asynchronous growth between radius and ulna! Step defect in joint! May put excess pressure on medial coronoid process! Elbow Dysplasia Complex- RUI! Diagnosis! Radiographs! CT! Arthroscopy! MRI! 13! 12/11/15! Elbow Dysplasia Complex- RUI! Radius too short? ! Osteotomy of proximal radius! Ulna too short?! Ulnar lengthening! Elbow Dysplasia Complex- UAP! Ununited Anconeal Process (UAP)! Large to giant breeds, Males! German Shepherds overrepresented! Clinical signs at 6-12 months! Elbow Dysplasia Complex- UAP! History of intermittent lameness, worse after exercise! Circumduction of forelimb during swing phase! Effusion in caudal compartment ! Crepitus! Pain on hyperextension! 14! 12/11/15! Elbow Dysplasia Complex- UAP! Diagnostics! X-rays! Arthroscopy*! CT! MRI! Elbow Dysplasia Complex- FMCP! Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process (FMCP)! Large breeds overrepresented ! Clinical signs at 5-7 months ! Can see older dogs with secondary OA! Elbow Dysplasia Complex- FMCP! Acute or chronic lameness! Worsens after exercise, heavy activity! Abduct forelimb on gait analysis! Decreased ROM of elbow ! Crepitus, Effusion! Pain on hyperextension, hyperflexion! 15! 12/11/15! Elbow Dysplasia Complex- FMCP! Diagnostics! X-rays! Arthroscopy*! CT! MRI! Treatment! Fragment removal! Elbow Dysplasia Complex- OCD! CS at 5-10 months! Large breeds, Males > Females! Exacerbated by exercise! Pain on elbow hyperextension or flexion! Often bilateral! Elbow Dysplasia Complex- OCD! Diagnosis! Radiographs! CT! Arthroscopy*! MRI! 16! 12/11/15! Shoulder OC/OCD! Large, giant breed, Males > Females! 27-68% have bilateral lesions, unilateral lameness*! Clinical signs at 4-8 months! Caudal humeral head most often affected! Shoulder OC/OCD! May be painful in extreme extension! May see shoulder muscle atrophy, OA if chronic! Rads- subchondral bone defect, sclerosis +/- mineralized flap in caudal pouch! Shoulder OC/OCD! Conservative tx: Exercise dog until flap falls off! Surgical tx: Arthroscopy recommended, Arthrotomy! Good long-term prognosis with prompt treatment! 17! 12/11/15! Biceps Tendonopathy! Can be primary or secondary! Middle-age to older, medium- to large breed dogs ! No breed or sex predilections! Chronic or progressive lameness, worse with exercise! Non-responsive to NSAIDs! Biceps Tendonopathy! PE findings! Biceps “stretch” test! Shoulder drawer test! Biceps reaction test! Biceps Tendonopathy! Diagnosis! Radiographs! Ultrasound ! Arthroscopy! MRI! 18! 12/11/15! Supraspinatus Tendon! Middle-age to older, medium- to large breed dogs ! Rotties and Labs predisposed, No sex predilections! Chronic or progressive lameness, worse with exercise! Non-responsive to NSAIDs ! Supraspinatus Tendon! PE: Supraspinatus stretch! Video Credit: Dr. Sherman Canapp, VOSM! Supraspinatus Tendon! Diagnosis:! Radiographs! Ultrasound! Arthroscopy! MRI! 19! 12/11/15! Medial Shoulder Syndrome/Instability! MSS/MSI! Congenital: CS at 3-10 months. Toy breeds.! Luxation usually medial.! Acquired: CS with injury/overuse. Large breeds.! Subluxation: Middle-aged, Male, Large Breed dogs! Medial Shoulder Syndrome/Instability! Chronic, intermittent or continual lameness! Can be intermittently severe! Minimal to no response to NSAIDs! Worse with excercise! May have agility history, history of getting leg caught! Medial Shoulder Syndrome/Instability! Physical Exam! Shoulder muscle atrophy! Increased abduction of shoulder! Normal abduction approx. 30o! Compare to contralateral limb!! May only show under sedation! 20! 12/11/15! Medial Shoulder Syndrome/Instability! Diagnosis! Radiographs! MRI! Arthroscopy*! Shoulder/Elbow Pathology! Can be a combination of multiple shoulder pathologies! Can also be “shelbow”! Cervical IVDD! 60% cervical IVDD dogs had no neuro deficits, only pain! Root signature in 22-50% of dogs with cervical IVDD ! 55% of dogs have chronic onset! 21! 12/11/15! Brachial Plexus Tumors! Unilateral paresis/ lameness! Significant muscle atrophy! Pain in axillary area! +/- reduced CPs, withdraw! +/- ipsilateral Horner’s/miosis! Brachial Plexus ! Palpate axillary region to feel for any masses ! MRI - diagnostic modality of choice! Tx - Amputation +/- chemo vs RT! Questions? @VetGirlOnTheRun VetGirlOnTheRun [email protected] [email protected] Except as specifically noted otherwsie, this material is copyrighted by VETgirl, LLC. None of the materials provided may be used, reproduced or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, including photocopying, recording or the use of any information storage and retrieval system, without the consent of VetGirl, LLC. Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed by each presenter are their respective opinions and do not necessarily represent the views of VETgirl, LLC or Merck Animal Health. Medical information here should be referenced by the practitioner prior to use. Under no circumstances shall VETgirl, LLC. or Merck Animal Health be liable for any loss, damage, liability or expense incurred or suffered that is claimed to have resulted from the use of the information provided including, without limitation, any fault, error, omission, interruption or delay with respect thereto. If you have any questions regarding the information provided, please contact [email protected]! 22!.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Analyzing Pterosaur Ontogeny and Sexual Dimorphism with Multivariate Allometry Erick Charles Anderson [email protected]
    Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2016 Analyzing Pterosaur Ontogeny and Sexual Dimorphism with Multivariate Allometry Erick Charles Anderson [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Paleontology Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, Erick Charles, "Analyzing Pterosaur Ontogeny and Sexual Dimorphism with Multivariate Allometry" (2016). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. 1031. http://mds.marshall.edu/etd/1031 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. ANALYZING PTEROSAUR ONTOGENY AND SEXUAL DIMORPHISM WITH MULTIVARIATE ALLOMETRY A thesis submitted to the Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences by Erick Charles Anderson Approved by Dr. Frank R. O’Keefe, Committee Chairperson Dr. Suzanne Strait Dr. Andy Grass Marshall University May 2016 i ii ii Erick Charles Anderson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. F. Robin O’Keefe for his guidance and advice during my three years at Marshall University. His past research and experience with reptile evolution made this research possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Andy Grass for his advice during the course of the research. I would like to thank my fellow graduate students Donald Morgan and Tiffany Aeling for their support, encouragement, and advice in the lab and bar during our two years working together.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Birds from Quail to Ostrich Prioritise Leg Safety and Economy
    © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | The Journal of Experimental Biology (2014) 217, 3786-3796 doi:10.1242/jeb.102640 RESEARCH ARTICLE Don’t break a leg: running birds from quail to ostrich prioritise leg safety and economy on uneven terrain Aleksandra V. Birn-Jeffery1,*,‡, Christian M. Hubicki2,‡, Yvonne Blum1, Daniel Renjewski2, Jonathan W. Hurst2 and Monica A. Daley1,§ ABSTRACT Daley, 2012; Dial, 2003; Jindrich et al., 2007; Rubenson et al., Cursorial ground birds are paragons of bipedal running that span a 2004). These athletes span the broadest body mass range among 500-fold mass range from quail to ostrich. Here we investigate the extant bipeds, over 500-fold from quail to ostrich. Birds thus provide task-level control priorities of cursorial birds by analysing how they a natural animal model for understanding the functional demands of negotiate single-step obstacles that create a conflict between body striding bipedalism and how these demands change with body size stability (attenuating deviations in body motion) and consistent leg (Gatesy and Biewener, 1991; Hutchinson and Garcia, 2002; Roberts force–length dynamics (for economy and leg safety). We also test the et al., 1998a). hypothesis that control priorities shift between body stability and leg Here, we ask two questions fundamental to locomotor behaviour: safety with increasing body size, reflecting use of active control to (1) what are the task-level leg control priorities of running animals; overcome size-related challenges. Weight-support demands lead to and (2) how do these priorities vary with terrain and body size? a shift towards straighter legs and stiffer steady gait with increasing Running animals must control their legs to balance numerous, body size, but it remains unknown whether non-steady locomotor sometimes conflicting, task-level demands including minimising priorities diverge with size.
    [Show full text]
  • Fins, Limbs, and Tails: Outgrowths and Axial Patterning in Vertebrate Evolution Michael I
    Review articles Fins, limbs, and tails: outgrowths and axial patterning in vertebrate evolution Michael I. Coates1* and Martin J. Cohn2 Summary Current phylogenies show that paired fins and limbs are unique to jawed verte- brates and their immediate ancestry. Such fins evolved first as a single pair extending from an anterior location, and later stabilized as two pairs at pectoral and pelvic levels. Fin number, identity, and position are therefore key issues in vertebrate developmental evolution. Localization of the AP levels at which develop- mental signals initiate outgrowth from the body wall may be determined by Hox gene expression patterns along the lateral plate mesoderm. This regionalization appears to be regulated independently of that in the paraxial mesoderm and axial skeleton. When combined with current hypotheses of Hox gene phylogenetic and functional diversity, these data suggest a new model of fin/limb developmental evolution. This coordinates body wall regions of outgrowth with primitive bound- aries established in the gut, as well as the fundamental nonequivalence of pectoral and pelvic structures. BioEssays 20:371–381, 1998. ௠ 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction over and again to exemplify fundamental concepts in biological Vertebrate appendages include an amazing diversity of form, theory. The striking uniformity of teleost pectoral fin skeletons from the huge wing-like fins of manta rays or the stumpy limbs of illustrated Geoffroy Saint-Hilair’s discussion of ‘‘special analo- frogfishes, to ichthyosaur paddles, the extraordinary fingers of gies,’’1 while tetrapod limbs exemplified Owen’s2 related concept aye-ayes, and the fin-like wings of penguins. The functional of ‘‘homology’’; Darwin3 then employed precisely the same ex- diversity of these appendages is similarly vast and, in addition to ample as evidence of evolutionary descent from common ances- various modes of locomotion, fins and limbs are also used for try.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitte University Journal March 2013.Cdr
    Published online: 2020-04-29 NUJHS Vol. 3, No.1, March 2013, ISSN 2249-7110 Nitte University Journal of Health Science Short Communication HOPPING IN BIRDS: IS THE CHOICE OF GAIT INFLUENCED BY CERVICAL MOBILITY AND FIELD OF VISION ? Arunachalam Kumar Professor & Head, Department of Anatomy, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore - 575 018, India. Correspondence: Arunachalam Kumar E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : One of the more intriguing questions in avian locomotion is why some birds, when on ground, choose to hop while others prefer walking. Biped gait is common to birds as well as the most evolved among mammals, man. Observations made show that, choice of gait in birds is determined by a remote factor – the range and extent of neck mobility. The wider the gamut of cervical mobility, the wider is the 'field of vision' available. Cervical movement capability is perhaps the single most deterministic factor in the bird's choice of terrestrial gait. Keywords: bipedal gait, avifauna, visual range, cervical vertebrae, hopping. Introduction : Observations & Discussion : One of the earliest bipeds to survive to modern era, are Observations on biped mobility on birds and their birds. Birds are unique in that many species among them locomotion reveal that, generally smaller birds hop while have capability of flying in air, walking on land and larger ones stride, strut or walk. Many theories and swimming in water. The talent to exploit all three mediums, hypotheses float around the word of ornithology and air, land and water for mobility makes birds occupy special kinematics on the how and why of avian locomotion.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Dsungaripterid Pterosaur from the Kimmeridgian of Germany and the Biomechanics of Pterosaur Long Bones
    The first dsungaripterid pterosaur from the Kimmeridgian of Germany and the biomechanics of pterosaur long bones MICHAEL FASTNACHT Fastnacht, M. 2005. The first dsungaripterid pterosaur from the Kimmeridgian of Germany and the biomechanics of pterosaur long bones. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 (2): 273–288. A partial vertebral column, pelvis and femora of a newly discovered pterosaur are described. The remains from the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Oker (northern Germany) can be identified as belonging to the Dsungaripteridae because the cross−sections of the bones have relatively thick walls. The close resemblance in morphology to the Lower Cretaceous Dsungaripterus allows identification of the specimen as the first and oldest record of dsungaripterids in Central Europe. Fur− thermore, it is the oldest certain record of a dsungaripterid pterosaur world wide. The biomechanical characteristics of the dsungaripterid long bone construction shows that it has less resistance against bending and torsion than in non−dsungari− pteroid pterosaurs, but has greater strength against compression and local buckling. This supports former suggestions that dsungaripterids inhabited continental areas that required an active way of life including frequent take−off and landing phases. The reconstruction of the lever arms of the pelvic musculature and the mobility of the femur indicates a quadrupedal terrestrial locomotion. Key words: Reptilia, Pterosauria, Dsungaripteridae, locomotion, biomechanics, Jurassic, Germany. Michael Fastnacht [fastnach@uni−mainz.de], Palaeontologie, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Johannes Gutenberg− Universität, D−55099 Mainz, Germany. Introduction described from this site (Laven 2001; Mateus et al. 2004; Sander et al. 2004). This and further dinosaur material has In recent years, the northern part of Germany has yielded an been collected by members of the “Verein zur Förderung der increasing number of Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous niedersächsischen Paläontologie e.V.”, who regularly collect archosaurian remains.
    [Show full text]
  • FORELIMB LAMENESS: the GREAT IMPERSONATOR Juliette Hart, DVM, MS, CCRT, CVA Cornell University Veterinary Specialists
    FORELIMB LAMENESS: THE GREAT IMPERSONATOR Juliette Hart, DVM, MS, CCRT, CVA Cornell University Veterinary Specialists. Stamford, CT Diagnosis of forelimb lameness in canine patients can often be a labor-intensive and time- consuming process, often with multiple factors being taken into account, regardless of the actual diagnosis. The dog’s age, activity level, co-morbidities, job and environment can be key players. Close examination of the dog in motion (in hospital and at home) can be helpful when determining type and degree of lameness, and may frequently assist the clinician in determining next appropriate diagnostic tests and treatment plans. This lecture will focus on differentials associated with forelimb lameness in dogs, current diagnostic tests and potential treatments available, and finally prognoses and outcomes for specific types of shoulder forelimb lameness in dogs. Lameness Evaluation The forelimb skeleton consists of the thoracic or pectoral girdle and the bones of the forelimb. The canine scapula itself is positioned close to the sagittal plane, and the humeral head is less rounded (as compared to the human head) to assist with weight bearing. The radius takes the majority of weight-bearing in the antebrachium. And, although small, the many sesamoid bones in the carpus/paw allow for biomechanically advantageous alignment of angles of insertion of tendons at their attachments.¹ While there can be tremendous variation in the sizes of the bones themselves comparing dog to dog, the literature have reported a roughly 60% body weight distribution in the thoracic limbs.² As a clinician evaluates a patient, lameness is a key element of that examination.
    [Show full text]
  • From Fin to Forelimb Crucially Showing That They Develop in Situ Rather Than Migrating to Their the Vertebrate Invasion of Land Was Cartilaginous Fish Such As Sharks
    NATURE|Vol 466|5 August 2010 NEWS & VIEWS Goulielmakis and colleagues1 characterized Figure 1 | The first attosecond probe the coherence, and thus the entanglement, of experiments. Goulielmakis et al.1 report a Kr+ and the lost electron. In their experiments, technique for observing electron motion in the intense, ultrashort pump pulse ensures real time. They irradiated krypton atoms (Kr) significant overlap of the two quantum states Kr+, 3d–1 with a ‘pump’ pulse of infrared light lasting a few femtoseconds, liberating electrons to of the removed electron that correlate with generate Kr+ ions in a superposition of two two different pathways in the ion’s subsystem states, 4p−1(J = 1/2) and 4p−1(J = 3/2), where J is (Fig. 1b), resulting in a low electron–ion entan- total angular momentum. Black arrows indicate glement, a high coherence of the hole’s wave the two ionization pathways. The authors then packet and high visibility of the interference Kr+, irradiated the ions with attosecond ‘probe’ pulses 4p–1(J=1/2) fringes. The ability to probe decoherence is a + of extreme-ultraviolet light, exciting them to a Kr , −1 very important aspect of the experiment. 4p–1(J=3/2) higher-energy 3d state; red and green arrows The authors’ experiment is reminiscent of a indicate the two possible excitation pathways. two-colour coherent-control scheme2. In such The complete system constitutes an entangled electron–ion pair. a, The different excitation schemes, population of a final state is controlled pathways taken by the ion to reach the 3d−1 by the relative phase between the two colours state may cause the liberated electrons to adopt of light needed to promote a system from two orthogonal quantum states.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander 2013 Principles-Of-Animal-Locomotion.Pdf
    .................................................... Principles of Animal Locomotion Principles of Animal Locomotion ..................................................... R. McNeill Alexander PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright © 2003 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1SY All Rights Reserved Second printing, and first paperback printing, 2006 Paperback ISBN-13: 978-0-691-12634-0 Paperback ISBN-10: 0-691-12634-8 The Library of Congress has cataloged the cloth edition of this book as follows Alexander, R. McNeill. Principles of animal locomotion / R. McNeill Alexander. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-691-08678-8 (alk. paper) 1. Animal locomotion. I. Title. QP301.A2963 2002 591.47′9—dc21 2002016904 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Galliard and Bulmer Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ pup.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 1098765432 Contents ............................................................... PREFACE ix Chapter 1. The Best Way to Travel 1 1.1. Fitness 1 1.2. Speed 2 1.3. Acceleration and Maneuverability 2 1.4. Endurance 4 1.5. Economy of Energy 7 1.6. Stability 8 1.7. Compromises 9 1.8. Constraints 9 1.9. Optimization Theory 10 1.10. Gaits 12 Chapter 2. Muscle, the Motor 15 2.1. How Muscles Exert Force 15 2.2. Shortening and Lengthening Muscle 22 2.3. Power Output of Muscles 26 2.4. Pennation Patterns and Moment Arms 28 2.5. Power Consumption 31 2.6. Some Other Types of Muscle 34 Chapter 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomechanics of Terrestrial Locomotion: Asymmetric Octopedal and Quadrupedal Gaits
    SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO IN SCIENZE MORFOLOGICHE, FISIOLOGICHE E DELLO SPORT DIPARTIMENTO DI FISIOLOGIA UMANA DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN FISIOLOGIA CICLO XXIV Biomechanics of terrestrial locomotion: asymmetric octopedal and quadrupedal gaits SETTORE SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLINARE BIO-09 PhD Student: Dott. Carlo M. Biancardi Matricola: R08161 Tutor: Prof. Alberto E. Minetti Coordinatore: Prof. Paolo Cavallari Anno Accademico 2010-2011 Table of Contents Abstract...................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ...............................................................................................8 Foreword.................................................................................................................. 8 Objectives .................................................................................................................8 Thesis structure........................................................................................................ 8 Terrestrial legged locomotion ..................................................................9 Introduction .............................................................................................................9 Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial legged locomotion ................................10 Limbs mechanics ..........................................................................................................10 Size differences .............................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Tetrapod Limb and Sarcopterygian Fin Regeneration Share a Core Genetic
    ARTICLE Received 28 Apr 2016 | Accepted 27 Sep 2016 | Published 2 Nov 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13364 OPEN Tetrapod limb and sarcopterygian fin regeneration share a core genetic programme Acacio F. Nogueira1,*, Carinne M. Costa1,*, Jamily Lorena1, Rodrigo N. Moreira1, Gabriela N. Frota-Lima1, Carolina Furtado2, Mark Robinson3, Chris T. Amemiya3,4, Sylvain Darnet1 & Igor Schneider1 Salamanders are the only living tetrapods capable of fully regenerating limbs. The discovery of salamander lineage-specific genes (LSGs) expressed during limb regeneration suggests that this capacity is a salamander novelty. Conversely, recent paleontological evidence supports a deeper evolutionary origin, before the occurrence of salamanders in the fossil record. Here we show that lungfishes, the sister group of tetrapods, regenerate their fins through morphological steps equivalent to those seen in salamanders. Lungfish de novo transcriptome assembly and differential gene expression analysis reveal notable parallels between lungfish and salamander appendage regeneration, including strong downregulation of muscle proteins and upregulation of oncogenes, developmental genes and lungfish LSGs. MARCKS-like protein (MLP), recently discovered as a regeneration-initiating molecule in salamander, is likewise upregulated during early stages of lungfish fin regeneration. Taken together, our results lend strong support for the hypothesis that tetrapods inherited a bona fide limb regeneration programme concomitant with the fin-to-limb transition. 1 Instituto de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas, Universidade Federal do Para´, Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Bele´m66075-110,Brazil.2 Unidade Genoˆmica, Programa de Gene´tica, Instituto Nacional do Caˆncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-240, Brazil. 3 Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA. 4 Department of Biology, University of Washington 106 Kincaid, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Muscular System in Tetrapod Limbs Tatsuya Hirasawa1* and Shigeru Kuratani1,2
    Hirasawa and Kuratani Zoological Letters (2018) 4:27 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-018-0110-2 REVIEW Open Access Evolution of the muscular system in tetrapod limbs Tatsuya Hirasawa1* and Shigeru Kuratani1,2 Abstract While skeletal evolution has been extensively studied, the evolution of limb muscles and brachial plexus has received less attention. In this review, we focus on the tempo and mode of evolution of forelimb muscles in the vertebrate history, and on the developmental mechanisms that have affected the evolution of their morphology. Tetrapod limb muscles develop from diffuse migrating cells derived from dermomyotomes, and the limb-innervating nerves lose their segmental patterns to form the brachial plexus distally. Despite such seemingly disorganized developmental processes, limb muscle homology has been highly conserved in tetrapod evolution, with the apparent exception of the mammalian diaphragm. The limb mesenchyme of lateral plate mesoderm likely plays a pivotal role in the subdivision of the myogenic cell population into individual muscles through the formation of interstitial muscle connective tissues. Interactions with tendons and motoneuron axons are involved in the early and late phases of limb muscle morphogenesis, respectively. The mechanism underlying the recurrent generation of limb muscle homology likely resides in these developmental processes, which should be studied from an evolutionary perspective in the future. Keywords: Development, Evolution, Homology, Fossils, Regeneration, Tetrapods Background other morphological characters that may change during The fossil record reveals that the evolutionary rate of growth. Skeletal muscles thus exhibit clear advantages vertebrate morphology has been variable, and morpho- for the integration of paleontology and evolutionary logical deviations and alterations have taken place unevenly developmental biology.
    [Show full text]
  • Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dogs
    animals Article Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dogs Simona Di Pietro 1 , Giuseppe Santi Rapisarda 2, Luca Cicero 3,* , Vito Angileri 4, Simona Morabito 5, Giovanni Cassata 3 and Francesco Macrì 1 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; [email protected] (S.D.P.); [email protected] (F.M.) 2 Department of Veterinary Prevention, Provincial Health Authority of Catania, 95030 Gravina di Catania, Italy; [email protected] 3 Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Sicily, Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] 4 Veterinary Practitioner, 91025 Marsala, Italy; [email protected] 5 Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi, Via Roma, 57/a, 40069 Zola Predosa (BO), Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Congenital limb defects are sporadically encountered in dogs during normal clinical practice. Literature concerning their diagnosis and management in canine species is poor. Sometimes, the diagnosis and description of congenital limb abnormalities are complicated by the concurrent presence of different malformations in the same limb and the lack of widely accepted classification schemes. In order to improve the knowledge about congenital limb anomalies in dogs, this report describes the clinical and radiographic findings in four dogs affected by unusual congenital forelimb defects, underlying also the importance of reviewing current terminology. Citation: Di Pietro, S.; Rapisarda, G.S.; Cicero, L.; Angileri, V.; Morabito, Abstract: Four dogs were presented with thoracic limb deformity. After clinical and radiographic S.; Cassata, G.; Macrì, F. Four Unusual examinations, a diagnosis of congenital malformations was performed for each of them.
    [Show full text]