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A Comprehensive Species-Level Molecular Phylogeny of the New World
YMPEV 4758 No. of Pages 19, Model 5G 2 December 2013 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution xxx (2013) xxx–xxx 1 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev 5 6 3 A comprehensive species-level molecular phylogeny of the New World 4 blackbirds (Icteridae) a,⇑ a a b c d 7 Q1 Alexis F.L.A. Powell , F. Keith Barker , Scott M. Lanyon , Kevin J. Burns , John Klicka , Irby J. Lovette 8 a Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, and Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, 100 Ecology Building, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 9 55108, USA 10 b Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA 11 c Barrick Museum of Natural History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA 12 d Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14950, USA 1314 15 article info abstract 3117 18 Article history: The New World blackbirds (Icteridae) are among the best known songbirds, serving as a model clade in 32 19 Received 5 June 2013 comparative studies of morphological, ecological, and behavioral trait evolution. Despite wide interest in 33 20 Revised 11 November 2013 the group, as yet no analysis of blackbird relationships has achieved comprehensive species-level sam- 34 21 Accepted 18 November 2013 pling or found robust support for most intergeneric relationships. Using mitochondrial gene sequences 35 22 Available online xxxx from all 108 currently recognized species and six additional distinct lineages, together with strategic 36 sampling of four nuclear loci and whole mitochondrial genomes, we were able to resolve most relation- 37 23 Keywords: ships with high confidence. -
21 Sep 2018 Lists of Victims and Hosts of the Parasitic
version: 21 Sep 2018 Lists of victims and hosts of the parasitic cowbirds (Molothrus). Peter E. Lowther, Field Museum Brood parasitism is an awkward term to describe an interaction between two species in which, as in predator-prey relationships, one species gains at the expense of the other. Brood parasites "prey" upon parental care. Victimized species usually have reduced breeding success, partly because of the additional cost of caring for alien eggs and young, and partly because of the behavior of brood parasites (both adults and young) which may directly and adversely affect the survival of the victim's own eggs or young. About 1% of all bird species, among 7 families, are brood parasites. The 5 species of brood parasitic “cowbirds” are currently all treated as members of the genus Molothrus. Host selection is an active process. Not all species co-occurring with brood parasites are equally likely to be selected nor are they of equal quality as hosts. Rather, to varying degrees, brood parasites are specialized for certain categories of hosts. Brood parasites may rely on a single host species to rear their young or may distribute their eggs among many species, seemingly without regard to any characteristics of potential hosts. Lists of species are not the best means to describe interactions between a brood parasitic species and its hosts. Such lists do not necessarily reflect the taxonomy used by the brood parasites themselves nor do they accurately reflect the complex interactions within bird communities (see Ortega 1998: 183-184). Host lists do, however, offer some insight into the process of host selection and do emphasize the wide variety of features than can impact on host selection. -
Conservation Implications of Illegal Bird Trade and Disease
CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS OF ILLEGAL BIRD TRADE AND DISEASE RISK IN PERU A Dissertation by ELIZABETH FRANCES DAUT Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Donald J. Brightsmith Co-Chair of Committee, Markus J. Peterson Committee Members, Renata Ivanek-Miojevic Christian Brannstrom Head of Department, Roger Smith III May 2015 Major Subject: Veterinary Microbiology Copyright 2015 Elizabeth Frances Daut ABSTRACT Trade in wild-caught animals as pets is a global conservation and animal-welfare concern. Illegal and poorly-regulated legal wildlife trade can threaten biodiversity, spread infectious diseases, and result in considerable animal suffering and mortality. I used illegal wildlife trade in Peru, specifically native bird trade, as a case study to explore important aspects and consequences of the trade for domestic markets. With data collected from a five-year market survey and governmental seizure records, I applied a statistical modeling approach to investigate the influence of Peru’s legal export quota system on the country’s illegal domestic bird trade. I used an infectious-disease mathematical modeling approach to analyze how illegal harvest influenced disease dynamics in a wild parrot population. Finally, I used qualitative research methods to investigate the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and their members’ philosophical perspectives toward wildlife in combating illegal trade. I found that Peru had a thriving illegal trade in native birds (mostly parrots) for domestic consumers; 150 species were recorded in markets and/or seizures with over 35,250 individuals offered for sale (2007–2011). -
Species List November 5 – 12, 2017 | Compiled by Bob Meinke
Journey to the Galápagos | Species List November 5 – 12, 2017 | Compiled by Bob Meinke Hosts Carol Simon & Howard Topoff, with National Park Naturalists & 18 participants 316 Total Bird Species (Galápagos & Mainland Ecuador Combined) Bird List — Galápagos: 57 Species Seen, with 21 Species-level Endemics; (E) = endemic Anatidae: Ducks, Geese, and Swans (1) White-cheeked Pintail (Anas bahamensis) The only duck seen in the Galápagos, several were observed by most of the group on Santa Cruz Is. (in saline lagoons just in from the sandy beach at Las Bachas), as well as in the Santa Cruz highlands on a pond at the tortoise farm (Poza El Chato) we visited. Phoenicopteridae: Flamingos (1) American Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) Six beautiful, bright pink birds were wading and filter feeding in the Las Bachas lagoons on Santa Cruz Is.—once considered conspecific with the Greater Flamingo (P. roseus) of the Old World, recent work suggests the “Galápagos Flamingo” may merit recognition as an endemic subspecies (i.e., P. ruber ssp. glyphorhynchus). Spheniscidae: Penguins (1) Galápagos Penguin (E) (Spheniscus mendiculus) Adults and juveniles (estimated 20 to 30) were observed up close on two days, first on shoreline rocks on Fernandina Is., then during our mangrove estuary excursion at Elizabeth Bay and near Tagus Cove (both on Isabela Is.). Procellariidae: Petrels and Shearwaters (1) Galápagos Shearwater (E breeder) (Puffinus subalaris) Frequently observed, mainly from the ship, this common seabird was present most days flying singly or in small groups over open water, especially near cliffs. Hydrobatidae: Storm-petrels (3) Elliot’s Storm-Petrel (Oceanites gracilis) The most common of the three readily observed shearwaters in the Galápagos, we saw many individuals daily—Elliot’s is endemic to the Humboldt Current (also known as White-vented Storm-Petrel). -
Peru: Manu and Machu Picchu August 2010
Peru: Manu and Machu Picchu August 2010 PERU: Manu and Machu Picchu 13 – 30 August 2010 Tour Leader: Jose Illanes Itinerary: August 13: Arrival day/ Night Lima August 14: Fly Lima-Cusco, Bird at Huacarpay Lake/ Night Cusco August 15: Upper Manu Road/Night Cock of the Rock Lodge August 16-17: San Pedro Area/ Nights cock of the Rock Lodge August 18: San Pedro-Atalaya/Night Amazonia Lodge August 19-20: Amazonia Lodge/Nights Amazonia Lodge August 21: River Trip to Manu Wildlife Center/Night Manu Wildlife Center August 22-24: Manu Wildlife Center /Nights Manu Wildlife Center August 25: Manu Wildlife Center - Boat trip to Puerto Maldonado/ Night Puerto Maldonado August 26: Fly Puerto Maldonado-Cusco/Night Ollantaytambo www.tropicalbirding.com Tropical Birding 1-409-515-0514 1 Peru: Manu and Machu Picchu August 2010 August 27: Abra Malaga Pass/Night Ollantaytambo August 28: Ollantaytambo-Machu Picchu/Night Aguas Calientes August 29: Aguas Calientes and return Cusco/Night Cusco August 30: Fly Cusco-Lima, Pucusana & Pantanos de Villa. Late evening departure. August 14 Lima to Cusco to Huacarpay Lake After an early breakfast in Peru’s capital Lima, we took a flight to the Andean city of Cusco. Soon after arriving in Cusco and meeting with our driver we headed out to Huacarpay Lake . Unfortunately our arrival time meant we got there when it was really hot, and activity subsequently low. Although we stuck to it, and slowly but surely, we managed to pick up some good birds. On the lake itself we picked out Puna Teal, Speckled and Cinnamon Teals, Andean (Slate-colored) Coot, White-tufted Grebe, Andean Gull, Yellow-billed Pintail, and even Plumbeous Rails, some of which were seen bizarrely swimming on the lake itself, something I had never seen before. -
Prehistoric Exploitation and Biogeography of Birds in Coastal and Andean Ecuador
PREHISTORIC EXPLOITATION AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF BIRDS IN COASTAL AND ANDEAN ECUADOR By MARKUS PATRICIO TELLKAMP A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Markus Patricio Tellkamp This dissertation is dedicated to our daughters Doménica and Daniela. May they inherit from us a beautifully diverse and healthy planet earth. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work would not have been possible without the help of many people. I thank my advisory committee, especially my advisor David Steadman, for their patience and enthusiastic support when my dissertation took an unexpected turn and a side project became the main focus of my research. I also thank David Steadman for unrestricted access to the specimen collection of birds at the Florida Museum of Natural History and a great deal of inspiration. Brian McNab, Norris Williams, Susan deFrance, and Michael Binford all provided great comments that improved the quality of this work. The recent acquisition of specimens from Peru by Andrew Kratter has been instrumental in the success of this study. Lauran Bianco assisted in taking morphometric measurements. My visit to archaeological field sites in coastal Ecuador was greatly facilitated by Ana Agreda. I thank my wife Ivonne Ulloa for helping with so many aspects of this study, from cleaning bones, entering data, to providing companionship into the wee hours of the night. For help with my study on the phylogeography of Andean birds, although not the subject of this dissertation, I need to thank the Department of Zoology, Ginger Clark, Ivonne Ulloa, Lauran Bianco, Alexandra Rudnik, Phuong Pham, Robert Gotshalk, Fabián Cupuerán, Miguel Burgos, Fabián Granda, Fundación Arco Iris, Martha Mondragón, Juan Fernando Freile, Fundación La Otonga, and the Ecuadorian ornithological foundation (CECIA). -
Central Peru 2018 Tour Report
Junin Grebe; a very elegant species (Eustace Barnes). CENTRAL PERU 11 – 29TH NOVEMBER 2018 LEADER: EUSTACE BARNES The Central Peruvian avifauna is relatively poorly known, for a country that has received so much attention of late, especially given the continuous stream of new taxa discovered in the region. So, the time is right to get on board and enjoy this fabulous tour. So, for this tour, first the stats; 505 species, 123/165 diamond rated species and 55 write-ins. The highest overall total recorded for this tour, but not one involving any ‘wader padding’ or random stop ‘rainforest padders’ or indeed a swathe of widespread cloud forest birds. This being due to heavy rains and ‘habitat modification’ at some sites. Time to reaffirm the mission statement and say that the tour was simply better than ever, our expectations far exceeded and although the future is bright for this dynamic tour, time is short for some species. A great trip and a great group. ! ! 1 BirdQuest Tour Report: Central Peru 2018 www.birdquest-tours.com The legendary DSP at home on his bog (Jono Irvine). Highlights A to Z.; outstanding views of Tawny-throated Dotterel with young and assorted furnarids on day 1, great moments with a pair of Lesser horned Owls at dawn, Russet-bellied Spinetail and Great Inca Finch on day 2, magical experiences with White-cheeked Cotinga and a family of Koepcke’s Screech Owls in the breath taking scenery of the Cordillera Blanca on day 3, Ancash Tapaculo at our feet and walking amongst the gigantic Puya raimondii in Huascaran National Park on day 4, two mega sessions at Bosque Unchog with Bay-vented Cotinga, Golden-backed Mountain Tanager and Rufous-browed Hemispingus on days 5 and 7, Rufous-backed Inca-Finch and Junin Rail day 8, a spectacular morning at high altitude with the critically endangered Junin Grebe on day 9, Creamy-bellied Antwrens, Black and chestnut Eagle, a cooperative Lanceolated Monklet and Foothill Eleania day 10. -
Notes on the Behavior of the Melodious Blackbird (Dwes Dives)
Condor 85:453-460 :L‘ The Cooper Ornithological Soaety 1983 NOTES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE MELODIOUS BLACKBIRD (DWES DIVES) GORDON H. ORIANS ABSTRACT.-Both sexes of the Melodious Blackbird (Dives dives) defend ter- ritories by vigorous duetting, bill-up displays,and supplantingattacks. These birds forage primarily on the ground in open areas and also forage throughout canopies of tall trees, especially pines. Most food is obtained by gaping;much fruit is taken when available. Displays of this speciesresemble those of other icterids. Vocal- izations are loud and clear and include many whistles. Most of the sounds are made by individuals of both sexes,but some are restricted to one sex. The Scrub Blackbird (D. warszewiczz’)resembles the Melodious Blackbird in many respects, but several pairs occupy common foraging grounds and are tolerated near one another’s nests. The Melodious Blackbird (Dives dives) occu- dition, I spent one day watching D. warszew- pies a relatively restricted rangeon the Atlantic iczi in the Andes of central Peru, 80 km ENE slope of Central America from Vera Cruz, of Lima, near Matucana, Departamento de Mexico, to northern Nicaragua. It inhabits pri- Lima (1 lo5 1’S, 76”23’W, elev. ca. 2,600 m). marily lowlands but occurs in pine forests to Sonograms were made from recordings pro- an elevation of nearly 2,000 m in Guatemala vided by the Library of Natural Sounds, Cor- (Skutch 1954). The closely related Scrub nell Laboratory of Ornithology. Blackbird (D. warszewiczz),sometimes consid- My most extensive observations, and the ered a race of D. dives (Paynter 1968) occurs only ones on breeding birds, were carried out in arid country in southwestern Ecuador and in an open woodland of Caribbean Pine (Pinus western Peru. -
ABSTRACTS, Kearney 2011 Page 1 of 92
ABSTRACTS, Kearney 2011 page 1 of 92 Aubrey Alamshah and Edward H. Burtt, Jr., Dept. Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan Univ., Delaware, OH 43015. SSeasonal variation in the maintenance behavior of House Sparrows, Passer domesticus. The percentage of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) with feather-degrading bacilli is significantly greater in the winter than in the spring and summer (Burtt and Ichida, 1999). One possible explanation is that the sparrows engage in less maintenance behavior in winter than in summer. There are several reasons why this might be: higher energy demands, which would necessitate more time foraging; shorter days; colder temperatures and lower humidity so that feather-degrading microorganisms are a lower risk to the plumage than in warm, humid weather (Burtt and Ichida 2004). However, seasonal changes in the maintenance behavior of passerines are a largely unstudied subject. House Sparrows bathe, dust bathe, head scratch, bill wipe, sun, and preen (Summers-Smith 1963, Anderson 2006). We observed changes in the form and frequency of the behavior in wild-caught House Sparrows held in an outdoor aviary. We observed the birds for 2-3 hours/week, noting the occurrence of maintenance behavior in each individual, its type, sequential organization, and bout length. We also took samples of microorganisms from the feathers of the birds on a monthly basis. We compared changes in maintenance behavior and time allotted to such behavior throughout the year. We determined that the birds do in fact exhibit more maintenance behavior in the spring and summer than they do in the fall and winter. Further study is needed, but our results suggest increased maintenance behavior may help to reduce the amount of feather-degrading bacteria on the bird. -
Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club Volume 135 No. 1 March 2015 FORTHCOMING MEETINGS See also BOC website: http://www.boc-online.org BOC MEETINGS are open to all, not just BOC members, and are free. Evening meetings are in an upstairs room at Te Barley Mow, 104 Horseferry Road, Westminster, London SW1P 2EE. Te nearest Tube stations are Victoria and St James’s Park; and the 507 bus, which runs from Victoria to Waterloo, stops nearby. For maps, see http://www.markettaverns.co.uk/the_barley_mow.html or ask the Chairman for directions. The cash bar opens at 6.00 pm and those who wish to eat after the meeting can place an order. The talk will start at 6.30 pm and, with questions, will last c.1 hour. It would be very helpful if those intending to come can notify the Chairman no later than the day before the meeting. Tuesday 10 March 2015—6.30 pm—Dr Clemency Fisher—A jigsaw puzzle with many pieces missing: reconstructing a 19th-century bird collection Abstract: In 1838–45, ‘The Birdman’ John Gould’s assistant, John Gilbert, collected more than 8% of the bird and mammal species of Australia for the first time. He sent hundreds of specimens back to Gould, who used many of them to describe new species and then recouped his outlay by selling the specimens to contacts all over the world. Some of the new owners removed Gilbert’s labels and mounted their specimens for display; some put new ones on, or placed their specimens into poor storage where both specimen and label were eaten by beetle larvae. -
Wildlife Travel Galapagos 2019
WILDLIFE TRAVEL Galapagos 2019 Galapagos & Ecuador, 13th to 26th March 2019, Trip Report Leader Philip Precey Wildlife Travel [email protected] # DATE LOCATIONS & NOTES 1 13th Travel. Arrive in Guayaquil 2 14th Cerro Blanco and Parque Lago 3 15th Guayaquil to Baltra. North Seymour zodiac cruise. 4 16th Sullivan Bay (Santiago) and Rabida 5 17th Punta Espinosa (Fernandina) and Elizabeth Bay (Isabela) 6 18th Isabela: Urbina Bay and Tagus Cove 7 19th Puerto Egas (Santiago) and Bartholome 8 20th Sombrero Chino and Cerro Dragon (Sta Cruz) 9 21st Santa Cruz: Los Gemelos, Manzanillo Ranch, Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora 10 22nd North Seymour and Puerto Ayora 11 23rd Santa Cruz: Manzanillo Ranch and German Bay 12 24th flight back to Guayaquil 13 25th Guayaquil city tour: Iguana Park, Malecon and Santa Ana hill Flight back to Europe 14 26th Amsterdam and return to UK A galley of some of Philip’s photos from this trip can be seen on our Flickr site, at www.flickr.com/photos/wildlifetravel/albums/72157704276740232 An (ever-evolving) collection of photos from all Philip’s previous visits to the islands can be seen at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/wildlifetravel/collections/72157704276768482/ 2 Galapagos & Ecuador, 13th to 26th March 2019, Trip Report DIARY 14th March: Cerro Blanco and Parque Lago We spent our first Ecuadorean day in the company of Daniel and Fernando, who took us first into the dry forest at Cerro Blanco, where we enjoyed some colourful butterflies and a sleepy sloth alongside the introduction to the Tumbesian birdlife, and then to the Water Hyacinth-covered reservoir at Parque Lago, with its Snail Kites and noisy Limpkins. -
Northwest Ecuador
Northwest Ecuador: In Search of Chóco Endemics 11 – 23 July 2009 BEAUTIFUL JAY Tour Leader: Sam Woods ITINERARY July 11 ARRIVAL July 12 YANACOCHA July 13 UPPER TANDAYAPA VALLEY July 14 REFUGIO PAZ DE LAS AVES & THE OLD NONO-MINDO ROAD July 15 TANDAYAPA VALLEY & CALACALI July 16 MILPE July 17 PEDRO VICENTE MALDONADO & RIO SILANCHE, travel to CANANDö July 18 RIO CANANDö (forest trails) July 19 RIO CANANDö (HOJA BLANCA vicinity) July 20 RIO CANANDö (HOJA BLANCA vicinity) & travel to SANTO DOMINGO July 21 RIO PALENQUE July 22 CHIRIBOGA ROAD & travel to QUITO July 23 DEPARTURE Tropical Birding Northwest Ecuador July 11 – 23, 2009 1 July 12 YANACOCHA Temperate forest, 3400m elevation & OLD NONO-MINDO ROAD Subtropical forest 2300 – 1700m elevation. The tour beganat the highest point, inthe richtemperate forests and scrub of Yanacocha. The weather was splendid allowing for great views of the snow-capped Cayambe volcano as we walked the “Inca Trail” withinthis superb FundacionJocotoco reserve, a short drive from Ecuador’s capital, Quito. Hummers and tanagers are a big feature of this reserve, and this day was no exception. Our first taste of the aviandelights of Yanacocha came not too far downthe trail whena flash of crimson drew us to our first flock weaving its way through the moss-laden polylepis trees, and our first striking Scarlet-bellied Mountain-Tanagers . Also inthe same mixed feeding flock were another sturdy mountain-tanager, the Black-chested Mountain-Tanager , and a few Superciliaried Hemispingus. However, further along the same scenic Andean track we found the most gorgeous of them all, the Golden-crowned Tanager , a mixture of deep velvety blues, burnt reds, and jet black, all topped off nicely witha crownof bright gold.