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CSET Issue Brief August 2021 Military AI Cooperation Toolbox Modernizing Defense Science and Technology Partnerships for the Digital Age CSET Issue Brief AUTHOR Zoe Stanley-Lockman Executive Summary The United States looks at leadership in artificial intelligence (AI) as critical to both advancing its strategic position in the international system and sustaining its military advantage into the future. The U.S. network of allies and partners is an asymmetric asset in service of these aims, as affirmed in national security and defense policy aimed at preparing the United States for the current era of strategic competition. Most notably, key initiatives announced in the Department of Defense (DOD) AI Strategy and recommendations from the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence indicate the importance of international engagement for AI safety, security, interoperability, and alignment with democratic values.1 In short, there is a consensus that strengthening alliances and partnerships is important not just because the United States acts in coalitions, but also because China and Russia often act alone. AI and other emerging technologies are at the heart of competition with these near-peer competitors because of how technological acceleration drives military advancements, spurs economic growth, and shapes governance models in the 21st century. The United States can neither meet the challenges China poses, nor reap the benefits that come with shaping a democratic trajectory for AI, without deepening cooperation with its allies and partners. Within this context, this report focuses on the imperative to safeguard the advantage of the United States and its network of partners and allies, relative to potential adversaries, through robust military relationships based on interoperable forces and cutting- edge technologies. DOD already has several tools at its disposal to deepen science and technology (S&T) cooperation with its allies and international security partners. But to capitalize on their full potential for AI, the department needs to re-envision and better integrate them. To this end, the analysis here frames the existing defense S&T agreements, military S&T exchanges, and elements of multilateral institutions as a military AI cooperation toolbox. This effort goes Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 1 beyond solely pooling resources for AI-enabled capability development, to also include policy alignment; the testing, evaluation, validation, and verification (TEVV) pipeline; research and development (R&D), personnel exchanges; data sharing; and standardization. Rather than proposing new agreements, the aim here is to answer how DOD can leverage its existing mechanisms of S&T cooperation to support military cooperation in the digital age, making sure that relevant resources and frameworks do not go untapped in the quest for AI leadership and future coalition success. While challenges, including the sensitivity around data exchanges and differing policy views on technology policy, should be acknowledged, they can also be motivating forces for cooperation to alleviate these barriers over time. In other words, the existing tools can help create more buy-in for longer term gains in political trust, cohesion, and interoperability, so that cooperation helps meet the shared challenges of digital authoritarianism and technology- driven changes to the international security environment. The key findings are: • TEVV is an important, but underrepresented, feature of military AI cooperation. A range of activities could factor into cooperative TEVV pipelines for AI, including joint tests, trials, experimentation, training, exercises, and modelling and simulation. • Using defense S&T agreements to cooperate on shared R&D priorities can help build good will for other forms of AI cooperation, including alignment with democratic values. • Military AI cooperation is not a purely technical endeavor. Technical, human, and procedural measures that foster policy and personnel connections are equally important to advancing interoperable AI adoption. • Allies and partners in the Indo-Pacific region are under- represented in the main agreements and institutions covered in the existing military AI cooperation toolbox. Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 2 While some aspects of military AI cooperation may require new investments, mechanisms, and agreements, that should not preclude the many ways that existing tools can be put to new use. The military AI cooperation toolbox is attractive precisely because it can be activated in the near term, meeting the urgency of building interoperability and advancing AI with allies and partners as early as possible. Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 3 Table of Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................... 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 5 International Defense Science and Technology Cooperation Agreements ...... 9 International Test and Evaluation Agreements ..................................................... 9 IT&E Agreements: Advantages ............................................................................... 10 IT&E Agreements: Limitations ................................................................................ 14 Reciprocal Defense Procurement and Acquisition Memoranda of Understanding ..................................................................................................... 15 RDP MOUs: Advantages ......................................................................................... 15 RDP MOUs: Limitations .......................................................................................... 19 Bilateral Military AI Agreements and Cooperative S&T Blueprints ..................... 20 Bilateral Military AI Cooperation Agreements ....................................................... 20 Cooperative S&T Blueprints .................................................................................... 22 GloBal Military Science and Technology Network .......................................... 24 U.S. Military Global S&T Presence ....................................................................... 24 U.S. Military Global S&T Presence: Advantages ..................................................... 25 U.S. Military Global S&T Presence: Limitations ...................................................... 26 Technology Monitoring and Forecasting ............................................................. 26 Technology Monitoring and Forecasting: Advantages ........................................... 27 Technology Monitoring and Forecasting: Limitations ............................................ 27 Military S&T Exchanges ....................................................................................... 28 Military S&T Exchanges: Advantages ...................................................................... 29 Military S&T Exchanges: Limitations ....................................................................... 31 Multilateral Alliances and Partnerships .......................................................... 32 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ........................................................ 32 Five Eyes .............................................................................................................. 37 AI Partnership for Defense (PfD) ......................................................................... 39 Key Findings .................................................................................................... 40 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 43 Author ............................................................................................................ 44 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................... 44 Appendix ........................................................................................................ 45 International Defense S&T Agreements: ............................................................. 45 Military S&T Exchanges ....................................................................................... 46 Endnotes ......................................................................................................... 50 Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 4 Introduction In the current era of strategic competition, the United States is sizing and shaping its efforts to secure leadership in artificial intelligence (AI) and maintain technological superiority. As affirmed in the 2018 Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence (DOD AI) Strategy, the network of U.S. allies and partners offers an “asymmetric strategic advantage that no competitor or rival can match.”2 Safeguarding existing partnerships and alliances is important for the United States to maintain its strategic position, prevail on future battlefields, and safeguard the international order.3 Efforts to include allies and partners in these strategic goals are therefore just as important to advancing technological leadership in support of democratic values as they are to ensuring future military effectiveness. For the DOD, a lot of groundwork for enhanced military-to-military cooperation is already in place, and does not require lengthy new negotiations or costly pooled resources. But to effectively
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