An Analysis of Archetypal Elements in Rick Riordan's

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AN ANALYSIS OF ARCHETYPAL ELEMENTS IN RICK RIORDAN’S THE RED PYRAMID

A THESIS

By:

SITI CHAIRUNA SAPHIRA

REG. NO. 130705043

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, SITI CHAIRUNA SAPHIRA, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

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NAME : SITI CHAIRUNA SAPHIRA

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF ARCHETYPAL ELEMENTS IN RICK RIORDAN’S THE RED PYRAMID QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah I would like to express my great thanks to my lord Allah

SWT who has given me the time, chance and blessing to finish this thesis. Thanks to my Prophet Muhammad SAW, may the peace and blessings be on the most noble of Prophets and Messengers, on his family and all of his Companions.

There are a lot of steps has been done by the researcher to make this thesis complete which entitled An Analysis of Archetypal Elements In Rick

Riordan’s The Red Pyramid, and ready to presented as a thesis of the first graduate. The researcher has got so many helps, support and motivation from many people to process of doing this thesis from the beginning until the end.

My greatest thanks to my parents who always support me through thick and thin and always been there to support me to finish my thesis. Thanks for their great love, prayer, guidance, spiritual and financial to support my life. Another great Thanks to my lovely grandma who always love and trust me that I can finish my study in this University.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Drs. Parlindungan Purba,

M.Hum as my Supervisor for his help, kindness, patience, knowledge, and immense time for me to write and finish this thesis. Along for Riko Andika

Rahmat Pohan S.S, M. Hum as my Co-Supervisor for his suggestion and kindness in helping me to write this thesis. I address my high gratitude to the Dean of

Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. The head of English

Department, Prof. Dra. T. Silvana Sinar, Dipl, TEFL. M.A, Ph.D and the secretary of English Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D, for their

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA encouragement during my study in this faculty. I would like to thank to Drs.

Yulianus Harefa, GradDipEd TESOL, MEd TESOL as my academic Supervisor who has supported me and all the lecturers of English Department who has given me valuable knowledge during my study in this faculty. To my savior, Bang

Kibot, who always help me with the administration. I also thank to my examiners,

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D and Dr. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum who has given the best suggestion and comments to help me finish my thesis.

Thanks to my great friends, Anggun Sundary, Sifa, Dea, Ade, Mira, Afiah,

Tassa, Tari, Tita, Nindy, Dito, for the great time and memories. Thanks for their support, laughter and for all the moments we had shared together. I love you, guys. Special Thanks for Anggun Sundary who keep encourage me to finish this thesis. Thanks to VESSWIC team, Drh. Nurhafni, Drh. Tia Zalia BTB, Mbak

Fenny Julianty, Drh. Teuku Arief Maulana, Drh. Tengku Jeni, Drh. Aulia. Drh.

Atika Resty, Drh. Idham, Bg Muri, and especially for kak Nurul Nayla Azmi who shared me the job and make me meet with those special person in my life. And thanks to Wulan Ramadhani for the patient and encourage that finally we can finish our thesis together after all the hard work we had the past few weeks.

Despite my effort to produce a faultless paper, I am well aware that the readers will find numerous imperfections, for which I apologize.

Medan, April 6th, 2018

Siti Chairuna Saphira

Reg. No. 130705043

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Judul dari penelitian ini adalah An Analysis of Archetypal Elements in Rick Riordan’s The Red Pyramid. Penelitian ini menganalisis tentang elemen archetype seperti karakter dan symbol yang terdapat dalam novel The Red Pyramid karya Rick Riordan. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori archetype. Karakter archetype dalam penelitian ini akan dipelajari dengan menggunakan model karakter oleh Joseph Campbell. Penelitian ini fokus terhadap karakter, karakterisasi dan simbol yang terdapat di dalam novel tersebut. Karakter pada novel tersebut akan di klasifikasikan berdasarkan tujuh karakter archetype oleh Joseph Campbell seperti; hero, mentor, threshold guardian, herald, shape-shifter, shadow dan trickster. Rick Riordan sebagai penulis novel memiliki interpretasi tersendiri terhadap karakter mitologi mesir yang muncul di dalam novelnya. Akan tetapi karakter yang muncul di novelnya memeliki kesamaan dengan karakter yang terdapat di dalam kisah autentik mitologi mesir. Simbol-simbol yang muncul di dalam novel seperti; warna, pakaian, piramid, hiroglif, serta obelisk akan di analisa berdasarkan budaya dan kepercayaan bangsa Mesir.

Kata Kunci: Mitologi Mesir, Karakter Archetype, Simbol Archetype.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

The title of this thesis is An Analysis of Archetypal Elements in Rick Riordan’s The Red Pyramid. This thesis analyzed the archetypal elements such as the characters and the symbols in Rick Riordan‘s The Red Pyramid. This thesis is applying the theory of archetypes. Its archetypal characters are studied by applying Joseph Campbell‘s model of character. It will focus on analysis of the character, characterization and the symbols which appear in the novel. The character of the novel can be classified into Joseph Campbell‘s seven archetypal character such as; hero, mentor, threshold guardian, herald, shape-shifter, shadow and trickster. Rick Riordan as the writer of the novel may have his own interpretation toward the Egyptian mythological characters which appeared in his novel. Their characteristic still remain the same as the original version of those existed in Egyptian myths. The symbols which appeared in the novel such as; color, clothes, pyramid, hieroglyphs and obelisk are analyzes according to Egyptian culture and beliefs.

Keywords: Egyptian Mythology, Archetypal Characters, Archetypal Symbols.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENT S

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iii

ABSTRACT ...... v

ABSTRAK ...... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ...... 7

1.3 Objective of the Study ...... 7

1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 7

1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 8

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Literary Criticism ...... 9

2.1.1 Archetypal/Mythological Approach...... 10

2.2 Character and Characterization ...... 14

2.2.1 Hero ...... 14

2.2.2 Mentor ...... 16

2.2.3 Threshold Guardian ...... 17

2.2.4 Herald ...... 17

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.2.5 Shape Shifter ...... 18

2.2.6 Shadow ...... 18

2.2.7 Trickster ...... 19

2.3 Symbol ...... 19

2.4 Previous Researches ...... 20

CHAPTER III METHOD OF STUDY

3.1 Research Design ...... 22

3.2 Data Sourceand Data of Collection Technique ...... 22

3.3 Data Collection Technique ...... 23

3.4 Data Analysis…………………………………………. 23

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 The Red Pyramid Archetypal Characters ...... 24

4.1.1 Hero ...... 24

4.1.2 Mentor ...... 33

4.1.3 Threshold Guardian ...... 36

4.1.4 Herald ...... 37

4.1.5 Shape-Shifter ...... 40

4.1.6 Shadow ...... 42

4.1.7 Trickster ...... 46

4.2 Symbol ...... 49

4.2.1 Color ...... 49

4.2.2 Clothing ...... 51

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2.3 Pyramid ...... 52

4.2.4 Obelisk ...... 53

4.2.5 Hieroglyph ...... 55

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ...... 59

5.2 Suggestion ...... 60

REFERENCES ...... 63

APPENDICES ......

i. Rick Riordan‘s Biography and Works ...... x ii.The Red Pyramid‘s Summary ...... xi

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Rick Riordan’s Biography and Works

Richard Russell Riordan Jr. born on June 5, 1964), is an American author. He is known for writing the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series, about a twelve- year-old boy who discovers he is a son of Poseidon. His books have been translated into 42 languages and sold more than 30 million copies in the US. 20th Century Fox has adapted the first two books of his Percy Jackson series as part of a series of films. His books have spawned related media, such as graphic novels and short story collections.

Riordan's first full-length novel was Big Red Tequila, which became the first book in the Tres Navarre series. His big breakthrough was The Lightning Thief (2005), the first novel in the five-volume Percy Jackson series, which placed a group of adolescents in a Greco-Roman mythological setting. Since then, Riordan has written The Kane Chronicles trilogy and The Heroes of Olympus series. The Kane Chronicles (2010-2012) focused on Egyptian mythology; The Heroes of Olympus was the sequel to the Percy Jackson series. Riordan also helped Scholastic Press develop The 39 Clues series and its spinoffs, and penned its first book, The Maze of Bones (2008). His most recent publications are three books in the Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard series, based on Norse mythology. The first book of his The Trials of Apollo series based on Greek mythology, The Hidden Oracle, was released in May 2016.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA THE RED PYRAMID’S SUMMARY

On one of their infrequent visitations, siblings Sadie and Carter take a nice trip to the British Museum in London with their Egyptologist father Julius Kane— during which he blows up the Rosetta Stone, releasing five imprisoned ancient Egyptian gods: Isis, Osiris, Horus, Set, and Nephthys. Set, generally not known to be a nice guy, imprisons Julius in a tomb and makes cryptic remarks to Carter and Sadie before vanishing. Sadie and Carter's uncle, Amos, steps in and brings the kids to New York, revealing that they come from a line of ancient Egyptian magicians and need to be brought up to speed. Amos disappears while gathering info on Set's nefarious plans, and Set's minions attack the kids and Amos's baboon sidekick Khufu. The cat goddess Bast comes to their rescue and carts the kids around until Zia, a teenaged magician from the House of Life, brings Carter and Sadie to the magicians' headquarters in Egypt.

Turns out the kids are in deep, as they're suspected of being "godlings," or hosts for the escaped gods Isis and Horus. Though ancient Egyptian magicians and pharaohs used to work with gods, in the last few thousand years, the magicians decided to imprison and outlaw the gods. Seeing that they might be condemned to death, Zia lets Carter and Sadie escape. Bast escorts them on a quest to figure out how to defeat Set, who is constructing a giant red pyramid in Phoenix, Arizona, in order to focus his power and destroy a good chunk of North America. Sadie and Carter come to terms with the gods inside them and meet other deities, such as Anubis (the god of funerals), Nut (the sky goddess), Geb (the earth god) and Thoth (the god of wisdom and knowledge). They battle various demons while gathering the ingredients for a ritual to defeat Set. They bicker like siblings do. Bast provides comedic relief but also key information, like the fact that Ruby Kane died while trying to bring the old gods back into the world.

Things come to a head in Phoenix, where Zia joins Carter and Sadie, despite the fact that magicians and gods are supposed to be at odds. The kids must simultaneously battle Set, who's super powerful, and let their father fully merge with Osiris by dying and becoming god of the underworld. They realize partway through the battle that Set is being controlled by Apophis, the primal force of chaos, so since he's the real enemy, they don't have to destroy Set. They merely bind him long enough to get him to knock off that blow-up-North-America nonsense. The magicians of the House of Life, who had been battling Set, are close to destroying Sadie and Carter for being godlings. Their leader, Desjardins, is especially stuck on the whole thing, but he lets Sadie and Carter go with a warning after they consciously choose independence from Isis and Horus rather than continue to let the gods rule them and use their bodies. So the book ends with a compromise: Sadie and Carter have refused the limitless power that Isis and Horus could offer them, deciding instead to learn how to be magicians before getting back with the gods. Sadie and Carter decide to find others like them, and, with Bast's help, they attempt to learn the way of the ancient gods once again.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Mythology is a bunch of ancient stories that appears in every culture and society. Every country has their mythology. The context of mythology can be relate as a traditional stories whose the author is anonymous and acceptable as the history, phenomena and belief even though there was no proven for each stories yet our society still believe it. Mostly, mythology is a story about belief and religion that featuring gods, hero and the mythical creatures. Nobody knew the truth of each story due to there was no proven of the story. As the ancient people cannot write, they would share the story from mouth to ears from generation to generation; this is the reason why the society doesn‘t know the author of the stories.

The definition of mythology is deprives from the word ‗myth‘ from Greek word ‗mythos‘ which means fable, legend and sagas. The word ‗myth‘ is a story that seek rationalize the universe and the world around us, passed down orally from generation to generation explaining religious origin, natural phenomena or supernatural event.

Every country has their own culture and so does with their mythology.

Every mythology has some moral values for each story that teach us how to behave in our life. Most of the culture has their own mythology that includes god, heroes and another mythical creature. The Greek, Roman, India and Egypt have the famous mythology in our society. The Greek mythology is famous with the story about creation of something. Zeus is the god of the sky from Greek

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA mythology. He is the number one of god in their mythology whose have superpower and could control the sky, lightning and thunder. He is the father of

Hercules, the famous heroes that destroyed every monster like Chimera, Hydra from Lerna and Nemean Lion which blocked his way.

Another famous mythology is the story about Oedipus Rex which was from Greece. This myth was talking about a king who killed his father and married his mother and had four children with her. The story begin when

Oedipus‘s parent decide to put him away from them because the Oracle Delphi told them that their kids would kill them, he was adopted by the king from another country who was childless too, then when he was got older he became a king of that kingdom and killed his biologist father and then married his own mother due to he never met his real parents.

This mythology is not only famous in Greece but also in another country in this universe. This myth was so famous that the psychologist used this Oedipus name as the term of psychosexual of someone who attract with their parents from the opposite sex which called Oedipus complex. As a famous mythology, this story was spread in every country in this earth by orally and many years later recorded and the author was unknown. This story can be classified as one of the literary works.

Mythology and literature are two things that cannot be separated from each other. Mythology was an early version of literature. Nobody know the whole truth about the mythology yet the people still believe about that and spread the stories even though there was no strong evidence to show the truth about it. Merriam

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Webster defined the literature as a written works (such as poems, novels and plays) there are consider to be very good and to have lasting. Literature has a wide scope. The story which appears in literature was usually the reflection of our social condition and culture. Poverty, child abuse and marriage are the conditions which appear in our society and literature adapted this story based on reality.

The culture and mythology are two things that quite often appear in a literary work. Some of literary works are talking about a myth of one culture.

Some of the famous mythology stories are including Oedipus Rex, Achilles and

Hercules. The story about mythology was written in poem and novels, and some of them were played in theater and in this modern era the mythology story are often turned into a movie. Some of the mythology stories appear in novel. There are a lot of novel which tells about the mythology story. Novel can be defined as a written story about fictional characters and events. The novel which contains about mythological story can be classified as a fantasy novel. Some of the famous novels which adapted the mythology from some culture are The Lord of the Ring,

Harry Potter the series and Percy Jackson and the Olympians the series which were turned into a famous movie. The Lord of The rings is a novel which influenced by Norse mythology meanwhile the Percy Jackson and the Olympians the series were influenced by Greek mythology.

Another novel which bringing the topic about mythology is The Red

Pyramid by Rick Riordan. The Red Pyramid is a novel based on Egyptian mythology written by American author Rick Riordan. This novel is the first installment of The Kane Chronicles. The story begin when the gods of Ancient

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Egypt are accidentally unleashed into the modern life, siblings Carter and Sadie

Kane discover that they are descended from the most powerful magicians, and only they have the power to set things right. Sadie and Carter have become near stranger since their mother death. While Sadie has lived with her grandparents, from her mother‘s side, Carter should follow his father around the world to analyzing every Egyptian relic which spread in some country. In a Christmas night, Carter and their father picked up Sadie and bring her to a museum to examine the Rosetta stone carefully which ended up releasing the ancient gods of

Egypt. Their father was buried in a coffin by a bad god and that‘s their journey begin to save their father.

The Red Pyramid is a novel written by American author, Rick Riordan.

Rick Riordan is a writer from San Antonio, Texas. He is an author who famous with his fantasy novels. Most of his famous books tell about a mythology of one culture. His first fantasy novel which brought up the story about Greek mythology and turned into a movie series is Percy Jackson and the Olympians: the Lightning

Thief. He also wrote some novels that bring up the story about the myth in

Roman, Egyptian and Norse. He is an English and history teacher who graduated from University of Texas in Austin. He used to tell the story about Greek mythology to his ADHD and dyslexia son as a bed time stories which turned into a famous book. His other book, The Red Pyramid from The Kane Chronicles is a book about Egyptian mythology. He also wrote some related books which is combined both Greek mythology and Egyptian mythology in one story.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In accordance with the research title An Analysis of Archetypal Elements in

Rick Riordan‟s The Red Pyramid, the writer will analyze the archetypal elements of this novel. In analyzing of archetypal elements in a literary work, archetypal/mythological criticism is the theory that required. The writer chooses this novel as the research object because the novel not only contain about the archetypal elements, but it also an interesting book to read. Some reader may find it hard to understand when reading the novel for the first time. In this research, the writer uses the Archetypal criticism to help the other reader to understand about the story.

Archetype is a generic idealized model of person, objective, or concepts from which similar instance are copied, derived, patterned or emulated. An archetype is a character, symbol or behavioral pattern that is basically a universal template for a character that is copied throughout all forms storytelling. Some archetypes may even transcend cultural differences in stories because an archetype speaks to the basic human experienced, it communicates meaning and emotion in all form of literature – from folklore to classic.

When you look up to the sky and you see a folks of crows flying, people usually think that something bad would happen like death. This events never been proven by science, but yet most of our culture still believe that. This tragedy can be categorized as an archetypal pattern. The term of archetype was taken from the

Greek archetupon, which means ‗pattern‘ or ‗model‘ which was first seen in the writings of Plato and then later Sophocles, although it was officially coined and popularized by the psychologist Carl Jung. Archetype also known as the unknowable basic form personified or concretized in recurring image, symbols, or

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA patterns which may include motif such as the quest or the heavenly scent, recognizable character types such as trickster or the hero, symbols such as the obelisk or pyramid, or image such as red color.

It is also reveals shared roles among universal societies. This archetype may create a shared imaginary which is defined by many stereotypes that have not separated themselves from the traditional, biological, religious and mythical framework.

Archetype has some elements which include character, conflict, situation, theme, myths, images and symbol. The elements of archetype usually connecting with the mythology that is appear in every culture. We can find many archetypal elements through the mythological story like the Egypt mythology. The writer has found the similarities among the elements of archetype and the story in the novel, such as the hero character has some similarities with the hero character in archetypal elements: hero and so on with the symbol, images and pattern of the story. This research will be focused on the analysis of archetypal elements which found in Rick Riordan‘s The Red Pyramid. The characters of the novel can be classified into Joseph Campbell‘s seven archetypal characters, i.e. the hero, mentor, threshold guardian, herald, shape-shifter, trickster, and shadow which will be explained by the writer in the next chapter. The writer will also analyze the symbols and images that are found in rick Riordan‘s The Red Pyramid.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.2 Problem of the Study

According to the title of this proposal ―An Analysis of Archetypal Elements in Rick Riordan‟s The Red Pyramid‖ and the background of the problem outlined above, the problem of this study can be defined as follows

a. What are the archetypal elements that found in Rick Riordan‘s The Red

Pyramid?

b. What are the meaning of each-elements found in Rick Riordan‘s The Red

Pyramid?

1.3 Objective of the Study

Based on the problem of the study above, the objective of this study can be defined as follows

a. To fine each archetypal elements; characters and symbol found in Rick

Riordan‘s The Red Pyramid.

b. To determine and analyze the meaning of each archetypal element which

occurred in Rick Riordan‘s The Red Pyramid.

1.4 Scope of the Study

Scope is meant to limit the idea which focused in the research. The writer is limiting the analysis on the concept of archetypal elements found in Rick

Riordan‘s The Red Pyramid. The archetypal elements are covered in the character and symbol and also the meaning and function of each symbol and images which occurred in Rick Riordan‘s The Red Pyramid.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.5 Significance of the Study

This research is expected to help those who have an interest in this topic, the significances of this research are:

a. Ttheoretical benefits to assist in learning activities on the analysis of

archetypal elements on Rick Riordan‘s The Red Pyramid. It also can be

used as research material later on to appreciate literature.

b. Practical result of this study can give benefits to the readers to appraise a

literary works and along with become a critical thinker of the things

around.

c. To help people to understanding Egyptian mythology symbols which

appeared in our environment.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

To support this study, the writer uses some theory to approve this research.

These theories used as the basic guidance in answering some question. Those are the definition and theories of archetype elements such as characters, symbols and image.

2.1. Literary Criticism

Literary criticism is the evaluation, analysis, description, or interpretation of literary works. It is usually the form of critical essay, but in depth book reviews can be considered literary criticism. This criticism may examine a particular literary work, or may look at an author‘s writing as a whole.

Literary criticism is defined as a study of particular cases. It involves the reading and interpretation of, and commentary on, a specific text or texts so that we can make a claim about it. Literary criticism comes in various shapes and aims. At best it poses searching question of the writer, and insist that we understand how the arts, the science and the philosophy have different but coexisting concepts of truth and meaning. Literary criticism is clearly defined as an act of interpreting and studying literature.

According to Wiyatmi, (2012) literary criticism is the branch of literature which had direct connection with the literary works through interpretation, decomposition and valuation; branch of literature which connected directly to literary work through interpretation, analysis, and evaluation. MH Abrams (1981)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA also said that literary criticism is the term which used to a study that has a connection with defining, grouping, analyzing, interpreting and evaluating a literary works. (Ismawati Esti, 2014:1)

The purpose of studying literary criticism can be concludes as follow:

1. To help us resolves a question, problem or difficulty in the reading a

literary work.

2. To enable us to form judgments about literature.

3. To help us decide which is the better of two conflicting reading.

There are some approaches in literary criticism such as:

1. Historical/ Biographical approach

2. Moral / Philosophical approach

3. Mimetic approach

4. Formalism approach

5. Psychological approach

6. Archetypal/ Mythological approach

7. Feminist approach

8. Reader response criticism

This research will only focus on the mythological/ archetypal approach since this thesis concentrate on the archetypal elements which found in Rick Riordan‘s The

Red Pyramid novel.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.1.1. Archetypal/ Mythological Approach

In literary criticism the term of archetype denotes recurrent narratives design, pattern of action, character-types, theme, and images which are identifiable in a wide variety of literary works. Archetypal/ mythological approach is a collection of symbols, images, characters and motif that evokes basically the same response in all people. Archetype means ‗original form‘ which refers to universal symbol, theme characters and images we find repeated throughout literature.

Archetype literary criticism as it applies to literature is a form of criticism that interprets a text by focusing on recurring, myth and archetype. This type of criticism focuses on just the archetype present rather than looking at the other aspect of the literary work itself. This kind of literary criticism is usually refers to ancient mythology. Archetypal/ Mythological criticism attempts to bring out the cultural myths underlying literature, and many are indeed apparent in this poem: time, sea, land and sky, control, creation, decay and regeneration. Some need to be developed more fully.

Carl Jung (M.A.R. Habib, 2008:571) first applied the term archetype to literature. He recognized that there were universal patterns in all stories and mythologies regardless of culture or historical period and hypothesized that part of the human mind contained a collective unconscious shared by all members of the human species, a sort of universal, primal memory. He also argued that archetypal criticism is an unconscious mind plays a profound role, and it has a purpose which is assist individuals in maintaining a balanced psychological state.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Eventually Jung (Marjorie Ford, Jon Ford, 1994: 173) developed the concept of the collective unconscious to explain the archetypal patterns of imagery symbolism that he believed could be found in dreams, literature, and world religions and he also shows how archetypal symbols that occur in myths help us to organize our unconscious life.

According to Joseph Campbell, who took the Jung‘s archetype idea and applied them into mythology world by recognizing archetypal patterns in literature brings patterns we all unconsciously respond to a similar ways to a conscious level. The term archetype can be applied to; image, theme, symbol, idea, character type and a plot pattern. Whereas the term archetype can be express as well in myth, dreams, literature, religion, fantasies and folklore. Archetypal criticism is said to increase both knowledge of literary piece and satisfaction in reading the work.

(Source: https://www.hccfl.edu/media/724354/archetypesforliteraryanalysis.pdf)

After all, the aim of this criticism is to find out how we can look in a work for this kind of structures and those universal symbols which allows in describing a work as classic, universal, because they can produce a similar human response not only at the same time but also at different times and place of this history.

Archetypal criticism will help in the deepening of events into experience. It provides a universalistic approach to literary. It works well with works that are highly symbolic. Archetypal image and story pattern can encourage readers to participant in basic beliefs, fears and anxiety in their age.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

The writer intends to analyze the archetypal elements of the novel, using such an approach which is really studying myth and archetype and its contributions to literature, that is, archetypal/mythological approach. Archetypal criticism looks at images, symbols and themes that recur in literature. These patterns are archetypes, and exist in many unrelated works of fiction. Since the stories are unconnected it is rather confusing how similar the structure is despite having different plots, settings and characters. Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) is considered one of the forefathers of archetypal criticism. Archetypal criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, archetypes are the unknowable basic forms personified or concretized in recurring images, symbols, or patterns which may include motifs such as the quest or the heavenly ascent, recognizable character types such as the trickster or the hero, symbols such as the apple or snake, or images such as crucifixion.

Joseph Campbell was an American mythologist who grasped Jung‘s archetype idea and applied them into mythology world. In his book The Hero with

A thousand Faces he discussed about archetypes characters based on mythology.

His archetypes characters which is found in his book including hero, mentor, threshold guardian, herald, shape-shifter, shadow and trickster. In this research I will analyze a mythology novel by applying the archetypal characters of Joseph

Campbell. In this case, analyzing the archetypal elements will give the benefits such learning to see your life symbolically, therefore not taking experience too personally. Valuable insight why you are the way you are also others, gaining

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA wisdom, make wise and empowering choice, greater enjoyment of life, self knowledge and compassion.

2.2. Character and Characterization

This thesis is studies about the archetypal character in Rick Riordan‘s The

Red Pyramid. The knowledge on the meaning of character will help the writer in understanding this thesis. As there are many character types in the archetypal criticism, it will help the writer in understanding the content of the story easier.

As an important intrinsic element, character is the most important thing that a story had. The most important character is the hero which also known as someone who leads the whole plot. In analyzing the archetypal characters appeared in the novel. I apply Joseph Campbell‘s model of archetype character which discussed in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces. His book is deeply rooted in the myth and legend of many cultures such as Egyptian, Greek, India,

Roman and so on. According to Joseph Campbell‘s The Hero with a Thousand

Faces those character archetypes are including the hero, mentor, threshold guardian, herald, shape shifter, shadow and the trickster. The writer will classify the character in the novel based on Campbell‘s character archetypes and along with the comparison between those characters with the Egyptian mythology which is found in the novel.

2.2.1. Hero

The essence of the hero is not the bravery or the nobility, but self

sacrifice. The mythic hero is one who will endure separation and hardship

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA for the sake of his clan. The hero must pay a price to obtain a goal. The

hero must learn in order to grow. The center of the story is not the obstacle

he faces, but the new wisdom he acquires from a mentor, a lover or even

from the shadow.

According to Joseph Campbell‘s Hero with A Thousand Faces, he

was classifying the hero character according to some characteristics, such

as;

1. The hero is inexperience

2. The hero meets monsters or monstrous men

3. The hero has their own superpower

4. The origin of the hero is mysterious or the hero losses his/her parents at a

young age, being raised by animals or a wise guardian. The hero years for

the beautiful lady who is sometimes his guide or inspiration

5. The hero has a guide or guides. The hero must go on a journey, learn a

lesson, change in some way, and return home

6. The hero has a strange, wise being as a mentor

7. The journey that she/he takes to make peace in the world.

8. The hero years for the beautiful lady who is sometimes his guide or

inspiration

9. The hero struggles for something valuable and important

10. The hero has help from divine or supernatural forces

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Heroes can be willing and adventurous, or reluctant. They maybe group-family oriented or even a loner. They may change and grow themselves, or act as catalyst for others to grow and act heroic. The hero can be an innocent, a wanderer, a martyr, a warrior, a vengeful destroyer, a ruler, or a fool. There are a lot of story with a famous hero, from the classical story to the modern story. The hero in classic stories are

Hercules, Jason, Theseus, Perseus and Achilles and along with the modern hero that we also familiar with are Batman, Spiderman and Superman.

2.2.2. Mentor

The mentor character will appeared along with the hero appearance in a story. The mentor is a character who aids or train the hero. The essence of the mentor is the wise old man or wise old woman. The mentor character represents the wiser and more god-like qualities within us. The mentor‘s role may be to teach the hero. Those characters are often found in the role of drill instructor, squad leader, or sergeant, the older warrior training squire, a trail boss, parent or grandparent, etc. An effective teacher may be an otherwise inept or foolish character that possesses just the skill or wisdom the hero needs for his challenge.

Occasionally, the mentor may be the hero‘s conscience. Returning him to the right path after he strays or strengthening him in his weakness.

Of course, the hero does not always appreciate this assistance. The other major role of the mentor is to equip the hero by giving him a gift or gifts that are important in his quest. These gifts may be the weapon, medicine or

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA food, magic, or some important clue or even a piece of information.

Usually, the mentor will share the gifts after the hero passed a test.

Frequently, the gift may be seemingly insignificant object, until the hero met his enemy and the gifts will shows the power. The most famous mentor character in a story is Chiron, the mentor of Hercules and Achilles.

2.2.3. Threshold Guardian

The threshold guardian character is the first obstacle to the hero in his journey. The threshold is the gateway to the new world the hero must enter to change and grow. Usually, the threshold guardian is not the antagonist character of the story. Only after this initial test has been surpassed will the hero face the true villain. Frequently, the threshold guardian is a henchman or employee of the antagonist. The role of the threshold guardian is to test the hero‘s worthiness to began the story‘s journey and along showing that the journey will not be easy. The hero will encounter the threshold guardian early in the story, usually right after he start his quest. The example of threshold guardian in a story is the Erinyes in Percy Jackson and The Lightning Thief.

2.2.4. Herald

The role of the herald is to announce the challenge, which begins the hero on his story journey. The herald is the person or piece of information, which upsets the sleepy equilibrium in which the hero has lived and starts the adventure. The herald is no need to be a person. It can

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA be an event or force, for example the start of a war, a drought or famine, or even an ad in a newspaper.

2.2.5. Shape Shifter

The shape shifter changes role or personality, often in significant ways, and is hard to understand. The essence of the shape shifter is the changeability character in the story. Their alliance and loyalty are uncertain, and their sincerity is often questionable which keeps the hero off guards. The shape shifter is often a person of the opposite sex of the hero, which usually classified as the hero‘s romantic interest. The shape shifter is sometimes a catalyst whose changing nature force changes in the hero, but the normal role is to bring suspense into a story by forcing the reader, along with the hero, to questions belief and assumptions.

As with the other archetypes, the shape shifter can be the protagonist and antagonist different times in the story. The hero often assumes the role of shape shifter to get past an obstacle. Mentor often appears as shape shifter.

2.2.6. Shadow

The shadow archetypal character can be categorized as the negative character or the villain. The shadow often takes the form of the antagonist or the ‗bad guy‘ of the story. The shadow is the true villain of the story and the enemy of the hero. In a conflict between a hero and shadow, the fight is to the end; one or the other must be destroy or rendered important.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA While the shadow is a negative force in the story, it is important to

remember that no man is a villain on his own act. In the shadow

perspective, he is the true hero and the hero himself is the villain in

shadow‘s world. The famous villain in the story is Lord Voldemort from

Harry Potter Series.

2.2.7. Trickster

The trickster literally means someone who practically makes a joke

and a clown, a mischief-maker. Trickster is archetype character which is

provides the comedy relief that a story often needs to offset heavy

dramatic tension. The trickster keeps things in proportion. The trickster

can be an ally or the companion of the hero, or may work for the villain. In

some instances, the trickster usually represents the force of cunning, and is

pitted against opponents who are stronger or more powerful.

2.3. Symbol

A symbol is literary device that contains several layers of meaning, often concealed at first sight, and is representative of several other aspects, concepts or traits than those that are visible in the literal translation alone. Symbol is using an object or action that means something more than its literal meaning. Similarly, every word is a symbol for the idea that represents. Flags are symbols for nations.

In Greek mythology, the gods are the symbol of forces of nature, for example

Poseidon is a symbol for the sea. He is extremely powerful, wrathful and unpredictable, just like the sea which can be dangerous as well.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Symbol adds depth in the story, for example the Robert Frost the Sick

Rose poem, he used the rose as the symbol of beauty, a woman who is beautiful, and rose is the perfect symbol for woman and beauty. Frost tried to represent a beautiful woman whom getting sick because of a man, which represent as the worm. He said that the rose is got sick because of the worm. So does with the

Lord of the Rings story which is the ring as symbol for the power, selfishness and greed. Everyone wants it and many characters are willing to kill for it. The ring ultimately corrupted them and bends them to its will. The symbolism of the story implies that power of seduces, corrupts, controls, and destroys people who are attached to it, just as the ring does to it owners.

2.4. Previous Researches

I have chosen some researches which deal with the archetypal elements such as the archetypal character, image and symbol. These researches were selected based on the fact that these researches either deal with the mythology novel, archetype criticism or the archetypal elements. I am using the archetype/mythological theory while analyzing this research. I am using Carl

Joseph Jung and Joseph Campbell ideas which concerning about archetype.

The Hero with a Thousand Faces and its application to Star wars by

Douglas Mann, from my book Understanding Society (oxford UP, 2008). The research above was helping the writer in writing this thesis. The research above has a contribution in helping the writer to understand the archetypal criticism theory and its application toward The Red Pyramid‟s novel.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA I am using Joseph Campbell‘s archetypal character in analyzing the character which appears in The Red Pyramid‟s novel. The character which the writer wants to analyze by using Joseph Campbell‘s archetypal characters is the hero, mentor, threshold guardian, shape-shifter, herald, shadow and trickster. I am using Jung‘s theory in analyzing symbols and images that appears in the story of the novel.

Perseus „Percy‟ Jackson: The Re-Invention of Mythological Characters in Rick Riordan‟s Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief by Yunita Ariani Putri and Drs. Mugijatna, M.Si, Ph.D. (Sebelas Maret University) is the thesis that also help the writer in analyzing the archetypal character. The writer used this thesis in understanding the archetypal character according to Joseph Campbell‘s characters archetype which Yunita Ariani Putri was analyzing each characters specifically in her thesis. Archetypes and Stereotypes in J.K Rowling‟s Harry Potter Series by

Johanna Sörensen‘s thesis help the writer in understanding the character archetype based on fantasy novel. Myth and Archetype: their application in The Waste Land by Dr. Iman Abdullah Yahya Al-Mahdi (Al-Nasser University). This thesis helps the writer in understanding the archetypal symbol and images.

Jung‟s Archetypes in Northrop Frye‟s Archetypal Criticism by Edwin

Kuehn, B.A (North Texas State University, August 1966). In this thesis, Edwin

Keuhn was comparing the term of myth and its relation with the archetype. He linked the Jung‘s archetypes in Northrop Frye‘s archetypal criticism. The writer used this thesis in understanding about archetype theory and its application toward the mythology story.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE STUDY

3.1 Research Design

This research uses descriptive qualitative research, as the result obtained in the form of a data description which forms of words, phrases, sentence and paragraph. Nawawi (1995:67) cited that descriptive method can be meant as procedure or a way to solve a research problem by explaining the condition of object that was researched based on the fact nowadays.

3.2 Data Collection Technique

The technique used by reading the novel The Red Pyramid carefully repeated and take notes in every parts which related to archetypal elements. The researcher was also collected some references relevant research. Make a data table about the objects based on the findings and also summing up the result of the study. Some of the data are derived from the various books that available in library and online books. The technique is used by gathering all the data from the library and the internet as well and also other supporting material relevant to the topic of this thesis as many as possible. In reading the novel, the writer will underline every data that show about archetypal elements such as the characters, images and symbols. After all, the data are read carefully for each line to find out the relation with the study.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.3 Source of Data

The subjects were the archetype elements in Rick Riordan‘s The Red

Pyramid which published by the publisher PT. Mizan Publika in 2011 with thickness of 518 pages. The object of this research is a form of archetypal elements which discovered in it.

3.4 Data Analyzing

In data analyzing, the first thing I should do is reading the novel, The Red

Pyramid by Rick Riordan that I want to analysis and discuss. After that, try to understand what the story talk about, mark the data that I want to discuss and analysis. And then, write the data that I want to discuss. Finally, choose the data that suitable with the problem that I want to discuss from the novel.

After I know what I want to discuss and analysis for my thesis, the next step is read about the theory and related study that I have to help me understand about the theory I want to use as the support data for my analysis. Then, quoting some data and theory that are related to the analysis.

Finally, I will try to find out the relationship between the content of the novel with the social condition and situation of a broken home family to get the correlation between the novel and social condition related to social fact the writer want to tell people through his work.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1. Archetypal Characters

All stories need certain necessary elements. Without these elements, the story won‘t be complete. Character is one of the elements of the story. A character can be any person, a figure, a creature or even an animal. There are different types of characters, and each serves its unique function in a story or a piece literature.

This research exploring the archetypal character which found in Rick Riordan‘s

The Red Pyramid by using Joseph Campbell‘s seven archetypal characters which are the hero, mentor, threshold guardian, herald, shape-shifter, shadow and the trickster

4.1.1. Hero

A person who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements or noble qualities is known as hero. A hero is someone who can show courage when faced with a problem, someone who is able to help another in various ways. Someone can be a hero by saving another one in danger, not afraid to face the danger and save other lives. The concept of hero was firstly founded in classical literature and the definition of the hero has been changed as well,

Merriam Webster dictionary defines a hero as ‗A person who is admired for great or brave acts or fine qualities‘. The most important character in the most fantasy novel is the hero which is usually acted as the leading character and leads the whole plot of the story. In The Red Pyramid novel the hero characters are Carter

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Kane and Sadie Kane in which both of them are siblings that have the quality of the hero according to Joseph Campbell‘s hero character types.

Carter Kane and Sadie Kane are the main characters in this novel. Siblings

Carter and Sadie are separated from each other since their mother died in an accident. Fourteen years old Carter travels the world with his Egyptologist father,

Julius Kane and on the other hand, Sadie lives in England with her grandparents.

Carter is described as a nerd brother of Sadie Kane. He was living with his father and kind of naïve boy. He was travelling around the world to accompany his father, the other leading character which is found in the novel. He doesn‘t fit in with other kids in his age because he dressed like a junior professor with khaki trousers, button-down shirt and loafers. On the other hand, Sadie Kane as the

Carter‘s sister is the opposite of his brother.

Sadie is non-conformist, it can be seen in the way she dress up like a punk kid, with all the black style outfits and black combat boots. She has straight caramel-colored hair which is usually dyed with streaks of bright colors. Even though both of them have a different personality, their characteristics can be categorized as hero that will be explains by the writer. Their parent Julius Kane is the powerful magician which also the host of Osiris, the god of afterlife, underworld and the god of the death.

They can be categorized as the hero character as both of them are inexperience. At the first time, they don‘t know that they have a supernatural power and also the powerful blood from the magicians and their destiny had been written in the hieroglyphs, long time ago.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “But it‟s our name, Kane. I asked dad to write it for me in hieroglyphs once, and that‟s how he did it. But why are we in this list? and what‟s the blood of pharaoh‟s?...” “Must be kind of a joke” he agreed “Nobody keeps family records that far back” (Riordan, 2011:45)

They have met the monster which is one of the Campbell‘s character types. Their first experience in seeing a monster is when they accompanying their father to observe the Rosetta‘s stone in the British Museum. Their father destroyed the stone which gain bad result, he was releasing all the five powerful of Egyptian god and goddess. They met Set, the god of desert, storm and violent.

“He turned, and for one terrible moment, his face appeared in the flames. What I saw made no sense. It was as if someone had superimposed two different faces on top of each other-one almost human, with pale skin, cruel, angular features and glowing red eyes, the other like an animal with dark fu and sharp fangs. Worse than a dog or a wolf or a lion-some animal I‟d never before. Those red eyes stared at me, and I knew I was going to die” (Riordan, 2011: 14) Just like another classical hero from the Greece, Carter and Sadie has their own superpower. Carter, as the older brother has the ability to fight with Khopes

(the traditional sword of the Pharaoh guide) and also can transform into a gigantic gold transformation of the falcon warriors, with human body and the head of falcon, which is represent as the god of warrior. He is the host of the Horus, the god of sky, war and hunting.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “He rose off the ground, surrounded by golden holographic shell like the one Bast had used, except that his giant image was a warrior with the head of falcon. Carter swung his sword, and the falcon warrior did likewise, slicing the lion with a shimmering blade of energy” (Riordan, 2011:88)

On the other hand, Sadie had shown her supernatural power by breaking the door through the library in the Amos‘s place in Brooklyn. She was using the mantra for ―destroy‖ command which make the door scattered all around the floor.

“I raised my hand toward the door, I pointed with two finger and my thumb-an odd gesture I‟d never made before, like a make-believe gun except with the thumb parallel to the ground. „Ha-di!‟ bright gold hieroglyphs burned against the largest padlock. And the door exploded. Carter hit the floor as the chain shattered and splinters flew all over the Great Room. When the dust cleared, Carter got u, covered in wood shavings. I seemed to be fine. Muffin circled my feet, mewing contentedly, as if this were all very normal” (Riordan,2011:39) One of hero‘s characteristic according to Joseph Campbell is the hero loss their parents at the young age and rised by animal or guardian. In The Red

Pyramid novel the hero characters, Carter and Sadie loss their parent at the young age, especially when their mother who died when Sadie was six years old and when Carter was eight years old.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “I felt like the rain had frozen me solid. Mom‟s death had always been a forbidden subject. I knew she‟d died in an accident in London. I knew my grandparents blamed my dad. But no one would ever tell us the details. I‟d given up asking my dad, partly because it made him so sad, partly because he absolutely refused to tell me anything. “When you‟re older” was all he would say, which was the most frustrating response ever. “You‟re telling us she died here,” I said. “At Cleopatra‟s Needle? What happened?” (Riordan, 2010:14) Having a guide or guides is one of the hero characteristic according to

Joseph Campbell‘s theory of hero archetype. In The Red Pyramid novel, the main characters Carter and Sadie Kane was guided by an immortal cat, Muffin. Long story short, Muffin is the embodiment of the cat goddess, Bast who helped them to finish their journey to save their father.

“I staggered to my feet and realized that the center of the blast had been Muffin. My cat was no longer there. In her place was a woman—small and lithe like a gymnast. Her jet-black hair was tied in a ponytail. She wore a skintight leopard-skin jumpsuit and Muffin‟s pendant around her neck. She turned and grinned at me, and her eyes were still Muffin‟s—yellow with black feline pupils. “About time,” she chided.” (Riordan,2010:112).

Being taught by a strange mentor is also one of the characteristic of the hero character, according to Campbell‘s theory. In Rick Riordan‘s The Red

Pyramid, the mentor of the story is a strong magician who can be classified as strange enough. Zia Rashid is the mentor of both Sadie and Carter Kane, she taught them how to use their superpower and help them to choose the right path.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Zia is a magician trained by the House of Life to fight gods, and she means serious business. Carter and Sadie first get a glimpse of her in London, when she and Desjardins showed up too late to stop Julius from summoning gods. They run into her again in New York, where she grumpily saves their bacon from Set's minions.

Among her many talents (lighting things on fire, ticking off Sadie, making

Carter feel uncomfortable), Zia is good at intimidating people and she is brave enough to fight a goddess.

“Zia pointed her staff towards the goddess, engulfing her body in fire. Serqet screamed and staggered backwards, but the fire died almost instantly. It left Serqet‟s robes seared and smoking, but the goddess looked more enraged than hurt. “Your days are past, magician. The House is weak. Lord Set will lay waste to this land.” (Riordan, 2011:143). . Zia is not only the mentor of Sadie and Cater but she also has another role which can be categorized as the hero characteristic.

The hero characteristic can be seen by the journey that he/she takes to make peace in the world. In Rick Riordan‘s The Red Pyramid, the hero‘s journey was started when Carter and Sadie‘s father, Julius Kane, was sinking in a coffin.

“‟Good-bye, Osiris,‟ the fiery man said. With that another flick of his hand, he conjured a glowing coffin around our dad. At first it was transparent, but as our father struggled and pounded on its sides, the coffin become more and more solid-a golden Egyptian sarcophagus inlaid with jewels. My dad

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA caught my eyes one last time, and mouthed the word Run! Before the coffin sank into the floor, as if the ground had turned to water” (Riordan, 2011:14) Sadie and Carter have some interesting moments during their journeys to save their father from Set. They have to destroy a library‘s door which is revealing their supernatural power. Their uncle Amos, have told them not to get in the library, but Sadie as the rebel, did the opposite order of their uncle, she destroyed the library‘s door with her new supernatural power,

Carter‘s experience to visit Duat can also be categorized as an interesting journey. Duat is the world of spirit and magic as explained by Amos. Duat is the world of spirits and magic. It exists beneath the waking world like a vast ocean, with many layers and regions. According to Amos, they submerged just under its surface last night to reach New York, because travel through the Duat is much faster. The deeper you go into the Duat, the more horrible things you encounter, and the more difficult it is to return. There are entire realms filled with demons, palaces where the gods exist in their pure forms, so powerful their mere presence would burn a human into ashes. There are prisons that hold beings of unspeakable evil, and some chasms so deep and chaotic that not even the gods dare to explore them.

The hero years for the beautiful lady who is sometimes his guide or inspiration, is one of the characteristic of the hero, according to Joseph Campbell.

In this novel, the writer found this characteristic in both of hero characters. Zia

Rashid is the beautiful girl that being a guide to Carter‘s character.

"Her black hair was trimmed along her jaw line and longer in the front so that it swept over her eyes. She had caramel-colored skin

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and pretty, vaguely Arabic features. Her eyes—lined in black kohl, Egyptian style— were a strange amber color that was either quite beautiful or a bit scary; I couldn't decide which” (Riordan, 2011:135) Not only beautiful and able to make Carter‘s character squirm around her, she sometimes also being a guide for both Carter and Sadie Kane. She helped both hero characters to escape from the enemy and fight them all. One time she rescued them from the Goddess of scorpion, Serqet.

Sadie also has her own guide, while carter having a beautiful lady that guide him sometimes, Sadie have a handsome boy who also being her guide through their journey. In this case, the handsome boy is not a human-being. He is one of the most dangerous Gods and also the son of their enemy, he is Anubis the

God of funerals. Sadie has a romantic interest with him, just like Carter toward

Zia. She thought of Anubis as hottest boy she ever met.

Anubis himself looks like a punk kid, just like Sadie, he worn all black and also a combat boots like Sadie‘s character. He had a pale complexion, tousled black hair, and rich brown eyes like melted chocolate. He was dressed in black jeans, combat boots, a ripped T-shirt, and a black leather jacket that suited him quite nicely.

“He was long and lean like a jackal. His

ears, like a jackal‟s, stuck out a bit (which I

found cute), and he wore a gold chain

around his neck. Now, please understand, I

am not boy crazy. I‟m not!”

(Riordan, 2011:354)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Just like Zia Rashid, that funeral God, Anubis is also the helper of Sadie and

Carter through their journey. He helped them to get the feather of truth, the kind of lie detector form the ancient Egypt mythology.

The hero struggle for something valuable and important, is also the hero characteristic according to Joseph Campbell. Both heroes, Sadie and Carter, they struggle to save their father from the villain himself, Set. Their father was being cage in a coffin that Set had set for him when they visit the British Museum to observed the Rosetta stone. Their father is a host of Osiris, God of Death. Their father was trying to call one particular god, which was ended up with calling all five of gods.

The help from divine or supernatural forces can be categorized as the hero characteristic according to Joseph Campbell. In the novel, the writer found some supernatural forces which help the hero characters through their journey. Carter as the host of Horus can transform himself into a falcon warrior and use the Khopes gracefully. He also can form a giant falcon-head avatar to attack his enemies.

Sadie as the host of Isis can also transform herself into a bird. And she can use her magic-spell to fight her enemy. Furthermore , they also get some help from some supernatural creatures such as Philip of Macedonia.

Philip of Macedonia is a name of a magical albino crocodile. Amos, the uncle of the hero character kept this crocodile to both protection and for a good luck. He is a wax figure or a shabti, once this crocodile helped them to fight

Serpopard or a monster which is a combination of snake and leopard. This monster is coming from the Egyptian mythology. Once, two Serpopards attacking

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the Nome 21 in Brooklyn, New York, Philip fought the Serpopard to save Carter and Sadie.

Doughboy is another supernatural creature which helped Julius Kane to do his job. Doughboy is a wax figure that work for Julius as his assistant, which he always bring in his suitcase. Doughboy helped Sadie and Carter to find the Book to Kill Apophis in Nome 21 in Brooklyn.

They also got help from another strange creature which is called

Bloodstain Blade. Bloodstain Blade is a Captain of Egyptian Queen described as a human body with double blade head with bloodstain on its blade. Bloodstain

Blade was quite polite with Sadie and Carter because he enter the binding agreements with their parent. He helped them to reach The Land of The Death with his boat.

4.1.2. Mentor

Behind every great hero, there is always a wise mentor that guided them to be one. Mentor is a wise people who appear in a story, in which the hero character is involved. Usually, mentor is described as a wise old man/woman. The mentor is the one who equips the hero for his/her quest and spells out the hero‘s objective.

They‘re either a native of the story world nor else are intimately familiar with it, but so well placed to help the hero find his/her path. Typically, they impart important lessons and principles to the hero that will prove instrumental in overcoming obstacles the hero goes on to face. This characteristic is very appropriate to describe Zia Rashid character.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Zia is a magician from the House of Life, she is a well trained magician who have a duty to banish gods on sight. When the House of Life begins to suspect that Julius Kane may try to summon a god, Zia and Michel Desjardins begin to tail him. They follow Julius and his two children, Carter and Sadie, to the

British Museum, where Julius releases five gods. Unknown to both her and

Desjardins, Zia becomes the host for Nephthys.

After the explosion, the two find the unconscious bodies of Carter and

Sadie. Zia suggests that they be killed, but Desjardins refuses because it is not within their instructions. They return to the First Nome and Iskandar comes to realize that Zia is, in fact, a god-ling. Feared for her life, he hides her away and replaces her with a shabti. In a few times later, Zia tracks down the Kane siblings in Brooklyn, where she briefly fights Serqet after Bast, the cat goddess failed in her fight against Serqet. Sadie opens a portal to the First Nome after Zia binds

Serqet with the Seven Ribbons. There, Zia brings the siblings to Iskandar, who decides to

'test' them in the morning to see their real godly powers; Zia then shows the siblings to their quarters.

At night, Zia goes to her shrine, but spotted by Carter, who follows her.

While she is praying, he sees a glowing orb lift from her and float away, but when he mentions it, he met confusion. Upon studying her shrine, Carter asks about

Zia's family and she explains her past to him. Feeling for her, Carter suggests that they go to the mall sometime and have fun, something that Zia assumes is a date.

The next morning, Zia teaches Sadie and Carter the basics of magic and has them duel one another. She becomes shocked when she discovers Carter hosts Horus but the training is cut short. However, when Zia hears the news of Iskandar's death

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and that Desjardins has become the new Chief Lector, Zia advises the siblings to run away, warning them that the next time they met, it would be as enemies.

Zia also taught Carter and Sadie to use their power. Fire magic is hers specialty. She taught both of them to use all their potential to fight Set and to save their father. Zia tattooing Sadie‘s and Carter‘s tongues with Ma‘at the symbol of order and harmony which will help them to spell the magic word clearly.

“Now the tattoos,” Zia announced. “Brilliant!” I said. “On your tongue,” she added. “Excuse me?” Zia stuck out her tongue. Right in the middle was a blue hieroglyph.“Nith ith Naat,” she tried to say with her tongue out. Then she realized her mistake and stuck her tongue back in. “I mean, this is Ma‟at, the symbol of order and harmony. It will help you speak magic clearly. One mistake with a spell—” “Let me guess,” I said. “We‟ll die”. (Riordan, 2011:187)

Mentor also gives the hero characters a weapon, magic or food, which is usually happen in the first time of hero‘s journey. The writer found that this characteristic is similar with Zia‘s character when she helped Carter an Sadie to find their true power, giving them a cup of holy water for each one which help them to focus their mind, tattooing their tongue so they can spell the magic world correctly without killing themselves because of misspell it. She also gives them some gifts to survive in the battle which will they face soon. Zia gave Carter to take responsible to keep their father leather bag which contains some magical tools. She also gave him a new magic wand and a Khopes. Khopes is a curved sword and also the Pharaoh‘s guide weapon. She gave Sadie a full kit of an Ivory

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA wand, a rod, some papers, an ink set, a bit of twine, and a piece of wax. She taught them to use their power properly, in the first trial, Carter successfully get a butter knife instead of a sword, and Sadie successfully burn Zia‘s eyebrow by calling a fire.

4.1.3. Threshold Guardian

Threshold Guardian is the first obstacle of the hero in his/her journey. This character is to test the worthiness of the hero before they started their journey to save something valuable. This character is a gateway to the new world which the hero must be entered to change and grow. Usually, this character is not the antagonist of the story but is a henchmen or employee of the antagonist. Their character usually appear early in the story, which is usually right after he/she started his/her quest. The character is usually a minion of the antagonist character.

Serpopard is the first obstacle that faced by Sadie and Carter at the Brooklyn mansion which are ferocious and dangerous. This monster is a combination between a leopard and a snake, described as cat-snake by Sadie Kane later.

“Its body was like a leopard‟s—lean and sinewy, with golden spotted fur—but its neck was completely wrong. It was green and scaly and at least as long as the rest of its body. It had a cat‟s head, but no normal cat‟s. When it turned its glowing red eyes towards us, it howled, showing a forked tongue and fangs dripping with green venom. I realized my legs were shaking and I was making a very undignified whimpering sound (Riordan, 2010:106)

This Serpopard is the monster that came from Egyptian mythology which was sent by the true enemy of this story. Their father had described this Serpopard

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA as creature of chaos, very bad news. Carter already had a vision about this monster. As the host of Horus, he travelled to dream land in his sleep. He saw that the fiery man ordered his servant to capture them, and ordered to send the longneck first as the opening.

4.1.4. Herald

Herald is the people or the thing that announce the challenge of hero journey. This character usually appears in the beginning of the story before the hero starting their journey. This character can be a person or a piece of information. This archetypal character act to signal change and invite character to answer the call to adventure. Their job is to motivate the hero into action, despite the hero‘s frequent desire to maintain their status quo.

In this novel, the writer found herald characteristic in Amos Kane‘s character. He is the brother of Julius Kane and the uncle of Sadie and Carter Kane siblings. He is the person who saved Sadie and Carter from the fiery man after their father being caged in a coffin. He is the one who introduced the Egyptian mythology life and the first person, showing the magic using Egyptian ancient magic spell. He gave them light information about their father being magician,

Egyptian god, magic spells, and about their dangerous lineage. He also told them the reason why both of them must be separated since their childhood, because if they band together, they will create an unstoppable power which feared by some other magician.

“Not worshipped,” Amos corrected. “By the end of the ancient times, Egyptians had learned that their gods were not to be worshipped. They are powerful beings,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA primeval forces, but they are not divine in the sense one might think of God. They are created entities, like mortals, only much more powerful. We can respect them, fear them, use their power, or even fight them to keep them under control—” “Fight gods?” Sadie interrupted. “Constantly,” Amos assured her. “But we don‟t worship them. Thoth taught us that.” I looked at Sadie for help. The old guy had to be crazy. But Sadie was looking like she believed every word (Riordan, 2011:74)

Amos Kane is not directly announced the challenge to Sadie and Carter, but he informed them about their so called new world. He told them about their line of descent and the way their father camouflage as archeologist. He told them the logical reason why their father so into the translation of ancient Egyptian magic spells. He told them that it was impossible to understand, unless you are the magician. According to Amos, Kane family has became the part of House of Life since the beginning thousand years ago.

He also informed them about the history of Egyptian magician. He said that the mythology creature is quite real. Long time ago, the Egyptian priest will call the gods to distribute their power and showed some awesome things.

“Carter,” Amos said, “the Egyptians would not have been stupid enough to believe in imaginary gods. The beings they described in their myths are very, very real. In the old days, the priests of Egypt would call upon these gods to channel their power and perform great feats. That is the origin of what we now call magic. Like many things, magic was first invented by the Egyptians. Each temple had a branch of magicians called the House of Life. Their magicians were famed throughout the ancient world.” “And you‟re an Egyptian magician.” Amos

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA nodded. “So was your father. You saw it for yourself last night.” (Riordan, 2011:73)

He showed them the first simple magic spell by breaking a plate and use his magic spell to recover it into a flawless plate like before. He told them that when Egyptian civilization is fading, the sorcery will collect and centralize into the remaining artifacts. That is the reason why their father brought them to British museum and used the Rosetta stone to call the power of Osiris, the god of death people. Amos told them that their father tried to evokes their mother from death.

He told them the real tragedy that happen in British museum which caused their father released not only the soul of Osiris, but also the other four dangerous gods. One of them is Set, the god of storm and violence, who caged their father in a coffin. This tragedy was already happen in Egyptian mythology, when Set tricked Osiris to get into coffin made of precious stone, he lied to Osiris that the coffin will make him more powerful. Unfortunately, Osiris tried to fit in the coffin, which ended up with the coffin cage himself in it and buried under the floor. Carter and Sadie‘s father, as the host of Osiris also had the same tragedy as the mythology says, it was like a cycle which happens over and over again according to Egyptian mythology.

Amos Kane has an unusual pet, a giant albino crocodile named Philip of

Macedonia. Philip is a Shabti, a wax figure that can turned into a life things with some magic spells. Amos explained to them that long time ago, in ancient

Egyptian kingdom, a temple would not be perfect without some crocodiles in the lake. According to Egyptian mythology, crocodile is a sacred animal with strong

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA magical power. It is the first time Carter and Sadie saw a strange Egyptian mythology creature.

4.1.5. Shape-shifter

As it called so, shape shifter is someone who can shape or change role or personality and usually hard to understand. Their character is unpredictable, and usually their loyalty is being question and uncertain. In most heroic story, the shape-shifter usually the opposite sex of the hero, such as Megara from Hercules mythology. This shape shifter character is usually classified as the hero‘s romantic interest. Shape-shifter usually brought up issues of loyalty because they are literally two-faced.

Zia Rashid is the perfect person that is suits these shape-shifter characteristics.

When the first time she met with Sadie and Carter in British Museum, she and

Desjardins tried to stop Julius from summoning Gods, she was trying to kill both of them but Desjardins told her that it was unnecessary, she just have to keep an eye from them. She is a strong magician who trained to banish gods in which both heroes characters, Sadie and Carter are the host of Egyptian gods. Carter is the host of Horus, the god of war, meanwhile Sadie is the host of Isis, goddess of marriage and fertility. Zia‘s job is to destroy people like Carter and Sadie. Instead of killing them, she helped them when Serqet the Goddess of Scorpion, tried to kill them. She was binding Serqet with seven ribbons of Hathor. Hathor ribbons are ribbons that will destroy and cage an evil power. Seven ribbons of Hathor is a very famous spell used by Zia to cleanse human host of gods.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Her role is really shifted in the end of story, from enemy to a friend and trainer for Sadie and Carter. From their first meeting, she had so much hatred toward Sadie in which she threatened to cut out Sadie‘s tongue. She came as a cold hearted woman who was ready to kill everyone that step on her way. She tried to kill Carter in British Museum.

“The girl crouched over me and drew a long curved knife from her belt. “We must act quickly,” she told the man. “Not yet,” he said with some reluctance. His thick accent sounded French. “We must be sure before we destroy them.” I closed my eyes and drifted into unconsciousness” (Riordan, 2011:28)

Zia Rashid is a magician who is trained to fight the god, or the people who uses the power of Egyptian god. She used her seven ribbons of Hathor to cleanse the essence of god through human body and to purify the human soul. At their next meeting, she had changed her role. She help them to save their father by taught them on how to use their supernatural power, to save their father from Set – the fiery man. She helped them from Serqet, the Scorpion goddess, after their guardian, Bast – the cat Goddess, lose the fight.

“Who are you?” he demanded. “What do you want?” “My name is Zia Rashid.” She tilted her head as if listening. Right on cue, the entire building rumbled. Dust sprinkled from the ceiling, and the slithering sounds of scorpions doubled in volume behind us. “And right now,” Zia continued, sounding a bit disappointed, “I must save your miserable lives. Let‟s go.” I suppose we could‟ve refused, but our choices seemed to be Zia or the scorpions, so we ran after her”. (Riordan, 2011:137)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Shape shifter also can be appeared as the hero‘s romantic interest. The writer had found this characteristic on Zia Rashid character. As it been said,

Carter has the romantic interest toward Zia. Carter had caught some interest toward Zia and Sadie noticed about it and kept teasing Carter. Carter confessed to

Sadie that he is not interest with Zia in the romantic way, he cover it as he never seen a woman who can throw a fire like Zia. Actually, Zia‘s real body was nowhere to be found. Zia who has been with them along their journey was just a shabti, human replica from wax which could transform into real human. She told

Carter that she just a message, a placeholder. She asked Carter to found her real body. The real Zia was never been so close with them, and Sadie was afraid one day the real Zia would not recognize the siblings. The real Zia is also a host of the god, she was the host of Nephthys the goddess of mourning and lamentation, and when the spirit of Nephthys joined her real body, Iskandar realized that she was in danger and made a decision to hid her real body and replace it with a shabti. Once the God of wisdom said that shabti makes excellent stunt double to them. Carter promise to Zia that he will find her body and even asked Zia to have a date after her body is found.

4.1.6. Shadow

Shadow literally means the dark part of the area. Shadow is villains of the story. Their existence is to create conflicts and threat. They give the hero something to struggle against. Every hero has their own shadow. Often, this character is the antagonist of the story that will fight the hero character. According to this villain character, they are actually the good guy and the hero themselves is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the bad guy. They have different perspective of idea. This condition that makes them thing that they are the heroes and the hero is the villain.

The writer had found some similarities of the villain characteristic on Set character. Set is the enemy of the story. He made appearance in the first chapter of the book. He was released along with his brother and sister by Julius Kane, while

Julius is attempting to summon Osiris. He kidnapped Julius, the host of Osiris and possesses Amos Kane. He then commands his demons soldier to construct a pyramid in phoenix. Set is known as the God of evil according to Egyptian mythology. He is also known as the Red God, in Egyptian mythology, red is the color of bad news. Red is the color of flame and blood, whereas the black color is the symbol of life because it is representation of the lush soil, and soil is symbol of life.

According to Carter, Set‘s face looks like in the middle of fire, he looks almost humanly but with pale skin, rude, strict, and glowing red eyes and also he looks like a wolf or lion.

"It was as if someone had superimposed two

different faces on top of each other—one

almost human, with pale skin, cruel, angular

features, and glowing red eyes, the other like

an animal with dark fur and sharp fangs"

(Riordan, 2011:27)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Set appeared in Carter‘s dream when Carter slept in the house of life in

Brooklyn. In Carter‘s dream, he saw that Set commanded his demon to mobilize his troops and to release the long neck or Serpopard to catch Carter and Sadie before the heroes have time to learn their superpower abilities. He originally intends to change all of the north America into desert but was manipulated by

Apophis into targeting the entire world by possessing his lieutenant, the face of horror. The face of horror is the demon who commanded by Set to mobilize his troops. Carter describes his appearance as tall and scarecrow skinny, with rooster claws instead of face. His face looked red and moist. Set also tries to capture and destroy the Kane by possessing their uncle Amos Kane who he releases once he lures the Kane to the Red Pyramid.

“Go then,” the fiery man said. “Unleash our

forces. Start with the longnecks. That should

soften them up. Collect the younglings and

bring them to me. I want them alive, before

they have time to learn their powers. Do not

fail me.”

(Riordan, 2011:65)

He thought that Phoenix is the perfect place to construct his temple, the place to worship him. As he known as the red god, he wants to build a red pyramid, the symbol of his power to conquer the world. The Red pyramid is a bad pyramid. This pyramid is not only the symbol of his power but also the place to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA fulfill his energy, bad energy. Long time ago, people in Egypt used the Pyramid as the place to save the mummies, or as the tomb.

Zia nodded. “This pyramid is not a tomb. It

is a platform, a body to contain the power of

Set. All these pictures are to increase chaos,

and make it reign forever.”(Riordan,

2011:449)

He tries to steal the power of Nephthys from Zia Rashid, but is shocked to discover Zia is not Nephthys' host, not knowing Zia is actually a shabti. Zia is the first person, knowing that Set is possessing Amos‘s body. She told Carter and

Sadie that Set love to trick and manipulating his enemies. In that time, Carter and

Sadie won‘t believe that their uncle was the host of Set, instead they accused

Desjardins, the magician from house of life as the host of Set.

“Amos wouldn‟t,” Zia agreed. “But Set can bend the mind and control the body. I‟m not a specialist on possession, but it was a very common problem in ancient times. Minor demons are difficult enough to dislodge. A major god—” “He‟s not possessed. He can‟t be.” I winced. A sharp pain was burning in my palm, in the spot where I‟d last held the feather of truth. But I wasn‟t telling a lie! I did believe Amos was innocent... didn‟t I?” (Riordan, 2011:439)

Set battles the Kane‘s at the Red Pyramid after Carter merges completely with Horus. After Sadie learns Set's secret name, Evil Day from Zia, she merges

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA completely with Isis to face Set. When he points out they are in the source of his power, the desert and that a magician can't open a portal during the Demon Days,

Sadie reveals her merging with Isis and transports Set, the pyramid, his army and the magicians battling them as well as herself and Carter to Washington, DC, weakening Set.

There, Carter holds him off, while Sadie casts the banishing spell from the

Book of Overcoming Set, but realizes that Apophis is the true enemy and stops the spell just in time before the banishment is complete, using the Feather of Truth to show Apophis in the sky instead, revealing that he'd been using Set to create enough Chaos that he could escape his prison. Carter kills Face of Horror and they show Set how he was manipulated and offer him a deal: if he leaves and doesn't come back until they summon him to help fight Apophis, they will let him go.

4.1.7. Trickster

Trickster is the archetype character that provides comedy relief the story often needs to offset the dramatic tension. This character is the one who love to trick and a mischief maker. Usually, trickster can be an ally or the companion of the hero, or may work for the villain. The trickster usually represents the force of cunning and a wicked character, they will trick everybody who step on their way.

Bast goddess is the character who suits this archetypal character. She is the guardian of the hero character. In Egyptian mythology, Bast is known as the goddess of warfare with appearance of female body with cat head. In The Red

Pyramid novel the hero character, Sadie Kane described Bast as ‗a flexible gymnastic woman‘. Once, Sadie has a cat as a pet named Muffin, which is actually Bast who transformed herself into a house cat, to protect Sadie. Bast was

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA given by her father as a gift after her father lost the custody cast after her mother died.

"Small and lithe like a gymnast, Her jet-

black hair was tied in a ponytail. She wore a

skintight leopard-skin jumpsuit and Muffin's

pendant around her neck”

(Riordan, 2011:112)

The reason why the writer chooses this character as the trickster is because

Bast had tricked some ordinary people to get what she wants. Once, when she was with Sadie and Carter in the Airport, to run away from Set‘s animals, she used her tricked to smoother her way. She tricked the policeman in the airport, because

Sadie was transformed into a falcon and she cannot transform back into a human form, so she tricked the police with her magic power to trust her that she want to go to falcon contest and had booked the first class for her falcon. She has a fake document with her, which is actually a blank paper and she never actually change her leotard costume.

“How did you change clothes?” I asked. “And the document for the bird...” She waved her hand dismissively. “Oh, mortal minds are weak. That „document‟ is an empty ticket sleeve. And my clothes haven‟t really changed. It‟s just a glamour.” I looked at her more closely, and I saw she was right. Her new clothes flickered like a mirage over her usual leopard-skin bodysuit. As soon as she pointed it out, the magic seemed flimsy and obvious” (Riordan, 2011:267)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Bast also accompanied Carter and Sadie since their father disappeared in the British Museum. She followed them to the House of Life in Brooklyn, along with Amos Kane. Bast, cannot be categorized as a trickster only, but she can also categorized as the guardian of the heroes character. She helped Sadie and Carter to fight the Long Neck, Serpopard in Brooklyn. She helped them through the four carriers who brought a killer box and fought the goddess of scorpion, Serqet. She fought Sobek the God of River when they want to cross the Nile‘s river.

As it has been said before, the trickster character is not only someone who loves to trick, but they also the one who decreases the tension of the story. Bast is the goddess of cat, so she usually treated both Sadie and Carter as her kittens. She talk with the cat term like called them kitten, ask them to jump like a cat, even she wants to carry them with her mouth. Once, she fights an innocent wrecking ball, because she is afraid that wrecking ball will do harm thing to her kittens, Sadie and Carter. Her behavior is looks alike the cat behavior in nature. Sometimes in her free time, Sadie catches her playing with ball thread, just like cat.

Bast sheathed her blades. “Safe now!”

Sadie and I looked at each other.

“You saved us from a metal ball,” Sadie

said. “You never know,” Bast said. “It

could‟ve been hostile.”

(Riordan, 2011:117)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2. Archetypal Symbol

Symbol reveal and conceal. Symbol can reveal a multitude of level of understanding and at the same time conceal just as much. Symbol is something that stands for or suggests something else by reason of relationship, association, convention, or accidental resemblance; especially a visible sign of something invisible- according to Merriam Webster. A symbol is literary device that contains several meaning which is representative of several other aspects, concepts or traits in literal translation. Usually, symbol is using an object or action that means something more than the actual meaning of the object or the action. Every word is a symbol for the idea that represented. The possibility also exist where one assume something is symbolic when the actual object is the point of focus.

Every story has its own symbol, because symbols add depth in the story.

There are also symbols in archetype. Archetypal symbol is a symbol that usually has a link to the culture and mythology of a country. Every culture has its own set of symbols which is associated with different experience and perception. The writer had found some symbols in Rick Riordan‘s The Red Pyramid. The writer will analyze the meaning and the function of each symbol that found in The Red

Pyramid novel which is written by Rick Riordan.

4.2.1. Color

Every culture has different meaning toward color. As people in around the world would wear the black dress when attending the funeral, because the black color is represent the darkness, the mourning color. This case is quite different with the Egyptian believes. They represent the black color as a good color.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA According to The Red Pyramid novel, the character, Bast, once said that the black color is not a bad color. Black is the symbol of life, because it has the same color as the Nile soil and black soil is good for planting.

“No, dear. As usual, modern folk have it backward. Black is the color of good soil, like the soil of the Nile. You can grow food in black soil. Food is good. Therefore black is good. Red is the color of desert sand. Nothing grows in the desert. Therefore red is evil.” She frowned. “It is strange that Desjardins has a red door.” (Riordan, 2011:226)

This case can also be applied to the red color. Red color may has a positive meaning in another culture. Some cultures may represent the red color as the symbol of brave, passions, desire or even anger. This meaning cannot be applied to the Egyptian culture. They have a different meaning and function toward the red color. Red color represented the evil power and also the bad color according to their culture.

The title of the novel that the writer tries to analyze is The Red Pyramid which is about the evil pyramid. Red also the sacred color of the Evil god-Set and also the skin color of Set, Red. He often called as the Red God and he constructed the red pyramid which contains of bad spirit to destroy the world. Bast, the cat goddess also had notice about the color symbolism to Sadie and Carter, she told them that the red color is the color of chaos and destruction. When Sadie and

Carter visiting Desjardin‘s house, they saw the color of his door is red, that is why they assume that Desjardins is the host of Set.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2.2. Clothing

Clothing has a big role in The Red Pyramid novel. Everyone has their own signature dress which has their own meaning and function. Carter‘s clothing style is quite different with the style of the American teens. Instead of wearing some T-

Shirt and jeans, he is wearing button down shirt, khaki trousers and loafers, he dressed like an old man. Sadie always made fun on Carter clothing style. She told him that he looks like a young professor. Carter dressed up that way is because their father, Julius Kane always drilled into his head and had to dress his best.

Once, when they visit Athena, it was like 112 degrees outside, Carter asked him to change his clothes into a comfortable T-Shirt and short, but his father never let

Carter to dress up that way. The reason why Julius Kane drilled Carter to dress up neatly is because he is afraid that people will judge Carter harshly because he is an

Afro-American young man.

My dad put his hand on my shoulder.

“Carter, you‟re getting older. You‟re an

African American man. People will judge

you more harshly, and so you must always

look impeccable.” (Riordan, 2011:67)

Carter‘s clothing style symbolized that he is an educated young man. The reason why his father forces him to dress his best is because his father won‘t people judges Carter because he is an African American, so people usually racist toward him. His clothing also his shield from a racist people, so they will think twice when they try to bully him.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Meanwhile, Sadie‘s clothing style is upside down with Carter. Her clothing style is symbolizing the rebel energy. She dressed up like a punk kid. Her signature clothing style is black jeans, black leather jacket and black combat boots. She dressed up like a gangster which represents the rebellious.

Amos Kane has a unique style from all character. He often mixed and matched his clothes. He will match up from his fedora hat, shirt, glasses and his trouser. Carter once described his clothing style as the Musician style. Just like

Julius, Amos dressed up very well, so people won‘t judge him because he is an

African-American man. His clothing style symbolized his social status, and he has a good sense of clothing.

Zia Rashid clothing style is different with Sadie and Carter. She is wearing robe, which is the magician dress. The material of her robes is animal free and

100% plant, so they don‘t interfere with magic. Zia and other magician tend to wear robe, which demonstrated their dedication toward the House of Life and also their training. According to Egyptian mythology, magician will only wear linen robe while they are in training, because the material that contains animal will affecting their magic.

4.2.3. Pyramid

Pyramid is a structure or monument which has a quadrilateral base, which rises to a triangular point. Ancient Egyptian society used pyramid as the tomb for their king. In the novel that the writer tries to analyze, the title itself called the red pyramid. The red pyramid which is appeared in the novel is the construction that was built by Set- the evil god as his temple. The pyramid which had been talking

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA in the novel is the evil pyramid. It was build in Phoenix, America. The reason why

Set chose Phoenix, Arizona to build his temple is because Phoenix has dessert and

Set is also known as the God of Dessert. Pyramid is the symbol of power.

In the ancient Egyptian society, the king of Egypt is buried in pyramid.

The bigger and the higher a pyramid, the more powerful people that being buried in there. The shape of pyramid is wide at the bottom with pointed top.

It commonly represents the famous tomb of Kings and Queens of ancient Egypt.

The pyramid also recalls the mound covering the bodies of the dead. As a mound, it looks like a hill or a mountain as well as an island emerging from the sea.

Climbed, effectively or symbolically, it used to be a reminiscent of ladders or stairway. Its steep slope suggests that it should be climbed in one direction only, upwards.

4.2.4. Obelisk

Obelisk is a tall, four sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top and usually has Egyptian hieroglyphs etched into the material. This obelisk usually stands as a monument or a landmark of a country.

There are some major cities that have obelisk as their monument which is actually, the origin is from Egypt. Some major city that has obelisk as their monument are, Washington, Paris, London, Rome, Buenos Aires, Istanbul,

Dublin, Warsaw and Munich and so on. Egypt placed their obelisk in pairs at the entrance of temples. According to Egyptian mythology, the obelisk is meant to represent a frozen ray of sunlight and the obelisk is the symbol of sun god, Ra.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA There are some obelisks that found in The Red Pyramid novel. The obelisk is used as a portal or a gate to move from a location to a new location. Sadie and

Carter‘s mother died on the Cleopatra‘s Needle, the famous obelisk monument in

London. They used the obelisk as the portal when Zia tried to kill the scorpion goddess Serqet with her famous seven ribbons of Hathor. They used the obelisk in

Washington as a gate to Cairo. The portal itself cannot be open anytime. There are particular times for the portal to operate. According to Zia Rashid, the portal only operates at the lucky times such as; sunrise, sunset, midnight, eclipse and the exact time of the god‘s birth.

Zia opened her backpack. “We‟ll make our stand here until the gate can be opened.” “Why not just open it now?” Carter asked. “Portals can only appear at auspicious moments,” Zia said. “Sunrise, sunset, midnight, eclipses, astrological alignments, the exact time of a god‟s birth—” “Oh, come on,” I said. “How can you possibly know all that?” (Riordan, 2011:139)

In The Red Pyramid novel, it was told that the Ma‘at energy collects in these monuments because of their symbolic magic and it can be drawn out to sustain magic by gods. As it has been said by Zia Rashid, the monument or object which is related with Egyptian mythology can be used as a portal. The portal that used in the novel is not only the obelisk, but also the temple and also the Rosetta stone that Sadie and Carter‘s father used as a portal to summon the gods. Their father told them that the Rosetta stone had been a strong symbol which is connecting the ancient life to the modern life.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2.5. Hieroglyph

Hieroglyph is the language used by ancient Egyptian society. According to

Merriam Webster, the hieroglyph is ‗written in, constituting, or belonging to system of writing mainly in pictorial characters‘. Hieroglyph is a symbol with a hidden meaning. Hieroglyph is designating and pertaining to a pictographic script particularly that of the ancient Egyptians, in which many of the symbols are conventionalized, recognizable pictures of the things represented.

In The Red Pyramid novel, the hieroglyph often appeared when the magician spells their magic, which will be used only by using ancient Egyptian command language. The hieroglyph will appear like a glowing writing in the air when the magician spells the magic word.

The first time Sadie and Carter saw the hieroglyph appeared as a glowing symbol in the air. She used the magic spell to destroy the library‘s door. She spell Ha-di and the hieroglyph appear and the door is exploded. Ha-di meaning in ancient

Egyptian is ‗destroy‘. Here it is the hieroglyph for for Ha-Di spell.

“…. I pointed with two fingers and my thumb—an odd gesture I‟d never made before, like a make-believe gun except with the thumb parallel to the ground. “Ha-di!” Bright gold hieroglyphs burned against the largest padlock” (Riordan, 2011:87)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Beside the hieroglyph for command, there are also some hieroglyphs that used by Carter and Sadie, as their amulet which given by their father. Carter has an amulet which is the eye of Horus, the god of war. Eye of Horus is the symbols of protection in Ancient Egypt. Ancient Egyptian society represented The Eye of

Horus as the symbol of pharmacy and medicine.

“…. Mine was an Eye of Horus, which was a popular protection symbol in Ancient Egypt. In fact my dad says the modern pharmacist‟s symbol is a simplified version of the Eye of Horus, because medicine is supposed to protect you” (Riordan, 2011:14) According to Egyptian mythology believes, the Eye of Horus is symbolizing the protection, because the God would always watching and protect you from the bad things.

Sadie also had her Egyptian amulet. Unlike Carter, she had different kind of amulet with Carter. While Carter had the Eye of Horus, Sadie had a Tyet, or knot of Isis. The hieroglyph represented the symbol of Egyptian goddess, Isis.

Sadie Kane owns a Tyet amulet that was given to her by her father. Ruby Kane has an identical one, and she can communicate with Sadie through it. It also has the power to protect one from being seen magically through scrying (foretell the future using crystal ball or other reflective objective or surface).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Carter and Sadie‘s mother has Ankh hieroglyph in her T-shirt. Ankh is the symbol of life. The ankh also appears in the name of the Per Ankh which means the House of Life. Sadie kept a picture of her mother wearing a T-shirt with that symbol. Sadie regretted that her mother was dying while wearing Ankh-symbol of life.

“My dead mother wearing the symbol for

life. Nothing could‟ve been sadder. But she

smiled at the camera as if she knew a secret.

As if my dad and she were sharing a private

joke” (Riordan, 2011:33)

Beside Ankh, there is also a hieroglyph that look alike Ankh, it called Per

Ankh. Per Ankh is a symbol of House of Life in which Per means House and

Ankh means Life.

“I recognized the symbol, and it was supposed to be a simplified picture of a house with a doorway, but that wouldn‟t be

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA obvious to most people, especially people named Sadie. Yet she looked absolutely positive. “It‟s a house,” she insisted. “And the bottom picture is the ankh, the symbol for life. Per Ankh—the House of Life” (Riordan, 2011:56)

In ancient times, each temple in Egypt had a branch called the House of

Life, or Per Ankh with ancient Egyptian language. They could perform amazing feats with magic and could call upon the power of the gods. In modern times, the organization has become global and operates out of three-hundred and sixty nomes worldwide. The House is primarily operated in the First Nome, specifically the remains of the ancient Egyptian city, Heliopolis. Young magicians are trained here. At age thirteen, they are assigned to a specific Nome and typically leave the city. The Chief Lector of the House of Life also resides within Heliopolis, sitting at the foot of the pharaoh's empty throne. Normally, initiates must start training by the age of thirteen, and after spending three years in the First Nome under Cairo,

Egypt, they will be assigned to one of the other districts around the world to keep an eye on rogue monsters, Demons, and gods.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The Red Pyramid is a special novel which is telling about the journey of

Kane siblings Carter and Sadie in Egyptian mythology world. Carter and Sadie is the main character of The Red Pyramid novel and they have role as the hero characters in the story. The things that make the novel quite interesting to read that the story are telling about the Egyptian mythology which is usually found in history subject in school. The story took place in America, which is known as the massive superpower country nowadays and the setting is in the modern life. Rick

Riordan is one of the genius writers who can combine the mythological story with the modern life and also the language of the story is easy to understand for all ages.

This story is about the journey of the hero characters, Sadie and Carter in saving their father from the bad god which originally from ancient Egyptian mythology. Along their journey to save their father, they found their new supernatural power and knew that they are also the host of the ancient Egyptian gods. Along the story, there are archetypal patterns among those characters.

There are seven different archetypal characters that found in the novel which are hero, mentor, threshold guardian, shape-shifter, herald, shadow and trickster.

Every archetypal character had their own characteristic. Every archetypal character is special and unique with their own way. Without one of them, the story will not be perfect. Every character have an important role to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA play which will complete the story. Hero‘s role as the leading character of the

story, he would never be a great hero without his mentor who taught him how to

use his power and wisdom to save the world. Herald‘s role is to announce the

hero to take their journey in order to finish the hero‘s mission either to save the

world or to save something important. Threshold guardian is needed to test the

worthiness of the hero before they start their journey, which is unintentionally

showed the hero true power which is usually his supernatural power. Shape-

shifter character is the one who can change the role from the bad to a good

character, usually this character accompanying the hero as his lover and their

loyalty is uncertain and unpredictable. Shadow is the bad character of the story.

Shadow usually creates conflict and threat to banish the hero existence to get his

goals. Trickster is the character provides comedy relief of the story and often do

some tricky to get what they want.

There is not only the archetypal character that found in the novel, but

also some images which have the relation with the Egyptian mythology that

appear in this modern life, such an obelisk that stand tall in some big cities like

Paris, Washington, and also London which is representing the power of influence

of Egyptian culture to those big cities in the world.

5.2 SUGGESTION

Mythology is a part of literature and also a part of a culture of a nation.

Every country had their mythology. As the mythology is related to the creation of the world and sometimes its future destruction as well, due to mythological influence, The Red Pyramid author, Rick Riordan refers to the Egyptian

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA mythology in order to add meaning to his work. As this paper is studying about archetypal approach in literary criticism, it will help people or the reader develop their critical thinking skills toward the mythology and archetypal of one nation.

This novel is very interesting to be read and be analyzed. In The Red

Pyramid, the writer can understand the archetypal matters that owned by the deformed leading character. The Red Pyramid is a nice novel. By reading this novel, we can understand each archetypal character that found in the novel and those characteristics sometime can be found in our real life and the archetypal symbols that found in our social life that related to Egyptian mythology.

The important thing that people get by this paper is the archetypal criticism in every character that found in the novel. Each character has their characteristics and also has their own important role. Their roles cannot be found in another archetypal character. Every character had an important role in the story, and the story would not be complete if a character is absence.

An archetype is a pattern of behavior that once discovered, help you better understand yourself and others. Archetype is about people in our community telling us, telling each other or telling themselves ―it‘s me‖ or ―it‘s you‖, making a better decision as a result. It is recognition and expression of your personal and identity and it allows people to be more meaningfully connect with others based on archetypes.

This thesis will help people to understand each character archetype that will also help us as human being to accept people the way they are. We cannot force a person to be someone that we want to be. The archetypal character that found in the novel also helps us as the reader to understand that every person has

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA their own personality and also has important role in our life. Meanwhile, society needs to understand that every person is different and we have to accept them the way they are. After all the differences are the things that makes life more colorful and happier.

Importantly, when you embrace the language of archetypes, you will immediately begin to notice patterns of synchronicity and coincidence appearing on a regular basis and sometimes dramatically. At archetypes you can find the content you want to read, the stories you want to follow, and the topics you want to learn about. It‘s all at your fingertips anywhere and anytime.

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