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Luis Felipe Duarte Flores Max O UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS LUÍS FELIPE DUARTE FLORES Max Ophuls, mestre de cerimônias Mise en scène reflexiva em La ronde e Lola Montès BELO HORIZONTE 2015 LUÍS FELIPE DUARTE FLORES Max Ophuls, mestre de cerimônias Mise en scène reflexiva em La ronde e Lola Montès Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes da Escola de Belas Artes da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito à obtenção do título de Mestre em Artes. Linha de Pesquisa: Cinema Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ana Lúcia Andrade BELO HORIZONTE 2015 Flores, Luís Felipe, 1987- Max Ophuls, mestre de cerimônias [manuscrito] : mise en scène reflexiva em La ronde e Lola Montès / Luís Felipe Duarte Flores. – 2015. 234 f. : il. Orientadora: Ana Lúcia Andrade. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Belas Artes. 1. Ophuls, Max, 1902-1957 – Teses. 2. Diretores e produtores de cinema – Alemanha – Teses. 3. Crítica cinematográfica – Teses. 4. Movimento (Encenação) – Teses. 5. Cinema – Teses. I. Andrade, Ana Lúcia, 1969- II. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Belas Artes. III. Título. CDD 791.430233 AGRADECIMENTOS À Carla Maia e ao Antônio Flores, pela companhia nas infinitas fabulações cotidianas, na construção, dia-a-dia, da mais bela e difícil ficção, a própria vida. Cacá foi parceira inseparável, sem a qual, para dizer o mínimo, o caminho seria mais triste e sombrio. À Ana Andrade, por incentivar modos singulares de se construir um roteiro do pensamento, pelos ensinamentos de um olhar atento e sensível. César Guimarães e Rafael Ciccarini foram fundamentais para a “lapidação” da dissertação, ao aceitarem examinar uma versão preliminar do texto. A forma “definitiva” deste é tributária dos comentários e desafios lançados por ambos. Do Rafael, recebi o legado renovado de uma antiga cinefilia. César, com sua incomparável generosidade, erudição e rigor intelectual, é um mestre cuja presença inspira os meus traços. Ao amigo Mateus Araújo, outro mestre luminoso, fica a gratidão pelas lições e partilhas, além dos importantes suprimentos bibliográficos. Ao Nísio Teixeira, pela leitura cuidadosa do texto, pela amizade que começa e se prolonga no amor pelo cinema. Ao Rafael Conde, pela possibilidade. Thiago Flores, cristal fra- terno, pelo mergulho nas imagens e vivências. Pedro Flores, fiel cavaleiro do falso escudeiro, pela partilha de sonhos e perigos. Marília Flores, pelos gestos diários de ternura e de cuidado. Dimas Flores, pelo amor das coisas simples e diversas. Silvana, pelas portas abertas e festivas. Júlio, pelo cultivo do quintal e das palavras. É preciso agradecer outras pessoas, pela amizade e pela interlocução: Roberto Cotta, Rodrigo Costa, Daniel Ribão, Carolina Fenati, Ewerton Belico, Victor Guimarães, Cláudia Mesquita, Raíssa Visagento, Ana Siqueira, André Brasil, Leonardo Amaral, Laís Ferreira, Henrique Henras, João Dumans, Affonso Uchoa, Luís Fernando Moura, Flamingo, Ursula Rösele, Glaura Cardoso Vale, Fernando Pacheco, Pedro Veras, Júlia Hansen, Fábio Andrade, Roberta Veiga, Carla Italiano, Douglas Resende, João Toledo, Samuel Marotta, Patrícia Mourão, Vinícius Andrade, Lygia Santos, Luiz Pretti, Gabriel Martins, Fabián Ludueña, Ana Lopez, Álvaro Andrade, além dos colegas do Poéticas da Experiência, presenças que fazem parte de quem sou e do que vejo. Por fim, exponho a minha dívida infinita com todos os que trabalham na disponibilização online de filmes, livros, textos, imagens e documentos em geral. Esta pesquisa, realizada nos confins da província e com modesto apoio financeiro, jamais seria possível sem o esforço deles. Menciono outra vez o amigo Mateus Araújo, espírito altruísta e colecionador incansável, em cuja pessoa agradeço aos defensores do direito ao livre acesso contra o direito de propriedade. À Capes, pelo suporte financeiro. Todo trabalho intelectual, por mais solitário que possa ser, é um esforço coletivo, em que somos atravessados por encontros indeterminados com ideias, imagens e fantasmas. Assim, é provável que vários daqueles a quem eu deveria agradecer tenham ficado de fora desta lista de débitos que me orgulho de possuir. Que é a vida? Um frenesí. Que é a vida? Uma ilusão, uma sombra, uma ficção; e o maior bem é tristonho, porque toda a vida é sonho e os sonhos, sonho são. Calderón de la Barca RESUMO A pesquisa investiga a organização da mise en scène em dois filmes do cineasta alemão Max Ophuls, La ronde (1950) e Lola montès (1955), obras constituídas por discursos reflexivos. A princípio, busca-se aproximar o cineasta de algumas teorias do cinema moderno e de outras manifestações sensíveis, como o teatro, o circo e a estética barroca. A abordagem privilegia elementos ligados à visualidade artística, buscando refletir sobre os seus desdobramentos no meio cinematográfico. A partir disso, as referidas obras são analisadas com enfoque nas suas construções cenográficas. Cada um à sua maneira, os filmes se valem da mise en scène como um dispositivo fundamentalmente reflexivo, capaz de problematizar os limites da imagem e fazer convergir, na superfície da tela, ideias e sensibilidades relacionadas ao mundo e ao cinema modernos. Palavras-chave: Max Ophuls. Cinema. Mise en scène. Reflexividade. Modernidade. ABSTRACT This research investigates the mise en scène organization in two features of German filmmaker Max Ophuls, La ronde (1950) and Lola Montès (1955), which are made of singular reflexive speeches. At first, it tries to put the director’s work in relation to some theories of modern cinema and to other artistic manifestations, such as theater, circus or Baroque aesthetics. The approach focuses on those elements related to artistic visuality, in order to think about its influences on the film medium. Based on this, the film analysis focus on scenographic constructions. Each one in its own way, both films make use of the mise en scène as a fundamentally reflexive apparatus, capable of questioning the limits of image and to bring together, on screen, ideas and sensibilities related to modern world and cinema. Key words: Max Ophuls. Cinema. Mise en scène. Reflexivity. Modernity. LISTA DE FIGURAS* Fig. 1.01-04: Mise en scène reflexiva e enquadramento frontal em A companhia amorosa ...... 056 Fig. 1.05-08: Descentramentos e teatralidade em A noiva vendida .............................................. 059 Fig. 1.09: Karl Valentin interpreta o palhaço que comanda o circo .............................................. 059 Fig. 1.10: No fim, uma fotografia do elenco reforça o aspecto teatral ou operístico da obra ...... 059 Fig. 1.11-14: A dança amorosa em Liebelei ................................................................................... 061 Fig. 1.15-16: Liebelei – tensão da quarta parede ............................................................................ 062 Fig. 1.17-22: Madame de… – a valsa dos amantes ........................................................................ 064 Fig. 2.01-04: O mestre de cerimônias de A comédia do dinheiro ................................................. 086 Fig. 3.01-04: Tempos de suspensão no episódio do senhor e da empregada em La ronde ........ 108 Fig. 3.05-09: O peso do tempo no quarto conjugal em La ronde ................................................. 109 Fig. 3.10-15: O mestre de cerimônias renova a ronda das imagens em La ronde ....................... 113 Fig. 3.16: Espelho como mediação cênica no enlevo do conde e da atriz em La ronde ............. 116 Fig. 3.17-20: A imagem da mulher casada, hesitante, se multiplica nos espelhos da cena ......... 116 Fig. 3.21: O rosto do conde no espelho e a impossibilidade da rememoração ............................ 116 Fig. 3.22-31: Correspondências visuais entre os casais de La ronde ............................................ 117 Fig. 3.32-35: O mestre de cerimônias e seu discurso reflexivo na abertura de La ronde ............ 129 Fig. 3.36-38: Frontalidade e endereçamento direto nas aparições do narrador de La ronde ....... 135 Fig. 3.39-44: Os muitos disfarces do mestre de cerimônias (potências do falso em La ronde) .. 137 Fig. 4.01-03: Ativação do maquinário circense em Lola Montès ................................................. 147 Fig. 4.04: O maquinário circense funciona a todo vapor ............................................................... 151 Fig. 4.05: Lola chega num plano marcado pela frontalidade e pelo exibicionismo ..................... 151 Fig. 4.06: Ao seu redor, a coreografia dos cavalheiros com cara de dinheiro .............................. 151 Fig. 4.07: Vinda do fundo, a figura de M. Loyal se impõe (graficamente) sobre Lola ............... 151 Fig. 4.08: M. Loyal arrasta a cortesã e a leva para outro fluxo cenográfico ................................. 152 Fig. 4.09: Lola se exercita com o maestro ...................................................................................... 152 Fig. 4.10: Lola treina passos de bailarina ........................................................................................ 152 Fig. 4.11: A organização da mise en scène propicia a exibição frontal de Lola ........................... 152 Fig. 4.12: Lola deve realizar sucessivos esforços físicos no espaço do circo ............................... 153 Fig. 4.13: Escadas, anteparos ........................................................................................................... 153 Fig. 4.14: No palco de Varsóvia, a plataforma gira, e então .......................................................... 153 Fig. 4.15: O apresentador reativa,
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