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Introduction 1 Notes Introduction 1. For a comprehensive and interesting overview of this tendency, see The Economist, “A Survey of the World Economy: Who’s in the Driving Seat?” 7 October 1995. 2. See, e.g., John Gerard Ruggie, “Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations,” International Organization (Vol. 47, No. 1, 1993), pp. 139–74; James N. Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990); Dani Rodrik, Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1997); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Jean Marie Guéhenno, The End of the Nation-state, Trans. Victoria Elliott (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1995 [originally published as La fin de la démoc- ratie, 1993]); and Mathew Horsman and Andrew Marshall, After the Nation-state: Citizens, Tribalism and the New World Disorder (London: HarperCollins Publishers, 1994). 3. Harry G. Gelber, Sovereignty Through Interdependence (London: Kluwer Law International, 1997); Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question, second edition (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999 [first published 1996]); Linda Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State: Governing the Economy in a Global Era (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998); Jan Aart Scholte, “Global Capitalism and the State,” International Affairs (Vol. 73, No. 3, 1997), pp. 427–52; Janice E. Thomson and Stephen D. Krasner, “Global Transactions and the Consolidation of Sovereignty,” in Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N. Rosenau (eds.), Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges: Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s (Toronto: Lexington Books, 1989); and Paul Kennedy, Preparing for the Twenty-first Century (New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994 [first published 1993]), pp. 122–34. See also the contributions in Linda Weiss (ed.), States in the Global Economy: Bringing Domestic Institutions Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 182 ● Notes 4. See, e.g., The Economist, “Globalisation and Its Critics: A Survey of Globalisation,” 29 September 2001, p. 14. 5. John Hoffman, Beyond the State: An Introductory Critique (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), pp. 8 and 97–112. Smith’s approval of the state is evident through- out The Wealth of Nations. For one example, see Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (London: David Campbell Publishers, 1991 [first published 1776]), p.374. See also Andrew Wyatt Walter, “Adam Smith and the Liberal Tradition in International Relations,” in Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann (eds.), Classical Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan Press, 1996), pp. 142–72; F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960), especially, Ch. 15; and John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1971). For a recent self-professed liberal supporting state regulation of markets, see, e.g., Jan Tumlir, “National Sovereignty, Power and Interest,” Ordo (Band 31, 1980), pp. 1–26. 6. For a similar analysis of ideas and good justification thereof, see Stephen Hobden, International Relations and Historical Sociology: Breaking Down Boundaries (London: Routledge, 1998), especially, pp. 12–16. In contrast to this study, however, Hobden’s purpose is to synthesize the views of his chosen thinkers in order to generate a better understanding of the state and the international system. 7. The brilliantly entitled book The State as a Monster: Gustav Cassel and Eli Heckscher on the Role and Growth of the State (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994) by Benny Carlson has provided significant inspiration to this study. 8. Martin Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions, in Gabriele Wight and Brian Porter (eds.) (London: Leicester University Press, 1991). 9. Spyros Economides and Peter Wilson, The Economic Factor in International Relations: A Brief Introduction (London: I. B. Tauris, 2001), p. 199. Economides and Wilson refer specifically to Ohmae. See also Inis L. Claude Jr., “Myths About the State,” Review of International Studies (Vol. 12, No. 1, 1986), p. 10. 10. Joseph A. Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis, in E. B. Schumpeter (ed.), (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 5. 11. Ibid., pp. 4–6. 12. For an interesting view of the role and worth of the study of intellectual history, see, e.g., Arthur O. Lovejoy, “Reflections on the History of Ideas,” Journal of the History of Ideas (Vol. 1, No. 1, 1940), pp. 3–23. 13. Helen Merrell Lynd, England in the Eighteen-eighties: Toward a Social Basis for Freedom (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1945), p. 23. 14. For further discussion, see, e.g., Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1936); James E. Curtis and John W. Petras, “Introduction,” in James E. Curtis and John W. Petras (eds.), The Sociology of Knowledge: A Reader (London: Duckworth, 1970), p. 12; Karl R. Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, Second Edition (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960), 154–6; and Karl R. Popper, Notes ● 183 The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume II, Fifth Edition (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966), pp. 212–23, especially p. 222. 15. A. J. P. Taylor, The Troublemakers: Dissent of Foreign Policy, 1792–1939 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1957), p. 15. 16. Fred Halliday, “State and Society in International Relations: A Second Agenda,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 16, No. 2, 1987), p. 219. Reprinted in Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London: Macmillan Press, 1994), p. 79. 17. For a further discussion, see, e.g., Timothy Mitchell, “The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and Their Critics,” American Political Science Review (Vol. 85, No. 1, 1991), pp. 77–97. 18. Halliday, “State and Society,” p. 217. 19. F. S. Northedge, The International Political System (London: Faber & Faber, 1976), p. 15 in Halliday, “State and Society,” p. 217. 20. For a critical analysis on the relationship between Halliday’s two concepts of the state, see Hidemi Suganami, “Halliday’s Two Concepts of State,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 17, No. 1, 1988), pp. 71–6. See also Fred Halliday, “States, Discourses, Classes: A Rejoinder to Suganami, Palan, Forbes,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 17, No. 1, 1988), pp. 77–80. 21. Halliday, “State and Society,” p. 218. 22. For similar version of the dualistic view of the state, see also Economides and Wilson, The Economic Factor, pp. 190–1. Chapter 1 Brief Biographies 1. E. L. Woodward, The Age of Reform, 1815–1870 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1938). 2. Cobden had already passed away by 1870. However, he was a strong advocate of universal education and was, throughout his life involved in debates regarding educational reform. See, e.g., Peter Nelson Farrar, “Richard Cobden, Educationist, Economist and Statesman” (University of Sheffield: Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, 1987). 3. Richard Cobden, “Russia” (1836), in Richard Cobden, The Political Writings of Richard Cobden, Vol. I, of two volumes, fourth edition (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1903 [first published 1867]), p. 122. 4. Unknown author, Richard Cobden. The Man and His Policy, Leaflets, New Series No. 48 (London: Jas. Truscott and Son, 1904), pp. 4 and 6. 5. Cobden, “Russia,” pp. 253–4. 6. J. A. Hobson, Richard Cobden: The International Man (London: Ernest Benn Limited, 1968 [first published 1918]). 7. H. Donaldson Jordan, “The Case of Richard Cobden,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society (Vol. 83, 1971), p. 45. See also Johan Norberg, Den Svenska Liberalismens Historia (Stockholm: Timbro, 1998), esp. p. 123, and 184 ● Notes Jaan Pennar, “Richard Cobden and Cordell Hull: A Comparative Study of the Commercial Policies of Nineteenth Century England and Contemporary United States” (Princeton University: Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, 1953). For Cobden’s wider impact, see Camille Palma Castorina, “Richard Cobden and the Intellectual Development and Influence of the Manchester School of Economics” (Victoria University of Manchester: Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, 1976). For some good biographies of Cobden, see, e.g., John Morley, The Life of Richard Cobden, fourteenth edition (London: T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., 1920 [first published 1879 in two volumes]); Nicholas C. Edsall, Richard Cobden, Independent Radical (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986); Wendy Hinde, Richard Cobden: A Victorian Outsider (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); and Hobson, Cobden: The International Man. Hobson makes some inter- pretations of Cobden in his book, but to a large extent it consists of letters writ- ten by Cobden, many of them previously not published. See also Lionel James Carter, “The Development of Cobden’s Thought on International Relations, Particularly with Reference to his Rôle in the Mid-nineteenth Century Peace Movement” (Sidney Sussex College: Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, 1970), and Farrar, “Cobden, Educationist, Economist and Statesman.” 8. See, e.g., Richard Cobden, London, 1 May 1844, speech on free trade, in Richard Cobden, Speeches on Questions of Public Policy, Vol. 1, of two volumes, Eds. John Bright and James E. Thorold Rogers (London: Macmillan and Co., 1870), p. 180. 9. Jordan, “Case of Cobden,” pp. 34–45, especially, p. 34. 10. John Vincent, The Formation of the British Liberal Party, 1857–1868 (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972 [first
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