DOCSLIB.ORG

Readings in European Security Volume 3

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Readings in European Security Volume 3 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archive of European Integration READINGS IN EUROPEAN SECURITY VOLUME 3 CHAIRMAN: FRANÇOIS HEISBOURG EDITORS: DANA H. ALLIN & MICHAEL EMERSON CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN POLICY STUDIES BRUSSELS INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SECURITY STUDIES LONDON This volume of Readings in European Security contains the papers commissioned for presentation and discussion at the meetings of the CEPS- IISS European Security Forum (ESF) in the period from January 2003 to June 2005. They have been previously published in the European Security Forum Working Paper series, Nos. 16-20. CEPS and IISS gratefully acknowledge financial support received for the European Security Forum from the Compagnia di San Paolo, the US Mission to the EU and NATO. ISBN 92-9079-590-5 © Copyright 2005, Centre for European Policy Studies & International Institute for Security Studies. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the prior permission of the Centre for European Policy Studies or the International Institute for Security Studies. Centre for European Policy Studies International Institute for Strategic Studies Place du Congrès 1 Arundel House 1000 Brussels, Belgium 13-15 Arundel Street, Temple Place Tel: 32 (0) 2 229.39.11 London WC2R 3DX, United Kingdom Fax: 32 (0) 2 229.39.72 Tel: 44 (0) 20 7379 7676 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 44 (0) 20 7836 3108 Website: http://www.ceps.be E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.iiss.org READINGS IN EUROPEAN SECURITY VOLUME 3 CONTRIBUTORS DIDIER BIGO PETER BROOKES PATRICK CLAWSON MICHAEL EMERSON ANDREI FEDOROV FRANÇOIS HEISBOURG IRINA KOBRINSKAYA EUGENE B. RUMER JACQUES RUPNIK VLADIMIR SAZHIN DANIEL SERWER JEREMY SHAPIRO BORIS SHMELEV BRUNO TERTRAIS ALEXEI D. VOSKRESSENSKI Contents FOREWORD FRANÇOIS HEISBOURG i RUSSIA AND THE WEST FROM AN AWKWARD PARTNERSHIP TO A GREATER EUROPE A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE MICHAEL EMERSON 1 NEW CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE US AND THE EU IN THE 21ST CENTURY AN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE EUGENE B. RUMER 20 RUSSIA AND THE WEST A RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE IRINA KOBRINSKAYA 31 EUROPEAN HOMELAND SECURITY POST-MARCH 11TH AND TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS INTRODUCTION FRANÇOIS HEISBOURG 40 LES POLITIQUES ANTITERRORISTES APRES LES ATTENTATS DE MARS 2002 – UN PROGRES DANS LA COLLABORATION UN PERSPECTIVE EUROPEEN DIDIER BIGO 44 DOMESTIC DILEMMAS: US HOMELAND SECURITY POLICY AND TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS AN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE JEREMY SHAPIRO 55 HOMELAND SECURITY – RUSSIA’S CHALLENGES A RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE ANDREI FEDOROV 67 A EUROPEAN BALKANS? INTRODUCTION FRANÇOIS HEISBOURG 74 EUROPE’S CHALLENGES IN THE BALKANS A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE JACQUES RUPNIK 78 KOSOVO WON’T WAIT AN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE DANIEL SERWER 82 THE BALKANS: POWDER KEG OF EUROPE OR ZONE OF PEACE AND STABILITY A RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE BORIS SHMELEV 90 THE RISE OF CHINA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ARMS SUPPLIES EUROPE AND THE EMERGENCE OF CHINA: CONSEQUENCES FOR THE TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONSHIP A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE BRUNO TERTRAIS 99 THE LIFTING OF THE EU ARMS EMBARGO ON CHINA AN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE PETER BROOKES 103 THE RISE OF CHINA AND ITS MEANING FOR THE STRUCTURE OF st GLOBAL LEADERSHIP IN THE 21 CENTURY A RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE ALEXEI D. VOSKRESSENSKI 107 IRAN: THE MOMENT OF TRUTH IRAN: THE MOMENT OF TRUTH A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE FRANÇOIS HEISBOURG 123 INFLUENCE, DETER AND CONTAIN – THE MIDDLE PATH FOR RESPONDING TO IRAN’S NUCLEAR PROGRAMME AN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE PATRICK CLAWSON 131 IRAN’S NUCLEAR PROGRAMME A RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE VLADIMIR SAZHIN 137 ABOUT THE CHAIRMAN AND EDITORS 149 Foreword This new volume of Readings in European Security comes at a time when the European Union has entered a protracted period of crisis, in the wake of the ‘voters’ revolt’ that took place in France and the Netherlands in the spring of 2005. This new development in itself constitutes a substantial change in the conditions of European Security: the period during which an ever-enlarging Union was at the same time developing its ability to produce a foreign and security policy in its own right has been replaced by a situation in which enlargement will, at the very least, slow down, while the major changes contained in the Constitutional Treaty in the field of external relations are put on hold. This state of affairs will materially affect the EU’s own security, notably in the Balkans, while limiting its prospects as a major actor on the world scene, not least because the EU’s political energy will be focused more than ever on its internal problems. This will in turn have knock-on effects, positive and negative, on the interests of outside actors, notably the US and Russia but also further afield – such as those of China and India as emerging great powers or the troubled regions of Africa and the Middle East. A divided, inward-looking Europe will be a less-interesting partner for allies like the US or for friends in need, such as Africa, as well as those seeking ‘multipolar’ support, e.g. China. But such a Europe will also be less of a problem for partners pursuing their own goals (as in the case of transatlantic divergences on the lifting of the EU’s arms embargo vis-à- vis China) and will present an easier target for countries seeking to improve their hand in a bilateral relationship with the EU, as in the case of Russia. That such events should be unfolding need not come as a surprise – after all, during the last 20 years, bigger changes have affected just about every player on the international scene, to the point of eliminating some entirely (the Soviet empire) or transforming others beyond recognition (NATO). That the EU should be entering into a period of turmoil is not in itself an anomaly, but a challenge that has to be taken in stride. Indeed, the issues affecting European security are no less relevant in the current EU environment. Even when in disarray, the EU has a degree of institutional inertia and covers a field of competence so great, that its own responses – even if they were to occur by default (as in the case of not deciding to lift the arms embargo towards China) – continue to have great importance for itself and quite often no less (and sometimes even more) for others. | i ii | READINGS IN EUROPEAN SECURITY Thus, Russia’s relationship with the West (as covered in the papers from the European Security Forum (ESF) session of 22 March 2004) will continue to hinge to no small extent on the state of the EU and its decisions (or lack of decisions). The EU’s crisis may have made the corresponding problems more difficult to handle, but neither less acute nor less important. European homeland security and transatlantic relations (ESF session of 7 June 2004) is unfortunately more relevant than ever, with North America and the EU intertwined in the world’s tightest network of economic and societal relations. The manner in which the EU puts its counter-terrorism act together is of substantive and direct importance to US homeland security, and US-EU counter-terrorism relations are essential to all. Russia’s management or mismanagement of its own homeland security challenges merges with its broader relationship with both the EU and the US. What was true in the aftermath of the 11 March 2004 bombings in Madrid is no less true today. Meanwhile, the question of a ‘European Balkans’ (ESF session of 25 October 2004) has become even weightier as result of the crisis of EU enlargement after the French and Dutch referenda. The ESF session on this topic emphasised the absolutely vital nature of prospective EU membership as a source for security in both the Balkans and the EU. Out of the otherwise catastrophic meeting of the European Council on 16-17 June 2005 arose at least one wise decision – that of restating the ‘vocation européenne’ of the Western Balkans, affirmed in Thessaloniki two years earlier. The rise of China with special reference to arms supplies (ESF session of 31 January 2005) illustrates the challenge that will gain even greater salience as a determining factor of the organisation of the international system in general, and of Euro-American relations in particular. If Europe’s descent into a ‘default mode’ has some short-term benefits in terms of defusing the emerging arms embargo issue, in the long run, the conduct of a proactive strategic dialogue between the US and China remains in the general interest. The chapter concerning “Iran’s Moment of Truth” (ESF session of 13 June 2005) analyses an issue of no less importance, particularly in the short term. Indeed, this is an arena in which, since the autumn of 2003, the EU-3–Iran negotiation has been quite literally the only game in town. No ‘default mode’ has occurred in this regard, and mercifully so, given the unpalatable nature of whatever alternatives may be conjured up. It is on this particular issue that much of the future of US-ES security FOREWORD | iii relations rest. This is true today as it was before the current EU crisis. What is new is that the decisions of the EU-3 vis-à-vis Iran have also become crucial to the ability of the EU to affirm itself as a major player, with or without a duly ratified Constitutional Treaty. If the ‘proof of the pudding is in the eating’, it can be said that the demonstration of the EU’s role as an international actor rests in large part on the manner in which it collectively handles the Iranian affair, with the EU-3 acting by proxy for all.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • European Security Forum a Joint Initiative of Ceps and the Iiss
    EUROPEAN SECURITY FORUM A JOINT INITIATIVE OF CEPS AND THE IISS A EUROPEAN BALKANS? ESF WORKING PAPER NO. 18 JANUARY 2005 WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY JACQUES RUPNIK DANIEL SERWER BORIS SHMELEV SUMMING UP BY FRANÇOIS HEISBOURG ISBN 92-9079-532-8 © COPYRIGHT 2005, CEPS & IISS CENTRE FOR THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE EUROPEAN FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES POLICY STUDIES Place du Congrès 1 ▪ B-1000 Brussels, Belgium Arundel House ▪ 13-15 Arundel Street, Temple Place Tel: +32 (0)2.229.39.11 ▪ Fax: +32 (0)2.219.41.51 London WC2R 3DX, United Kingdom www.ceps.be ▪ E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +44(0)20.7379.7676 ▪ Fax: +44(0)20.7836.3108 www.iiss.org ▪ E-mail: [email protected] A European Balkans? Working Paper No. 18 of the European Security Forum Contents Chairman’s Summing up FRANÇOIS HEISBOURG 1 Europe’s Challenges in the Balkans A European Perspective JACQUES RUPNIK 4 Kosovo Won’t Wait An American Perspective DANIEL SERWER 7 The Balkans: Powder keg of Europe or Zone of Peace and Stability? A Russian Perspective BORIS SHMELEV 13 Chairman’s Summing up François Heisbourg* he Chairman recalled the reasons for holding this particular session. On the one hand, at the Thessaloniki meeting of the European Council (June 2003), the prospect was Tlaid out of the Balkans being included, over time, within the European Union; hence, the title of the session. How that vision is to be fulfilled is obviously very much open to question, which is indeed one of reasons underlying the work of the new International Commission on the Balkans chaired by former Italian Prime Minister Giuliano Amato.
    [Show full text]
  • Destruction and Preservation of Cultural Heritage in Former Yugoslavia, Part II
    Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe Volume 29 Issue 1 Article 1 2-2009 Erasing the Past: Destruction and Preservation of Cultural Heritage in Former Yugoslavia, Part II Igor Ordev Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree Part of the Christianity Commons, and the Slavic Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Ordev, Igor (2009) "Erasing the Past: Destruction and Preservation of Cultural Heritage in Former Yugoslavia, Part II," Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe: Vol. 29 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol29/iss1/1 This Article, Exploration, or Report is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ERASING THE PAST: DESTRUCTION AND PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Part II (Continuation from the Previous Issue) By Igor Ordev Igor Ordev received the MA in Southeast European Studies from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. Previously he worked on projects like the World Conference on Dialogue Among Religions and Civilizations held in Ohrid in 2007. He lives in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. III. THE CASE OF KOSOVO AND METOHIA Just as everyone could sense that the end of the horrifying conflict of the early 1990s was coming to an end, another one was heating up in the Yugoslav kitchen. Kosovo is located in the southern part of former Yugoslavia, in an area that had been characterized by hostility and hatred practically ‘since the beginning of time.’ The reason for such mixed negative feelings came due to the confusion about who should have the final say in the governing of the Kosovo principality.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Church
    The Political Church Heritage as a tool for engagement By Martin Pohl Archifutures The Church of Christ the Saviour in Pristina, was planned Martin Pohl as a Serbian Orthodox church during the conflict of the Martin Pohl is a German 1990s, when Slobodan Milošević attempted to consolidate architect and researcher. Serbian control over the (then) mainly Albanian province Educated at the Bauhaus University in Weimar and of Kosovo.1 By the time of its construction in the mid‑90s, Waseda University Tokyo much of this population had been pushed out of the he has been the chief‑editor of horizonte – Journal Kosovan capital’s city centre.2 Since then, the church has for Architectural Discourse, been neither finished nor destroyed. Its interim state an independent publication which has been exhibited reflects a political condition, symbolising the retreat of the worldwide. He has Serbian forces from the city and the fall of the Milošević collaborated with Studio Miessen Berlin on the spatial regime: a temporary state, preserved in architecture. This design for the Estonian th state, however, can be altered by changing perceptions Pavilion at the 55 Art Biennale in Venice and Sou of the building. Fujimoto Architects in Tokyo. He currently works for robertneun Architekten in Berlin. The Political Church is a project by Martin Pohl, Konrad Angermüller, Michael Kraus, Michael Ott and Matthias Schmitt. 1 Interview with Prof. Ass. Dr. Shemsi Krasniqi in Prishtina, February 7, 2014. 2 Denisa Kostovicova, “Kosovo: The Politics of Identity and Space”, Routledge Advances in European Politics 29 (London; New York: Routledge 2005). Opposite: The Church of Christ the Saviour.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kosovo Serbs
    REPORT Small arms and security in South Eastern Europe Bonn International Center for Conversion, Friedrich Naumann Foundation and Saferworld The Kosovo Serbs: An ethnic minority between collaboration and defiance Anna Matveeva and Wolf-Christian Paes June 2003 The Kosovo Serbs: An ethnic minority between collaboration and defiance Anna Matveeva and Wolf-Christian Paes BONN INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR CONVERSION, FRIEDRICH NAUMANN FOUNDATION AND SAFERWORLD JUNE 2003 Acknowledgements This report was produced as part of Saferworld’s small arms project in South Eastern Europe. Saferworld is grateful to the UK Government for funding their small armsproject. Further project funding was provided by the Friedrich-Naumann-Foundation. The authors would like to thank Duncan Hiscock and Chrissie Hirst for editing the report and Marc v. Boemken, Luitgard Hammerer,Yves del Monaco and Simon Rynn for their advice and individual contributions. All photographs used were taken by Wolf-Christian Paes. Contents Serb communities in Kosovo 4 Acronyms 5 Foreword 6 Preface 8 1 Introduction 10 2 History of the conflict 12 3 On a life-support machine: The situation of the 21 Kosovo Serbs 4 Kosovo Serb politics 27 5 Guns and security 38 6 International policies towards Kosovo 43 7 Options for the future of Kosovo 47 Bibliography 50 Appendix 1: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 52 (1999) Serb communities in Kosovo Nis River Ibar Novi Pazar Kursumlija Leposavic SERBIA River Ibar Potok Zveçan Podujevo MONTENEGRO Mitrovica Medveda Rozaj Vucitrn Istok Srbica Obilic
    [Show full text]
  • Kosovo Country Handbook This Handbook Provides Basic Reference
    Kosovo Country Handbook This handbook provides basic reference information on Kosovo, including its geography, history, government, military forces, and communications and trans- portation networks. This information is intended to familiarize military per sonnel with local customs and area knowledge to assist them during their assignment to Kosovo. The Marine Corps Intel ligence Activity is the community coordinator for the Country Hand book Program. This product reflects the coordinated U.S. Defense Intelligence Community position on Kosovo. Dissemination and use of this publication is restricted to official military and government personnel from the United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and other countries as required and designated for support of coalition operations. The photos and text reproduced herein have been extracted solely for research, comment, and information reporting, and are intended for fair use by designated personnel in their official duties, including local reproduction for training. Further dissemination of copyrighted material contained in this docu ment, to include excerpts and graphics, is strictly prohibited under Title 17, U.S. Code. CONTENTS KEY FACTS .................................................................... 1 U.S. Embassy .............................................................. 2 U.S. Liaison ............................................................... 2 Travel Advisories ........................................................ 3 Entry Requirements ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Public Secret and Private Pain of Wartime Sexual Violence: Comparing the Heroinat Memorial and the 2020 Newborn Monument from the Perspective of Ngos in Kosovo
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2020 The Public Secret and Private Pain of Wartime Sexual Violence: Comparing the Heroinat Memorial and the 2020 Newborn Monument from the Perspective of NGOs in Kosovo Martha Beliveau SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Eastern European Studies Commons, European History Commons, European Languages and Societies Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, Social Influence and oliticalP Communication Commons, Women's History Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Beliveau, Martha, "The Public Secret and Private Pain of Wartime Sexual Violence: Comparing the Heroinat Memorial and the 2020 Newborn Monument from the Perspective of NGOs in Kosovo" (2020). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 3270. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/3270 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Public Secret and Private Pain of Wartime Sexual Violence: Comparing the Heroinat Memorial and the 2020 Newborn Monument from the Perspective of NGOs in Kosovo
    [Show full text]
  • Kosovo Status: Delay Is Risky
    KOSOVO STATUS: DELAY IS RISKY Europe Report N°177 – 10 November 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. THE STATUS EQUATION........................................................................................... 1 A. AHTISAARI’S WORK...............................................................................................................2 B. FUTURE INTERNATIONAL PRESENCE .......................................................................................7 1. The International Community Representative..............................................................7 2. The EU Rule-of-Law Mission.....................................................................................9 3. Transition..................................................................................................................11 II. ON THE GROUND ...................................................................................................... 12 A. ALBANIANS ........................................................................................................................12 1. Management of the negotiations................................................................................12 2. Status expectations....................................................................................................13 3. Ground-level politics.................................................................................................15 B. SERBS .................................................................................................................................16
    [Show full text]
  • Planting the Tree Upside Down? – Perspectives on Actors’ Influence on the Development of Democracy in Kosovo
    School of Social Sciences Master Programme in Peace and Development Work Master thesis Spring 2007 Planting the Tree Upside Down? – Perspectives on Actors’ Influence on the Development of Democracy in Kosovo Author: Jhimmy Liljekrantz Tutor: Daniel Silander “The task before the international community is to help the people in Kosovo to rebuild their lives and heal the wounds of the conflict” Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan ii Acknowledgments This study would never have come about if it had not been for all the help I received from the respondents in Kosovo. They have all made themselves available and taken time to give valuable answers to all my questions. I am grateful to all of them. Special thanks go to Ms Jennifer Ober, Ms Rozeta Hajdari and Mr Lëke Musa who gave me helpful and valuable information and assistance to make contact with many of the respondents in Kosovo. I would like to express many thanks to my tutor Dr Daniel Silander for all his valuable advice and guidance during my work with this master thesis. In addition, I am very grateful for the Sida-sponsored Minor Field Study Scholarship that I was granted by the School of Social Sciences at Växjö University. Finally I would like to express my gratitude to all my friends who have been a support to me while concluding my thesis and a special thanks to my fellow student and friend Olof with whom I had many constructive discussions and who endured my company during our stay in Kosovo. Växjö 2007-06-07 Jhimmy Liljekrantz iii Abstract Author: Jhimmy Liljekrantz Title: Planting the Tree Upside Down? –Perspectives on Actors’ Influence on the Development of Democracy in Kosovo Level: MA thesis in Peace and Development work (Minor Field Study) University : Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, Department of Peace and Development Studies Tutor: Daniel Silander This study explores different actors’ perceptions on how the democratization process is being influenced in Kosovo.
    [Show full text]
  • The OSCE and the Creation of Multi-Ethnic Police Forces in the Balkans
    Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg Thorsten Stodiek The OSCE and the Creation of Multi-Ethnic Police Forces in the Balkans Working Paper 14 Thorsten Stodiek The OSCE and the Creation of Multi-Ethnic Police Forces in the Balkans CORE Working Paper 14 Hamburg 2006 2 Contents Preface and Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………6 Chapter 1 Introduction: Challenges of Police Reform in Post-Socialist War-Torn Societies ………………….. …………………………………….7 1.1 Police Reform in Ethno-Political Post-Conflict Situations ……… ……………7 1.1.1 The Ethno-Political Dimension of Police Reform …… ………………………..7 1.1.2 Structural Deficiencies of Post-Socialist Police Forces ………………………..9 1.1.3 Resource Problems and the Question of Reform Ownership .. ………………...9 1.2 Objectives and Methodology of the Study …………………………………... 10 1.2.1 The Written Survey …………………………………………………………...10 1.2.2 Research Questions and Variables of Analysis ……………………………… 13 1.2.3 Problems in Evaluating the Results of Police Reform ………………..………13 1.3 Structural Deficiencies within the Police System: The Yugoslav Legacy …... 14 1.4 The Legacies of Ethno-Political Violent Conflict …………………………… 16 Chapter 2 Kosovo ………………………………………………………………………18 2.1 Mandate ……………………………………………………………………… 18 2.2 Building up the Kosovo Police Service ……………………………………… 18 2.2.1 Recruitment ……………………………………………...……………………19 2.2.2 Academy Training …………………….…………………………………….. 20 2.2.2.1 Evaluation of Training by KPS Cadets ……………………………………… 22 2.2.2.2 Assessment of Qualification of the Cadets ……………………………… 23 2.2.3 Field Training ……………………………………………………………….. 24 2.2.4 Efforts to Win the Trust of the Local Population …………………………… 25 2.2.5 Excursus: Reform of the Judicial and Penal System ………………………… 26 2.2.6 Police-Related Law Reform ………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • The Democratic Values of the Student Movement in Kosovo 1997/1999 and Their Echoes in Western Diplomacy
    Review of European Studies; Vol. 10, No. 2; 2018 ISSN 1918-7173 E-ISSN 1918-7181 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Democratic Values of the Student Movement in Kosovo 1997/1999 and Their Echoes in Western Diplomacy Lulzim NIKA1 Correspondence: Lulzim NIKA. Received: March 19, 2018 Accepted: April 16, 2018 Online Published: May 15, 2018 doi:10.5539/res.v10n2p167 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v10n2p167 Abstract After the fall of east orientated political system and coming of the pluralistic system in the Yugoslav federation, the nationalisms that claimed to dominate Yugoslavia, such as Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian nationalism came to the surface, which also led to the overthrow of Yugoslavia. Following the abolition of Kosovo's limited autonomy of 1974, in March 1989, the Milosevic Serb regime during the 1990s imposed violent measures in all Kosovo institutions by removing Albanian workers from their jobs. Thus, Kosovo, Albanians were expelled collectively from the education process in the Albanian language, and left school and university facilities. Efforts to reach an agreement between Albanians and Serbian representatives for education during 1992 were unsuccessful. In these difficult contexts, the parallel education system of Kosovo Albanians was organized. In these difficult circumstances, students and Albanian students continued learning outside school facilities. After ignoring the Kosovo problem in the peace agreement reached in Dayton for Bosnia, the dissatisfaction with the peace policy led by Dr. Ibrahim Rugova grew all over Kosovo. In these circumstances, professors and students with vision began to talk about the organization of peaceful protests against the Serbian regime.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Conflict Prevention in Post-Cold War World
    Charles University Prague Faculty of Social Sciences Institute of International Studies Bc. Vladimír R a n d á č e k The OSCE Kosovo Verification Mission 1998-1999 A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Magister Scientiae in European Studies Prague 2008 Author: Bc. Vladimir Randáček Supervisor: Prof. PhDr. Lenka Rovná, CSc. Opponent: Prof. Dr. Wilfried von Bredow (Philipps-Universität Marburg) Year: 2008 Hodnocení: Bibliographic Notation RANDÁČEK, Vladimír. The OSCE Verification Mission 1998-1999. Prague: UCharles University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of International Studies, 2008. 120 s. Supervisor Prof. PhDr. Lenka Rovná, CSc., Opponent Prof. Wilfried von Bredow (Philipps-Universität Marburg). Annotation The OSCE Kosovo Verification mission (KVM) was established in October 1998, in order to verify the compliance with the UN Security Council Resolutions relevant to the Kosovo conflict. The breakdown of the peace process in March 1999, lead to the withdrawal of the mission and painted it as a failure. It is surprising, how many authors speak about a failure of the KVM, while giving no reasonable argumentation. This study will try to show, that this negative assessment is largely a product of misinterpretation of the KVM´s mandate and misunderstanding of the very purpose of verification (observation) missions. It was not the task of the KVM to prevent the ceasefire violations, neither to provide a peaceful solution to the conflict. It was to verify (observe) the compliance with the UN Security Council Resolutions. Verification (observation) missions do not seek any concrete achievements (mission goals; as e.g. peacekeeping or peace enforcement missions), their “goal” is their performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Regime-Building in Kosovo
    Democratization without a State: Democratic Regime-building in Kosovo OISI´N TANSEY This article examines the relationship between democratization and the state with reference to recent political developments in the non-state entity of Kosovo. Existing analyses of the role of the state in democratic transitions provide critical insights into the politics of democratization, but have suffered from a lack of consensus regarding the concept of the state itself. This study distinguishes three separate dimensions of statehood – recognition, capacity and cohesion – and argues that each has separate implications for transition politics. Analysis of democratic political development in Kosovo suggests two conclusions: first, that international recognition of statehood should not be viewed as a prerequisite for democratization, and second, that pro- blems of state capacity or state cohesion present far more fundamental challenges to successful democratic regime change. Key words: democratization; state; stateness; Kosovo Introduction After over six years of United Nations governance, Kosovo recently entered into a new political era. In October 2005, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan announced what had long been eagerly anticipated in Pristina: internationally brokered talks on the entity’s final status. With independence one of the options on the table, the initiation of status talks raised the possibility that Kosovo may soon make claim to replace East Timor as the world’s youngest democratic state. Yet Kosovo’s political development to date, along with its current status, raises significant questions not only about the challenges facing democratization efforts in Kosovo, but also about the very legitimacy of analysing a non-state entity from the perspective of the existing transitions literature.
    [Show full text]